Optical Sorter

Optical Sorter Market Outlook

The global optical sorter market was valued at approximately USD 2.5 billion in 2023, with an expected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.5% from 2025 to 2035. This growth trajectory is fueled by advancements in sorting technology, increasing demand for food safety and quality assurance, and the rising trend of automation across various industries. The burgeoning emphasis on sustainable practices, along with the necessity to enhance operational efficiency, is also propelling the market forward. Furthermore, the expansion of recycling initiatives and the need for efficient processing in sectors such as food and beverage and pharmaceuticals are significantly contributing to market growth. As industries worldwide adopt more sophisticated sorting systems, the optical sorter market is poised for substantial expansion over the next decade.

Growth Factor of the Market

The growth of the optical sorter market can be attributed to several key factors. Firstly, the heightened focus on food safety regulations and quality assurance has necessitated the integration of advanced sorting technologies in food processing facilities. As consumers increasingly demand high-quality products, manufacturers are implementing optical sorting systems to minimize contaminants and ensure product integrity. Secondly, the growing emphasis on recycling and waste management is driving the demand for optical sorters, particularly in the recycling sector where these systems enhance material recovery rates and reduce contamination. Additionally, the rapid advancements in technology, including artificial intelligence and machine learning, have improved the efficiency and capabilities of optical sorting solutions, making them more attractive to various industries. Moreover, the expansion of e-commerce and logistics sectors has increased the need for efficient sorting solutions to streamline operations, further driving market growth. Lastly, the increasing adoption of automation across manufacturing processes is fostering the use of optical sorters as a means to enhance productivity and reduce labor costs.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The optical sorter market is projected to reach USD 4.5 billion by 2035.
• Technological advancements, such as AI integration, are enhancing sorting accuracy and speed.
• The food and beverage industry holds a significant share of the market due to stringent quality standards.
• North America is expected to dominate the market, accounting for over 30% of the total share.
• Increasing investments in recycling technologies will drive demand in the recycling sector.

By Product Type

Belt-Type Optical Sorter:

Belt-type optical sorters are widely utilized in various applications due to their versatility and efficiency. These systems consist of a conveyor belt that transports products through a series of sensors and cameras that detect and classify items based on specific parameters. Their design allows for gentle handling of materials, making them suitable for delicate products such as fruits and vegetables. The belt-type optical sorter is effective in sorting various shapes and sizes, making it ideal for companies looking to enhance their production capabilities. Their ability to sort at high speeds while maintaining accuracy is a significant advantage in industries where time is of the essence. Additionally, the ease of integration into existing production lines has made belt-type optical sorters a preferred choice among manufacturers, driving their popularity in the market.

Free-Fall Optical Sorter:

Free-fall optical sorters operate by utilizing gravitational forces to separate materials as they fall from a designated height. This type of sorter is particularly effective in industries that deal with bulk materials, such as mining and recycling. As products fall through the sorting chamber, high-resolution cameras capture images and analyze the materials in real-time, enabling the system to identify and remove unwanted items based on pre-set criteria. The free-fall design allows for high-speed sorting with minimal product damage, making it a cost-effective solution for large-scale operations. The increasing demand for efficient separation processes in the mining sector, particularly for precious minerals, is driving the adoption of free-fall optical sorters. This efficient sorting solution is becoming a critical component for companies aiming to improve recovery rates and reduce operational costs.

In-Air Optical Sorter:

In-air optical sorters represent a cutting-edge technology in the optical sorting market, leveraging air jets to separate materials based on size, shape, and color. These systems are particularly advantageous for applications requiring high precision and minimal physical contact with the products being sorted, such as in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The ability to sort lightweight materials and delicate products without causing damage is a significant benefit, making in-air optical sorters a preferred choice for companies focused on quality and efficiency. Furthermore, the versatility of in-air sorters allows them to be used in various applications, including the sorting of nuts, seeds, and other small items. As manufacturers continue to prioritize quality and safety, the demand for in-air optical sorters is expected to increase significantly in the coming years.

Camera-Based Optical Sorter:

Camera-based optical sorters utilize advanced imaging technology to assess the quality of products being sorted. These systems are equipped with high-resolution cameras that capture detailed images of the products as they move along the conveyor belt. The images are then analyzed using sophisticated algorithms that can detect defects, contaminants, and inconsistencies in size or shape. Camera-based optical sorters are particularly prevalent in the food processing industry, where they are used to ensure that only the highest quality products reach consumers. Their ability to identify and remove flawed items in real-time enhances efficiency and minimizes waste, making them an invaluable tool for manufacturers. As technology continues to advance, we can expect to see improvements in camera-based sorting systems, further solidifying their position in the market.

