Lutein Supplements

Lutein Supplements Market Outlook

The global lutein supplements market is projected to reach approximately USD 1.5 billion by 2025, growing at a CAGR of around 8.1% from 2023 to 2035. This growth is driven by rising consumer awareness regarding eye health, increasing prevalence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and the growing trend of preventive healthcare. Furthermore, the surge in lifestyle-related eye issues, such as digital eye strain, is expected to bolster the demand for lutein supplements. The expanding elderly population, who are more susceptible to vision-related problems, along with a growing preference for natural ingredients in dietary supplements, are also significant factors contributing to market growth. Additionally, the shift towards online retail channels is enhancing accessibility and convenience for consumers, thus promoting sales of lutein products globally.

Growth Factor of the Market

The lutein supplements market is witnessing substantial growth due to several influencing factors. Primarily, the increasing awareness regarding the importance of eye health has led to a surge in demand for lutein, a potent antioxidant known for its benefits in supporting vision and eye health. Furthermore, the rising prevalence of vision impairments, particularly among the aging population, is driving consumers towards preventive healthcare measures, thereby fueling the demand for lutein supplements. Additionally, the growing popularity of digital devices has contributed to a rise in digital eye strain, prompting consumers to seek supplements that can mitigate these effects. The natural and organic trend in the dietary supplements market is also influencing consumer preferences, driving them toward lutein products derived from natural sources. Moreover, the potential for product innovation and the introduction of new formulations are expected to further bolster market growth in the coming years.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The lutein supplements market is expected to experience significant growth due to increasing awareness about eye health.
• Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the primary conditions driving the demand for lutein supplements.
• The trend of preventive healthcare is gaining traction, leading to higher sales of dietary supplements.
• Online sales channels are becoming increasingly popular, enhancing product accessibility for consumers.
• The growing elderly population is expected to significantly impact the market dynamics in the future.

By Product Type

Lutein Capsules:

Lutein capsules are a popular form of dietary supplement, preferred for their convenience and ease of consumption. They are typically encapsulated in gelatin or vegetarian capsules, allowing for precise dosage, which is a significant advantage for health-conscious consumers. The increasing demand for encapsulated forms of nutrients due to their longer shelf life and ease of transportation has led to a steady growth in the lutein capsules segment. Moreover, advancements in encapsulation technology are enhancing the stability and bioavailability of lutein in these products, driving their adoption among consumers seeking effective dietary supplements.

Lutein Softgels:

Lutein softgels are another prominent product type in the market, favored for their smooth texture and rapid absorption in the body. Softgels are often more palatable than traditional tablets, making them a preferred choice for many consumers. The formulation of lutein within softgels often includes additional beneficial ingredients such as omega-3 fatty acids, increasing their appeal among health-conscious individuals. The segment is expected to grow as manufacturers innovate and include more complex formulations, combining lutein with other essential nutrients to promote overall eye health and wellness.

Lutein Tablets:

Lutein tablets are widely used for their practicality and cost-effectiveness. This product type typically offers a higher concentration of lutein per serving compared to other forms, appealing to consumers looking for more affordable options. The tablets are generally easier to manufacture, leading to lower production costs, which can be passed on to consumers in the form of competitive pricing. However, the segment faces challenges such as consumer preference for softer, more easily consumable forms of supplements, which may slow growth compared to capsules and softgels. Despite this, lutein tablets remain a staple in the market due to their widespread availability and lower manufacturing costs.

Lutein Powder:

Lutein powder is gaining traction, especially among health enthusiasts and those who prefer custom supplements. This form allows users to incorporate lutein into smoothies, shakes, and other recipes, providing versatility in consumption. The growing trend of DIY supplements among consumers who like to tailor their nutrition is propelling the demand for lutein powder. Additionally, the powder form often has a longer shelf life and convenient storage compared to other forms, making it an attractive option for both consumers and manufacturers. As awareness of lutein's benefits increases, the powder segment is expected to see consistent growth.

