Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B Sales

Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B Sales Market Outlook

The global Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) Envelope Glycoprotein B market is projected to reach approximately USD 1.2 billion by 2035, with a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 6.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. The increasing prevalence of cytomegalovirus infections, particularly among immunocompromised individuals and newborns, is expected to drive market growth significantly. Furthermore, the rising demand for effective diagnostic tools and therapeutics, along with advancements in vaccine development, are enhancing the overall landscape of this market. The expanding research initiatives aimed at understanding HCMV and its implications on public health are also contributing positively to the market dynamics. Additionally, the growing focus on preventive healthcare and the development of innovative treatments are further bolstering the market potential.

Growth Factor of the Market

The growth of the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market is primarily driven by the increasing incidence of HCMV infections globally. Rising awareness and improved diagnostic capabilities are facilitating earlier detection and treatment options, which in turn fosters market growth. Additionally, advancements in biotechnology and pharmaceutical research have led to the development of novel monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and antiviral drugs, enhancing the treatment landscape. The growing geriatric population, who are more susceptible to such viral infections, is also a contributing factor to the rising demand for HCMV therapeutics. Moreover, increased funding and support for research in infectious diseases, along with collaborations between companies and research institutions, are expected to create a positive impact on the market trajectory.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Significant CAGR of approximately 6.5% expected from 2025 to 2035.
• Rising demand for effective vaccines and antiviral drugs among vulnerable populations.
• Increased funding for research and development in HCMV therapeutics.
• Growing awareness regarding the implications of HCMV infections on public health.
• Expansion of healthcare infrastructure, particularly in developing regions.

By Product Type

Monoclonal Antibodies:

Monoclonal antibodies represent a significant segment of the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market, primarily due to their targeted approach in treating HCMV. These antibodies are designed to specifically bind to HCMV glycoproteins, thus neutralizing the virus and preventing its replication. The efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in both therapeutic and preventive applications has led to their increased adoption in clinical settings. Furthermore, ongoing clinical trials exploring new monoclonal antibody formulations are expected to enhance their market share significantly. Their ability to be administered as part of combination therapy with antiviral drugs also adds to their importance in comprehensive HCMV treatment regimens.

Vaccines:

The vaccine segment is crucial for the prevention of HCMV, particularly for at-risk populations such as pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals. The development of effective vaccines is a primary focus of ongoing research, and successful advances in this area could lead to substantial market growth. Vaccine candidates that utilize glycoprotein B as a key antigen are being explored to elicit strong immune responses. The global push for vaccination programs against viral infections is expected to increase the uptake of HCMV vaccines in the coming years, thus contributing significantly to market dynamics. Moreover, the potential for vaccines to reduce the burden of congenital cytomegalovirus infections highlights their importance in public health initiatives.

Antiviral Drugs:

Antiviral drugs are vital for managing HCMV infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. This segment includes established antiviral therapies such as ganciclovir and foscarnet, as well as newer agents designed to improve efficacy and reduce side effects. The demand for antiviral drugs is driven by the increasing number of organ transplant recipients and individuals with HIV/AIDS, who are at heightened risk for HCMV infections. Ongoing research into novel antiviral mechanisms, including those targeting glycoprotein B, is expected to bolster this market segment. The rising incidence of drug-resistant strains of HCMV further emphasizes the need for innovative antiviral therapies, ensuring continued growth in this area.

Diagnostic Kits:

Diagnostic kits play a critical role in the early detection and management of HCMV infections. These kits, which include molecular and serological tests, enable healthcare providers to identify HCMV presence swiftly and accurately. The complexity of HCMV infections and the diverse clinical presentation necessitate accurate diagnostic tools for optimal patient management. The growing emphasis on point-of-care testing and rapid diagnostics is driving market demand for HCMV diagnostic kits. Furthermore, advancements in molecular diagnostics, such as PCR-based tests that can detect the virus at lower thresholds, are enhancing the diagnostic capabilities within clinical settings, leading to increased adoption of these kits in hospitals and laboratories.

Others:

This category encompasses various products related to the HCMV Envelope Glycoprotein B market, including research reagents, assay kits, and supportive therapeutic interventions. The increasing focus on research into HCMV pathogenesis and its clinical implications has led to a rise in demand for related products. The diverse applications of these products in both clinical and research settings contribute to their market significance. As researchers continue to explore the interaction of HCMV with host cells and the immune system, the need for these additional products is expected to grow, driving innovation and expanding the overall market landscape.