Laser-Based Optical Sorter:

Laser-based optical sorters employ laser technology to identify and categorize materials based on their physical properties. These systems are highly effective in applications requiring precise measurements and analysis, such as in the mining and recycling sectors. The use of lasers allows for non-contact sorting, minimizing the risk of damage to the products being processed. Laser-based optical sorters can effectively differentiate between various materials, including metals and plastics, by analyzing the unique characteristics of each item. The increasing focus on recycling initiatives and the need for efficient waste management solutions are driving the demand for laser-based sorting technologies. As industries strive to enhance their sorting capabilities, the adoption of laser-based optical sorters is expected to grow significantly.

By Application

Food and Beverage:

The food and beverage sector is one of the largest applications for optical sorters, driven by stringent safety and quality standards. Companies in this industry use optical sorting technologies to inspect and remove contaminants, ensuring that only the highest quality products reach consumers. From fruits and vegetables to processed foods, optical sorters help maintain product integrity by detecting defects, foreign materials, and spoilage indicators. The increasing consumer demand for safe and high-quality food products has prompted manufacturers to invest in advanced sorting solutions, further propelling market growth. Furthermore, as the food industry becomes more automated, the integration of optical sorting systems is becoming essential for improving efficiency and reducing labor costs.

Pharmaceutical:

In the pharmaceutical industry, optical sorters play a crucial role in ensuring product quality and compliance with regulatory standards. These systems are utilized to inspect pills, capsules, and other pharmaceutical products for defects, ensuring that only conforming items move forward in the production process. The ability to detect color variations, size discrepancies, and surface defects makes optical sorters indispensable in maintaining high standards of quality within the industry. Additionally, as the pharmaceutical sector continues to evolve with the introduction of personalized medicine and complex drug formulations, the demand for sophisticated sorting technologies is expected to rise. The precision and efficiency offered by optical sorters align perfectly with the industry's focus on safety and efficacy, thus driving their adoption.

Recycling:

The recycling industry has emerged as a significant application for optical sorters, particularly due to the growing emphasis on sustainability and waste reduction. These systems enhance the separation and sorting of recyclable materials, such as plastics, metals, and paper, by accurately identifying and classifying them based on their properties. The integration of optical sorting technologies in recycling facilities improves recovery rates, reduces contamination levels, and enhances overall operational efficiency. As municipalities and governments around the world implement stricter recycling regulations, the demand for effective sorting solutions is surging. This trend is expected to drive continued investment in optical sorting technologies, as companies strive to optimize their recycling processes and meet regulatory requirements.

Mining:

In the mining sector, optical sorters are increasingly being used to improve the efficiency of mineral extraction and processing. These systems can accurately identify and separate valuable minerals from waste material, significantly enhancing recovery rates and reducing operational costs. Optical sorting technologies are particularly beneficial in the processing of complex ore types, where traditional sorting methods may fall short. As mining companies face increasing pressure to maximize resource recovery and minimize environmental impact, the adoption of optical sorters is becoming more prevalent. Additionally, advancements in sorting technology are enabling the processing of a broader range of materials, further expanding the potential applications in the mining sector.

Others:

Other applications of optical sorters include industries such as agriculture, plastics, and textiles, where sorting technology is used to enhance product quality and operational efficiency. In agriculture, optical sorters can be used to grade fruits and vegetables based on size and color, ensuring that only the best products are packaged and sold. In the plastics industry, these systems assist in sorting various types of plastics for recycling, supporting sustainability initiatives. Moreover, the textile industry leverages optical sorting technologies to identify and separate different fabric types, optimizing the recycling and reuse of textile materials. As these diverse industries continue to seek improved sorting solutions, the overall market for optical sorters is expected to expand across multiple applications, contributing to its robust growth.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales:

Direct sales constitute a significant distribution channel in the optical sorter market, allowing manufacturers to build strong relationships with their clients. By selling directly to customers, manufacturers can offer tailored solutions that meet specific operational requirements, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and retention. This channel enables companies to provide comprehensive support services, including installation, training, and ongoing maintenance, which are crucial for the effective operation of optical sorting systems. Furthermore, direct sales facilitate better communication between manufacturers and clients, allowing for rapid feedback and continuous improvement of products. As the demand for customized sorting solutions grows, the direct sales channel is expected to maintain its importance in the optical sorter market.

Indirect Sales:

Indirect sales channels are also essential for the distribution of optical sorters, as they allow manufacturers to reach a broader audience through partnerships with distributors, resellers, and agents. This channel provides manufacturers with the opportunity to leverage the expertise and resources of established distribution networks, which can significantly enhance market penetration. Indirect sales enable smaller manufacturers or those entering new markets to gain access to existing customer bases without the need for extensive investment in sales infrastructure. Additionally, this approach can help manufacturers tap into niche markets where specialized knowledge and local presence are crucial. As the optical sorter market continues to expand globally, indirect sales channels will play a pivotal role in facilitating growth and ensuring that advanced sorting solutions are accessible to a diverse range of industries.