Lutein Liquid:

Lutein liquid supplements offer another alternative for consumers, particularly appealing to those who struggle with swallowing pills or capsules. The liquid form allows for flexible dosing and can be easily mixed with other beverages or foods. Additionally, lutein in liquid form may offer faster absorption rates compared to solid forms, which can be an attractive feature for consumers seeking immediate benefits. The development of flavored liquid formulations is also enhancing the appeal, particularly among younger demographics and children. Consequently, the lutein liquid segment is anticipated to grow as manufacturers respond to consumer preferences for convenient and enjoyable supplement formats.

By Application

Eye Health:

The application of lutein supplements for eye health is the most prominent within the market, primarily driven by the increasing incidence of vision disorders among the aging population. Lutein plays a crucial role in protecting the eyes from harmful blue light and oxidative stress, making it an essential nutrient for maintaining ocular health. As awareness of the importance of eye health continues to grow, more consumers are turning to lutein supplements as a preventive measure against conditions such as age-related macular degeneration and cataracts. This application segment is expected to dominate the market, fueled by ongoing research supporting the benefits of lutein for vision.

Skin Health:

Lutein's application in skin health is emerging as a significant trend, as consumers become more aware of the antioxidant properties of lutein and its potential benefits for skin protection and rejuvenation. Research suggests that lutein can help mitigate the effects of ultraviolet (UV) exposure and improve skin hydration and elasticity. As a result, there is a growing demand for lutein supplements marketed specifically for skin health, particularly among younger consumers who are increasingly investing in skincare and overall wellness. This application segment is set to expand as more manufacturers develop products targeting skin health, leveraging lutein's benefits.

Supplements:

The general supplements application category includes a wide array of products that combine lutein with other essential vitamins and minerals. This segment caters to consumers looking for comprehensive nutritional support in a single product. The trend towards multi-nutrient supplements, which provide a range of health benefits, is driving growth in this category. As consumers focus more on holistic health and wellness, products combining lutein with vitamins A, C, and E, as well as minerals such as zinc, are becoming increasingly popular. This application segment is likely to see continued growth as more research highlights the synergistic effects of lutein with other nutrients.

Pharmaceuticals:

The pharmaceutical application of lutein supplements is gaining traction, particularly as research continues to explore its therapeutic potential. Lutein is being studied for its potential role in the prevention and treatment of various eye-related conditions, including AMD and cataracts. As the pharmaceutical industry increasingly recognizes the benefits of natural ingredients in medication formulations, lutein is poised to become a valuable addition to ocular health products. Additionally, with the increasing emphasis on preventative healthcare, lutein's incorporation into pharmaceutical products is likely to grow, allowing consumers access to the benefits of lutein through traditional medications.

Others:

The “Others” application category encompasses various niche markets where lutein can be used as an ingredient. This includes uses in functional foods, beverages, and animal nutrition. The versatility of lutein allows it to be integrated into a range of products aimed at enhancing health benefits. For instance, manufacturers are exploring the use of lutein in fortifying foods and beverages, appealing to consumers seeking healthier dietary options. Additionally, the integration of lutein in animal feed is being explored to improve the health and well-being of animals, particularly in poultry and aquaculture. This segment is expected to grow as manufacturers discover new applications for lutein in diverse industries.

By Distribution Channel

Online Stores:

Online stores are becoming the leading distribution channel for lutein supplements, driven by the increasing preference for online shopping among consumers. The convenience of purchasing products from home, combined with the ability to compare products and prices easily, makes online shopping an attractive option. Additionally, the growing trend of e-commerce, fueled by the rise of mobile shopping, is enhancing accessibility to a wide range of lutein products. Manufacturers are investing in digital marketing strategies to reach a broader audience, further solidifying the online channel’s dominance in the lutein supplements market.