By Application

Hospitals:

Hospitals are a primary application segment for Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products due to the high incidence of HCMV infections within these settings. Hospitals provide comprehensive care for patients with severe immune deficiencies, such as those undergoing organ transplants or chemotherapy. The integration of HCMV diagnostics and therapeutics into clinical protocols is crucial for managing these high-risk patients. Additionally, hospitals often participate in clinical trials for new HCMV treatments, further enhancing the application of glycoprotein B products. The growing emphasis on infection control and prevention in hospital settings is expected to drive the adoption of HCMV-related products, contributing significantly to market growth.

Clinics:

Clinics serve as vital access points for patients seeking early diagnosis and treatment of HCMV infections. The application of HCMV Envelope Glycoprotein B products within clinics is essential for managing outpatient care, particularly for pediatric and adult patients at risk. The convenience and accessibility of clinic-based care facilitate timely interventions, which are critical for preventing complications associated with HCMV. As awareness of cytomegalovirus continues to rise, clinics are increasingly incorporating HCMV testing and therapeutic options into their standard procedures, thus supporting market expansion. Furthermore, the development of rapid diagnostic tests specifically for use in clinical settings is expected to enhance patient care and drive product adoption.

Research Institutes:

Research institutes play a pivotal role in the advancement of knowledge regarding HCMV and the development of innovative therapeutic solutions. The application of Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products within research institutions is focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms of the virus, its interactions with host cells, and potential treatment strategies. Collaborative research efforts between academia and industry are fostering the exploration of new vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and antiviral drugs. The increasing investment in biomedical research related to infectious diseases further supports the growth of this segment. As research institutions continue to investigate HCMV's impact on public health, the demand for related products is anticipated to expand significantly.

Others:

This category includes various applications of Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products in settings outside of hospitals, clinics, and research institutions. These applications may encompass educational programs, public health initiatives, and community-based outreach aimed at raising awareness about HCMV infections. Additionally, the use of these products in veterinary medicine, particularly concerning immunocompromised animal populations, could be included in this segment. The diversity of applications reflects the broad relevance of HCMV research and the importance of glycoprotein B in understanding and combating viral infections. As public health efforts evolve, the application of these products in non-traditional settings is expected to increase, thereby supporting overall market growth.

By Distribution Channel

Hospital Pharmacies:

Hospital pharmacies play a crucial role in the distribution of Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products, particularly in the administration of antiviral therapies and the provision of diagnostic kits. These pharmacies are integral to hospital operations, ensuring that patients receive timely access to necessary medications and treatments. The close coordination between hospital pharmacies and medical staff enables efficient management of HCMV-related care. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of HCMV infections in hospitalized patients underscores the importance of hospital pharmacies in providing specialized products tailored to this patient population. As hospitals continue to prioritize infection management, the reliance on hospital pharmacies for HCMV products is expected to grow.

Retail Pharmacies:

Retail pharmacies represent an essential distribution channel for Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products, particularly in providing access to antiviral drugs and diagnostic kits for outpatient care. The convenience of retail pharmacies allows patients to obtain medications and testing kits without the need for hospitalization. The growing awareness of HCMV infections and the importance of early diagnosis contribute to increased foot traffic in retail pharmacies, resulting in higher sales of relevant products. Additionally, initiatives aimed at educating pharmacy staff about HCMV can enhance the quality of patient care and support informed decision-making in treatment options. As a result, retail pharmacies are poised to experience growth in this segment.

Online Pharmacies:

The rise of online pharmacies has transformed the distribution landscape for Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products, offering patients and healthcare providers convenient access to medications and diagnostic kits. The growing trend towards e-commerce in healthcare allows for wider distribution of antiviral drugs and testing supplies, particularly in regions with limited physical pharmacy access. Online pharmacies cater to patients seeking privacy and discretion in obtaining HCMV products, which can drive sales in this segment. Furthermore, the ability to provide detailed product information and patient support through digital platforms enhances the overall customer experience. As online healthcare continues to expand, the role of online pharmacies in the HCMV market is expected to grow significantly.

Others:

This category includes alternative distribution channels for Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products, such as specialty pharmaceutical distributors and health systems that manage bulk procurement of antiviral medications and diagnostic kits. These channels are particularly important for ensuring that healthcare settings have a steady supply of essential products needed to manage HCMV infections. The integration of various distribution strategies is crucial for addressing the diverse needs of healthcare providers and patients. Moreover, the increasing emphasis on supply chain efficiency and product availability in the healthcare sector will likely drive innovation and growth within this segment. As the market evolves, these alternative distribution channels will play a significant role in supporting HCMV-related healthcare initiatives.