By Technology Type

NIR Sorting:

Near-Infrared (NIR) sorting technology is utilized extensively in the optical sorter market for its ability to identify materials based on their chemical composition. This technology is particularly beneficial in the recycling and food processing sectors, where it can effectively distinguish between different types of materials, such as plastics and organic materials. NIR sorting systems operate by illuminating the materials with near-infrared light, which is then reflected back and analyzed to determine the composition of the material. This capability enables accurate sorting without the need for physical contact, minimizing damage to the products being processed. As the recycling industry faces increasing challenges in material separation and contamination, the demand for NIR sorting technology is expected to grow significantly.

Hyperspectral Imaging:

Hyperspectral imaging is an advanced technology gaining traction in the optical sorter market due to its ability to capture detailed information about materials across a wide spectrum of wavelengths. This technology enables the identification of materials based on their spectral signatures, allowing for highly accurate sorting of various products. Hyperspectral imaging is particularly useful in applications where precise differentiation is required, such as in the food and beverage industry, where it can detect defects and contaminants that may not be visible to the naked eye. As industries continue to seek innovative solutions to enhance productivity and quality assurance, the adoption of hyperspectral imaging technology is expected to rise, further driving growth in the optical sorter market.

RGB Cameras:

RGB camera technology is one of the most commonly used methods in optical sorting systems, relying on standard color imaging to identify and classify products. RGB cameras capture images in red, green, and blue wavelengths, allowing for the detection of color variations and surface defects. This technology is highly effective in the food processing industry, where it is used to ensure that only high-quality products reach consumers. The simplicity and cost-effectiveness of RGB camera-based systems make them an attractive option for manufacturers looking to implement optical sorting solutions. As the demand for efficient sorting technologies continues to grow, RGB camera systems will play a vital role in meeting industry requirements.

Combined Technology:

Combined technology optical sorters integrate multiple sorting techniques, such as NIR, RGB, and laser-based systems, into a single platform. This approach offers enhanced sorting capabilities by leveraging the strengths of each technology to achieve optimal results. Combined technology sorters are particularly advantageous in complex sorting scenarios where multiple attributes need to be assessed simultaneously. For instance, in the recycling industry, these systems can effectively identify and separate materials based on both color and chemical composition, leading to improved recovery rates and reduced contamination levels. As manufacturers seek to maximize efficiency and precision in their sorting processes, the adoption of combined technology optical sorters is expected to grow, contributing to the overall expansion of the market.

By Region

North America is anticipated to hold a substantial share of the global optical sorter market, accounting for approximately 35% of the total revenue by 2035. This dominance can be attributed to the region's advanced manufacturing infrastructure, stringent food safety regulations, and increasing investments in automation and technology. The United States and Canada are at the forefront of adopting optical sorting solutions across various industries, particularly in food processing and recycling. Moreover, the growing emphasis on sustainability and operational efficiency is driving demand for advanced sorting technologies, further solidifying North America's position in the market. Additionally, major players in this region are continuously innovating and enhancing their product offerings, ensuring their competitiveness in the optical sorter market.

Europe is expected to follow closely, with a projected market share of around 30% by 2035, driven by strong regulatory frameworks that promote food safety, quality assurance, and recycling initiatives. Countries such as Germany, France, and the UK are leading the market, with manufacturers increasingly adopting optical sorting technologies to improve production processes. The rising awareness of environmental issues and the push towards sustainable practices are further fueling the demand for optical sorters in the region. With advancements in technology and increasing investments in research and development, Europe is likely to witness significant growth in the optical sorter market, making it a crucial player in the global landscape.

Opportunities

As the optical sorter market continues to grow, several opportunities are emerging for industry players. One significant opportunity lies in the increasing adoption of automation in manufacturing and processing facilities. Companies are seeking ways to enhance efficiency, reduce labor costs, and improve product quality, driving the demand for advanced optical sorting solutions. With the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into sorting technologies, manufacturers have the potential to develop more sophisticated systems that can adapt to varying operational needs. This shift towards automation presents a lucrative opportunity for companies that can offer innovative and customizable optical sorting solutions tailored to specific industries. Furthermore, as businesses strive to improve their sustainability practices, the demand for optical sorters in recycling applications is set to rise, providing additional growth prospects for manufacturers in the sector.

Another opportunity lies in the global expansion of the optical sorter market. Emerging economies in Asia Pacific and Latin America are experiencing significant industrial growth, leading to increased investments in food processing, mining, and recycling sectors. As these regions continue to develop, the demand for efficient sorting systems is expected to rise, presenting a ripe market for optical sorter manufacturers. Additionally, the growing global focus on food safety and quality assurance, coupled with the rising consumer awareness of sustainability, will drive the need for advanced sorting technologies across various applications. Companies that can effectively penetrate these emerging markets and offer tailored solutions will be well-positioned to capitalize on the growing demand for optical sorters in the coming years.