Retail Pharmacies:

Retail pharmacies play a crucial role in the distribution of lutein supplements, providing consumers with easy access to health products. These pharmacies often serve as trusted sources for consumers seeking dietary supplements, particularly those who prefer purchasing products in-person. The availability of trained pharmacists in retail pharmacies provides an added layer of support for customers, who can receive recommendations on suitable products. As such, retail pharmacies continue to be a significant channel for lutein supplements, supporting the growing demand for eye health products among consumers.

Health Stores:

Health stores, including specialty shops focused on natural and organic products, are pivotal distribution channels for lutein supplements. These stores typically offer a curated selection of high-quality dietary supplements, appealing to health-conscious consumers who prioritize ingredient integrity. The knowledgeable staff found in health stores can provide personalized recommendations, enhancing customer experience and loyalty. As consumers increasingly seek out specialized products, the health store segment is expected to grow, particularly for premium lutein supplements that align with consumer preferences for organic and natural solutions.

Supermarkets/Hypermarkets:

Supermarkets and hypermarkets constitute another vital distribution channel for lutein supplements, leveraging their extensive reach and convenience. These retail giants provide consumers with an opportunity to purchase dietary supplements while shopping for their daily needs. The availability of lutein supplements in such stores increases visibility and accessibility, appealing to a broader audience. Additionally, promotions and discounts offered in supermarkets often drive sales, making it an important channel for manufacturers looking to expand their market presence. As the health and wellness trend continues to gain traction, supermarkets and hypermarkets are likely to expand their offerings of lutein products.

Others:

The “Others” distribution channel category includes various alternative outlets, such as gyms, wellness centers, and direct-to-consumer sales through brand websites. These channels are particularly relevant for targeting specific demographics, such as fitness enthusiasts and health-conscious consumers. As awareness of the benefits of lutein grows, manufacturers are exploring diverse distribution avenues to broaden their market reach. Innovative strategies, such as subscription models and partnerships with health professionals, are being implemented to promote the direct sale of lutein supplements. This versatility in distribution will enhance the overall market landscape.

By Ingredient Type

Natural Lutein:

Natural lutein, sourced from plants such as marigold flowers, is the most sought-after ingredient in the lutein supplements market. Consumers are increasingly favoring natural ingredients over synthetic alternatives, driven by a growing awareness of health and wellness. Products containing natural lutein are often perceived as safer and more effective, contributing to their popularity. The rising demand for plant-based supplements is further propelling the growth of this segment, as more consumers seek to align their dietary choices with their health goals. Furthermore, sustainable sourcing practices are gaining importance, with consumers prioritizing products that reflect eco-conscious values.

Synthetic Lutein:

Synthetic lutein is produced through chemical processes and offers a cost-effective alternative to natural sources. While it is less popular than natural lutein, it still holds a significant share in the market due to its affordability and availability. The synthetic version can provide consistent dosages and shelf stability, making it an attractive option for manufacturers. However, as consumer preferences shift towards natural ingredients, the growth of synthetic lutein is expected to be limited. Manufacturers are now focusing on transparency regarding sourcing and production methods to cater to the growing demand for quality and safety in dietary supplements.

Lutein Esters:

Lutein esters are a form of lutein that combines lutein with fatty acids, enhancing its bioavailability and absorption in the body. This ingredient type is gaining attention due to its potential health benefits, particularly in promoting ocular health. The formulation of lutein esters in supplements allows for improved stability and extended shelf life, which appeals to manufacturers and consumers alike. As research continues to explore the health benefits of lutein esters, this segment is expected to grow, driven by consumer interest in more effective supplement formulations.

Lutein Complex:

Lutein complex refers to products that combine lutein with other carotenoids and antioxidants, including zeaxanthin and beta-carotene. This ingredient type is gaining traction as consumers seek comprehensive supplements that offer a broad spectrum of health benefits. The synergistic effects of combining multiple carotenoids may enhance their individual health benefits, particularly for eye health. As awareness of these complex formulations grows, the lutein complex segment is poised for significant growth in the market, catering to consumers looking for optimal eye protection and overall well-being.