By End User

Pediatric Patients:

Pediatric patients represent a critical end-user segment for Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products due to the higher risk of congenital HCMV infections. This demographic is particularly vulnerable, as HCMV can lead to severe health complications, including hearing loss, developmental delays, and other long-term disabilities. The increasing awareness of congenital HCMV and its implications on child health has spurred demand for effective diagnostics and treatments tailored for pediatric populations. Moreover, initiatives aimed at educating healthcare providers and parents about the importance of early detection and intervention are expected to drive product adoption within this segment. As a result, the pediatric market for HCMV products is anticipated to grow significantly in the coming years.

Adult Patients:

Adult patients, particularly those who are immunocompromised or undergoing organ transplants, are a major end-user group for Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B products. The increasing prevalence of HCMV infections within this population necessitates effective antiviral therapies and diagnostic tools to manage the associated risks. The emphasis on personalized medicine and targeted therapies is driving the development of innovative products aimed at improving outcomes for adult patients. Additionally, the growing awareness of HCMV's impact on overall health, especially in individuals with weakened immune systems, is leading to increased demand for HCMV-related diagnostics and treatments. As a result, the adult patient segment is expected to witness significant growth in the market.

By Region

The North American region is anticipated to dominate the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market, accounting for approximately 40% of the total market share by 2035. The high prevalence of HCMV infections, coupled with advanced healthcare infrastructure and significant investments in research and development, are contributing factors to this dominance. Additionally, the presence of leading pharmaceutical companies and research institutions in this region facilitates innovation in HCMV therapeutics and diagnostics. With a CAGR of around 7% expected in this region, North America is poised for substantial growth, primarily driven by the continuous demand for effective antiviral treatments and diagnostic capabilities.

Europe is expected to hold the second-largest share of the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market, contributing approximately 30% to the global market by 2035. The increasing awareness of HCMV and its implications on public health, along with the rising incidence of HCMV infections among vulnerable populations, is driving market growth in this region. Moreover, collaboration between healthcare providers and research institutions is supporting the development of innovative HCMV products. The Asia Pacific region is also emerging as a significant market, with a projected CAGR of around 8% due to the growing healthcare infrastructure and increasing prevalence of HCMV infections in developing countries. This regional growth reflects the importance of public health initiatives aimed at combating infectious diseases and improving healthcare access.

Opportunities

The Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market presents numerous opportunities for growth, particularly in the realm of research and development. The increasing prevalence of HCMV infections, especially in vulnerable populations such as newborns and immunocompromised individuals, highlights the urgent need for innovative therapeutic solutions. Companies focusing on the development of new vaccines, monoclonal antibodies, and antiviral drugs tailored to combat HCMV will find significant market potential. Furthermore, the expansion of research initiatives dedicated to understanding the molecular mechanisms of HCMV pathogenesis provides an opportunity for collaboration between pharmaceutical companies and academic institutions. By leveraging such collaborations, stakeholders can accelerate the development of effective treatments, thereby enhancing their market position.

In addition to research opportunities, the growing emphasis on preventive healthcare and public health initiatives creates a favorable environment for the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market. Increased awareness of the implications of HCMV infections on public health has led to calls for improved screening and vaccination programs. The development of point-of-care diagnostics and rapid testing solutions can facilitate early detection and intervention, ultimately reducing the burden of HCMV infections. Furthermore, the expansion of healthcare infrastructure in emerging markets offers significant growth opportunities for HCMV products. As access to healthcare improves in these regions, the demand for effective diagnostics and therapeutics is expected to rise, further driving market expansion.

Threats

Despite the promising growth prospects for the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market, several threats could hinder its progress. One significant challenge is the presence of drug-resistant strains of HCMV, which can limit the effectiveness of existing antiviral therapies. The emergence of resistant strains necessitates the development of novel treatment options, as well as continuous monitoring and adaptation of therapeutic protocols. Additionally, competition from alternative therapeutic approaches, including combination therapies and off-label use of existing medications, may pose challenges to market growth. The complexity of HCMV and its interactions with the immune system further complicate treatment strategies, requiring ongoing research and innovation.