Threats

Despite the promising outlook for the optical sorter market, companies face several threats that could impact their growth and profitability. One of the primary threats is the intense competition within the industry, as numerous players strive to capture market share through innovations and technological advancements. This competition can lead to price wars, ultimately squeezing profit margins for manufacturers. Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancements means that companies must continuously invest in research and development to remain competitive. If manufacturers fail to keep up with industry trends and emerging technologies, they risk losing relevance in the market. Additionally, economic downturns and global uncertainties can affect capital investments and spending in various sectors, potentially hindering the adoption of optical sorting solutions.

Another significant threat to the optical sorter market is the potential for supply chain disruptions. The ongoing global challenges in sourcing materials and components, exacerbated by geopolitical tensions and natural disasters, pose risks to manufacturing operations. Companies that rely heavily on specific suppliers may find themselves vulnerable to production delays and increased costs. Additionally, fluctuations in raw material prices can impact the overall cost structure of optical sorters, affecting pricing strategies and profitability. To mitigate these risks, manufacturers must adopt flexible supply chain strategies and seek to diversify their supplier base to ensure stability in their operations.

Competitor Outlook

• Tomra Sorting Solutions
• Bühler Group
• Aweta
• Sesotec GmbH
• Key Technology
• Sortex Limited
• CPM Wolverine Proctor
• Allied Machinery Corp.
• GREEFA
• Meyer Industries
• Rheon Automatic Machinery Co. Ltd.
• ProSweets
• Viscan
• Optical Sorter Technologies
• Best Sorter

The optical sorter market is characterized by a competitive landscape where numerous players are striving to innovate and differentiate their offerings. Key companies such as Tomra Sorting Solutions and Bühler Group are leading the way in technological advancements, focusing on the development of high-performance sorting systems that cater to various applications. With a strong emphasis on research and development, these companies are continuously enhancing their product portfolios to meet the evolving needs of industries such as food processing, recycling, and mining. Additionally, strategic collaborations and partnerships among these players are becoming increasingly common, allowing them to leverage each other's strengths and expand their market reach.

Tomra Sorting Solutions, a prominent player in the optical sorter market, is known for its innovative sorting technologies that utilize advanced sensors and artificial intelligence for accurate material identification. The company has established a strong presence in the food and recycling sectors, with a broad range of sorting solutions designed to enhance efficiency and quality. Bühler Group, another key player, focuses on providing sustainable solutions for the food industry, including optical sorting technologies to ensure product safety and quality. Their commitment to innovation and sustainability has positioned them as a leader in the market, driving growth and expanding their global footprint.

Apart from these major players, several emerging companies are also making their mark in the optical sorter market. Companies like Sesotec GmbH and Key Technology are gaining traction with their specialized sorting solutions that cater to niche applications. These players are leveraging technological advancements to offer unique features and capabilities, appealing to customers seeking tailored sorting solutions. As the optical sorter market continues to evolve, the competitive landscape will likely witness further consolidation and the emergence of new players, all striving to capitalize on the growing demand for efficient sorting technologies across various industries.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Aweta
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 GREEFA
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Viscan
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 ProSweets
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Best Sorter
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Sesotec GmbH
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Key Technology
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Sortex Limited
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Meyer Industries
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Bühler Group
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 CPM Wolverine Proctor
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Allied Machinery Corp.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Tomra Sorting Solutions
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Optical Sorter Technologies
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Rheon Automatic Machinery Co. Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Optical Sorter Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Food and Beverage
    • 6.1.2 Pharmaceutical
    • 6.1.3 Recycling
    • 6.1.4 Mining
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Optical Sorter Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Belt-Type Optical Sorter
    • 6.2.2 Free-Fall Optical Sorter
    • 6.2.3 In-Air Optical Sorter
    • 6.2.4 Camera-Based Optical Sorter
    • 6.2.5 Laser-Based Optical Sorter
  • 6.3 Optical Sorter Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.3.2 Indirect Sales

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Optical Sorter Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Optical Sorter market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Belt-Type Optical Sorter
• Free-Fall Optical Sorter
• In-Air Optical Sorter
• Camera-Based Optical Sorter
• Laser-Based Optical Sorter

By Application

• Food and Beverage
• Pharmaceutical
• Recycling
• Mining
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Indirect Sales

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Tomra Sorting Solutions
• Bühler Group
• Aweta
• Sesotec GmbH
• Key Technology
• Sortex Limited
• CPM Wolverine Proctor
• Allied Machinery Corp.
• GREEFA
• Meyer Industries
• Rheon Automatic Machinery Co. Ltd.
• ProSweets
• Viscan
• Optical Sorter Technologies
• Best Sorter