Others:

The “Others” ingredient type category encompasses various lutein formulations that may include additional vitamins, minerals, or herbal extracts. This diversity allows manufacturers to cater to specific consumer needs and preferences, enhancing product appeal. As consumers increasingly seek personalized health solutions, the inclusion of complementary ingredients in lutein supplements is becoming more common. This segment is expected to grow as more innovations are introduced, allowing for products that combine the benefits of lutein with other health-enhancing ingredients that align with consumer wellness trends.

By Region

The North American lutein supplements market is anticipated to lead the global market, accounting for approximately 40% of the total share by 2025. The region’s dominance can be attributed to high consumer awareness regarding nutritional supplements, coupled with significant investments in research and development by key players. The increasing prevalence of eye-related diseases, particularly among the aging population, is further driving demand for lutein supplements in this region. The CAGR for the North American market is projected to be around 9% from 2023 to 2035, as advancements in product formulations and marketing strategies continue to attract consumers.

In Europe, the lutein supplements market is expected to account for about 30% of the global market share, driven by a growing emphasis on preventive healthcare and the rising demand for natural dietary supplements. Countries such as Germany, the UK, and France are leading the market in this region, with a notable shift towards organic and plant-based products. The increasing prevalence of lifestyle-related eye issues among the European population is also contributing to the growth of this segment. The European market is projected to grow at a CAGR of around 7.5% from 2023 to 2035, reflecting the strong demand for lutein-based products.

Opportunities

The lutein supplements market is poised for numerous opportunities, particularly in product innovation and expansion into emerging markets. The growing trend of preventative healthcare has prompted manufacturers to explore new formulations and delivery methods that appeal to health-conscious consumers. For instance, the development of combination products that integrate lutein with other essential nutrients, such as omega-3 fatty acids, is gaining traction. Additionally, as awareness of the benefits of lutein continues to rise, manufacturers can target emerging economies where consumer spending on health and wellness products is increasing. This presents a lucrative opportunity for companies to introduce affordable, high-quality lutein supplements tailored to local preferences and dietary habits.

Moreover, advancements in digital marketing and e-commerce are enabling manufacturers to reach a broader audience and enhance product visibility. The shift towards online shopping has opened up new channels for distribution, allowing companies to connect directly with consumers and build brand loyalty. By leveraging social media platforms and influencer partnerships, companies can effectively communicate the benefits of lutein supplements, driving consumer interest and sales. The integration of educational content and transparency in sourcing and production can further enhance consumer trust and brand reputation, creating opportunities for growth in a competitive marketplace.

Threats

The lutein supplements market faces several threats that could hinder growth, primarily due to the increasing competition from alternative dietary supplements. The rise of various antioxidants and nutrients promising similar health benefits can divert consumer attention away from lutein, impacting overall sales. Additionally, the prevalence of counterfeit and low-quality products in the market poses a significant threat to reputable manufacturers. This situation may lead to consumer distrust, affecting the brand's reputation and sales. Furthermore, fluctuations in raw material prices, particularly for natural sources of lutein, may impact production costs and profit margins for manufacturers.

Another challenge arises from regulatory scrutiny, as dietary supplements are subject to varying regulations across different regions. Stricter regulations could lead to increased compliance costs for manufacturers, potentially impacting market entry for new players. Consumers are becoming more informed and discerning regarding their supplement choices, which can increase the demand for transparency in product labeling and ingredient sourcing. Companies must navigate these challenges to maintain a competitive edge, ensuring that their products meet quality standards and consumer expectations in an evolving market landscape.

