Artisanal Ice cream

Artisanal Ice Cream Market Outlook

The global artisanal ice cream market is projected to reach USD 12.5 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.1% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by increasing consumer demand for high-quality, unique, and innovative ice cream flavors, which artisanal producers are particularly adept at fulfilling. Additionally, the rising trend of health consciousness among consumers has led to a shift toward healthier, natural ingredients, contributing to the popularity of artisanal ice creams that often utilize organic and locally sourced components. As consumers become more adventurous in their culinary choices, they are seeking out unique and gourmet ice cream options that showcase distinctive flavors and textures. Furthermore, the growing culture of small-batch production is appealing to the market's consumer base, which favors artisanal brands that prioritize craftsmanship and quality over mass production.

Growth Factor of the Market

The artisanal ice cream market has witnessed considerable growth due to several crucial factors. Firstly, rising disposable incomes globally have empowered consumers to indulge in premium products, including gourmet ice creams. Secondly, the shift towards healthier eating habits has made many consumers more discerning about the ingredients in their food, leading them to favor artisanal brands that use wholesome and organic components. Thirdly, there is a growing trend of experiential dining, where consumers seek unique tasting experiences, prompting an increase in the popularity of artisanal ice cream shops that offer innovative flavors and customizations. In addition, the demand for dairy alternatives has spurred growth in the category of plant-based artisanal ice creams, appealing to a wider audience, including vegans and lactose-intolerant individuals. Lastly, the COVID-19 pandemic has encouraged home consumption and online shopping, leading to a surge in artisanal ice cream sales through e-commerce platforms.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Projected growth to USD 12.5 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 6.1%.
• Increasing consumer preference for premium, unique flavors and high-quality ingredients.
• Growth of the online retail sector due to changing shopping behaviors post-pandemic.
• Rising demand for healthier and organic ice cream options.
• Expansion of artisan ice cream shops and specialty stores enhancing market accessibility.

By Product Type

Gelato:

Gelato, a popular product type in the artisanal ice cream market, is known for its rich flavor and creamy texture that is denser than traditional ice cream. This product generally contains less air and fat, which allows for a more intense taste experience. Consumers are increasingly drawn to gelato for its artisanal origins and the craftsmanship involved in its production. As gelato shops pop up around the world, many offer diverse flavors that range from classic vanilla to unique ingredients such as lavender or pistachio. This variety appeals to adventurous eaters looking for new and exciting taste experiences, establishing gelato as a leading segment of the artisanal ice cream market.

Sorbet:

Sorbet is another essential segment, appealing to those seeking a lighter, dairy-free dessert option. Made primarily from fruit and sugar, sorbet caters to health-conscious consumers and those with lactose intolerance. Its refreshing taste and vibrant colors make it a perfect summer treat, often seen as a palate cleanser in dining establishments. Artisanal sorbet makers are increasingly utilizing organic fruits and natural sweeteners, which enhances flavor authenticity and quality. As consumers become more aware of dietary restrictions and preferences, the demand for high-quality sorbet continues to grow within the premium ice cream sector.

Custard:

Custard-style ice cream is another unique offering in the artisanal market, characterized by its rich and creamy consistency. This product is made with egg yolks, which give it a luscious texture and deep flavor. The growing interest in gourmet desserts has fueled the demand for custard ice cream, as consumers are drawn to its homemade appeal and indulgent nature. Artisanal producers often experiment with ingredients to create unique flavor combinations that highlight seasonal offerings, appealing to consumers who value creativity and culinary craftsmanship in their dessert choices.

Sherbet:

Sherbet is a popular frozen dessert that contains fruit, sugar, and a small amount of dairy, striking a balance between ice cream and sorbet. It is known for its slightly tart taste and smooth texture, making it a refreshing choice for consumers. The artisanal market for sherbet is expanding as producers innovate with novel flavor profiles and utilize high-quality ingredients. This segment is particularly attractive to those looking for a lighter alternative to traditional ice cream without sacrificing flavor. Artisanal sherbet often incorporates local fruits and flavors, enhancing its appeal to consumers who are increasingly interested in supporting local businesses.