Another potential threat to the market is the regulatory landscape governing the approval and commercialization of HCMV products. Stringent regulations and lengthy approval processes can delay the introduction of new therapies and diagnostics to the market, limiting the ability of companies to respond to emerging clinical needs. Additionally, fluctuations in healthcare funding and reimbursement policies may impact the accessibility of HCMV products for patients and healthcare providers. As a result, stakeholders must navigate these challenges carefully to ensure the sustained growth and success of the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market.

Competitor Outlook

• Merck & Co., Inc.
• Hoffmann-La Roche AG
• Gilead Sciences, Inc.
• GlaxoSmithKline plc
• Novartis AG
• AstraZeneca plc
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
• AbbVie Inc.
• Pfizer Inc.
• Johnson & Johnson
• Sanofi S.A.
• Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• Emergent BioSolutions Inc.
• Vaxart, Inc.
• Vical Incorporated

The competitive landscape of the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market is characterized by a mix of established pharmaceutical companies and emerging biotechnology firms. Major players such as Merck & Co., Inc. and Gilead Sciences, Inc. are at the forefront of developing innovative therapies and diagnostics for HCMV, leveraging their extensive research capabilities and robust product portfolios. These companies are actively engaged in clinical trials and collaborations to advance the development of novel products aimed at addressing unmet clinical needs. Additionally, companies like Hoffmann-La Roche AG and GlaxoSmithKline plc are investing in research initiatives focused on enhancing diagnostic capabilities, further strengthening their competitive positions in the market.

Emerging biotechnology firms, such as Vaxart, Inc. and Vical Incorporated, are also making significant strides in the HCMV market by focusing on novel vaccine development and innovative therapeutic strategies. These companies are increasingly collaborating with research institutions and public health organizations to facilitate the development of effective solutions for HCMV, capitalizing on the growing demand for preventative measures. Such collaborations enable them to leverage shared expertise and resources, ultimately enhancing their product offerings and market visibility. The dynamic nature of the competitive landscape necessitates continuous innovation and adaptation, as companies strive to meet the evolving demands of the HCMV market.

As the Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B market continues to expand, strategic partnerships, mergers, and acquisitions will likely play a significant role in shaping the competitive landscape. Companies that prioritize R&D and invest in cutting-edge technologies will be better positioned to capitalize on emerging opportunities. Moreover, the ability to navigate regulatory challenges and establish a strong market presence will be critical for sustained success. By fostering a culture of innovation and collaboration, market players can drive advancements in HCMV diagnostics and therapeutics, ultimately benefiting patients and healthcare providers alike.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 AbbVie Inc.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Novartis AG
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Pfizer Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Sanofi S.A.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Vaxart, Inc.
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 AstraZeneca plc
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Johnson & Johnson
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Merck & Co., Inc.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Vical Incorporated
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 GlaxoSmithKline plc
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Hoffmann-La Roche AG
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Gilead Sciences, Inc.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Emergent BioSolutions Inc.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B Sales Market, By End User
    • 6.1.1 Pediatric Patients
    • 6.1.2 Adult Patients
  • 6.2 Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.2.1 Hospitals
    • 6.2.2 Clinics
    • 6.2.3 Research Institutes
    • 6.2.4 Others
  • 6.3 Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B Sales Market, By Product Type
    • 6.3.1 Monoclonal Antibodies
    • 6.3.2 Vaccines
    • 6.3.3 Antiviral Drugs
    • 6.3.4 Diagnostic Kits
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Hospital Pharmacies
    • 6.4.2 Retail Pharmacies
    • 6.4.3 Online Pharmacies
    • 6.4.4 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B Sales Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Human Cytomegalovirus Envelope Glycoprotein B Sales market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Monoclonal Antibodies
• Vaccines
• Antiviral Drugs
• Diagnostic Kits
• Others

By Application

• Hospitals
• Clinics
• Research Institutes
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Hospital Pharmacies
• Retail Pharmacies
• Online Pharmacies
• Others

By End User

• Pediatric Patients
• Adult Patients

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Merck & Co., Inc.
• Hoffmann-La Roche AG
• Gilead Sciences, Inc.
• GlaxoSmithKline plc
• Novartis AG
• AstraZeneca plc
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
• AbbVie Inc.
• Pfizer Inc.
• Johnson & Johnson
• Sanofi S.A.
• Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• Emergent BioSolutions Inc.
• Vaxart, Inc.
• Vical Incorporated