Competitor Outlook

• Herbalife Nutrition Ltd.
• GNC Holdings, Inc.
• Nature's Bounty Co.
• NOW Foods
• Garden of Life, LLC
• Jarrow Formulas, Inc.
• Optimum Nutrition, Inc.
• Solgar Inc.
• Swanson Health Products, Inc.
• Source Naturals, Inc.
• Life Extension Foundation
• NutraBlast, Inc.
• Thorne Research, Inc.
• Douglas Laboratories
• Kirkland Signature

The competitive landscape of the lutein supplements market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging brands, all vying for market share in this growing industry. Major companies in the market are continuously investing in research and development to create innovative products that meet changing consumer demands. These companies are not only focusing on improving the efficacy of their products but are also enhancing the quality and safety of their offerings. As consumers become more health-conscious and knowledgeable, brands that prioritize transparency, sustainability, and quality are likely to gain a competitive edge. Additionally, companies are increasingly leveraging digital marketing strategies to reach consumers and promote their products effectively.

Herbalife Nutrition Ltd. is a leading player in the nutritional supplement market, known for its diverse range of products, including lutein supplements. The company focuses on innovation and quality, utilizing advanced research to develop effective formulations that cater to various health needs. GNC Holdings, Inc. is another significant player, with a robust portfolio of dietary supplements, including lutein. The company’s extensive retail network and commitment to quality make it a trusted name among consumers. Nature's Bounty Co. is recognized for its high-quality natural supplements, including lutein products that appeal to health-conscious consumers seeking effective nutritional support.

NOW Foods is well-known for its commitment to providing high-quality, affordable dietary supplements, including lutein, sourced from natural ingredients. The company's focus on sustainability and transparency aligns with consumer preferences for trusted products. Garden of Life, LLC is another prominent brand, specializing in organic and plant-based supplements, including lutein formulations that appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. Established brands like Jarrow Formulas, Inc. and Optimum Nutrition, Inc. are also gaining traction in the lutein market due to their innovative product offerings and strong brand loyalty among consumers. Together, these companies contribute to the dynamic and competitive nature of the lutein supplements market.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 NOW Foods
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Solgar Inc.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 NutraBlast, Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 GNC Holdings, Inc.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Kirkland Signature
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Garden of Life, LLC
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Nature's Bounty Co.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Douglas Laboratories
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Jarrow Formulas, Inc.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Source Naturals, Inc.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Thorne Research, Inc.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Optimum Nutrition, Inc.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Herbalife Nutrition Ltd.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Life Extension Foundation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Swanson Health Products, Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Lutein Supplements Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Eye Health
    • 6.1.2 Skin Health
    • 6.1.3 Supplements
    • 6.1.4 Pharmaceuticals
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Lutein Supplements Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Lutein Capsules
    • 6.2.2 Lutein Softgels
    • 6.2.3 Lutein Tablets
    • 6.2.4 Lutein Powder
    • 6.2.5 Lutein Liquid
  • 6.3 Lutein Supplements Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Natural Lutein
    • 6.3.2 Synthetic Lutein
    • 6.3.3 Lutein Esters
    • 6.3.4 Lutein Complex
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Lutein Supplements Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Online Stores
    • 6.4.2 Retail Pharmacies
    • 6.4.3 Health Stores
    • 6.4.4 Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 6.4.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Lutein Supplements Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Lutein Supplements market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Lutein Capsules
• Lutein Softgels
• Lutein Tablets
• Lutein Powder
• Lutein Liquid

By Application

• Eye Health
• Skin Health
• Supplements
• Pharmaceuticals
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Online Stores
• Retail Pharmacies
• Health Stores
• Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Natural Lutein
• Synthetic Lutein
• Lutein Esters
• Lutein Complex
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Herbalife Nutrition Ltd.
• GNC Holdings, Inc.
• Nature's Bounty Co.
• NOW Foods
• Garden of Life, LLC
• Jarrow Formulas, Inc.
• Optimum Nutrition, Inc.
• Solgar Inc.
• Swanson Health Products, Inc.
• Source Naturals, Inc.
• Life Extension Foundation
• NutraBlast, Inc.
• Thorne Research, Inc.
• Douglas Laboratories
• Kirkland Signature