Frozen Yogurt:

Frozen yogurt has emerged as a significant segment in the artisanal ice cream market due to its perceived health benefits. This product is often lower in fat and calories compared to traditional ice creams, making it a popular choice for health-conscious consumers. Artisanal frozen yogurt shops frequently offer a variety of toppings, allowing customers to create personalized desserts. Additionally, the trend towards probiotics and gut-friendly ingredients has further fueled interest in frozen yogurt as a desirable dessert option. The growth of this segment reflects the broader shift towards healthier eating habits, while still satisfying a desire for sweet indulgence.

By Application

Retail:

The retail application of artisanal ice cream is one of the most prominent segments, comprising supermarkets, grocery stores, and specialty retailers. The demand for premium ice cream products has led to the inclusion of artisanal options in mainstream retail outlets, making them more accessible to consumers. Retailers are increasingly investing in their frozen dessert sections to cater to consumer preferences for unique flavors and high-quality ingredients. The rise of premium placement within retail spaces allows artisanal brands to attract attention and encourage trial purchases, ultimately boosting sales in this application segment.

Food Services:

The food services segment, which includes restaurants, cafes, and catering services, has become a vital avenue for artisanal ice cream brands. Many eateries are looking to differentiate themselves by offering unique dessert options that complement their menu, which has led to the integration of artisanal ice cream. Chefs are increasingly collaborating with local ice cream makers to create exclusive flavors that reflect their culinary style, thereby enhancing the dining experience. This trend is particularly evident in fine dining and gourmet establishments, where desserts play a crucial role in the overall meal presentation.

Specialty Stores:

Specialty stores dedicated to gourmet and artisanal products have become essential players in the ice cream market. These stores curate a selection of high-quality ice creams, often featuring local and artisanal brands that may not be available in mainstream retail outlets. The experience of shopping in specialty stores allows consumers to discover unique flavors and support small-scale producers, reinforcing the trend toward artisanal quality. As the demand for unique culinary experiences grows, specialty stores are well-positioned to cater to consumers seeking something beyond typical grocery store offerings.

Online Sales:

The online sales application for artisanal ice cream has gained momentum, particularly as e-commerce becomes increasingly integral to consumer shopping habits. The convenience of online ordering allows consumers to explore a broader range of artisanal ice cream brands and flavors from the comfort of their homes. Many artisanal ice cream producers have developed their online platforms to facilitate direct-to-consumer sales, while others partner with e-commerce platforms to reach a wider audience. The growth of online sales is expected to further accelerate as delivery services expand, making high-quality artisanal ice cream more accessible to consumers.

Others:

This category encompasses various applications for artisanal ice cream, including events, festivals, and pop-up shops. Artisanal ice cream makers often participate in local events or collaborate with other food businesses to introduce their products to new audiences. These unconventional applications allow for greater brand exposure and engagement with target consumers, fostering brand loyalty and repeat purchases. As the artisanal ice cream market continues to evolve, opportunities in this space will likely expand, driven by innovative marketing strategies and collaborations.

By Distribution Channel

Supermarkets/Hypermarkets:

Supermarkets and hypermarkets serve as the primary distribution channels for artisanal ice cream, offering consumers a wide variety of brands and flavors in one location. The presence of artisanal ice cream on supermarket shelves allows consumers to easily access premium products while grocery shopping. Retailers are increasingly recognizing the value of featuring artisanal options alongside conventional ice creams, catering to the growing demand for premium frozen desserts. As competition heightens, supermarkets are implementing strategies to enhance their frozen dessert sections, including promotional displays and taste-testing events that help increase visibility for artisanal brands.

Convenience Stores:

Convenience stores play a vital role in the distribution of artisanal ice cream by providing consumers with quick access to premium frozen desserts. The on-the-go lifestyle of many consumers has led to an increased demand for convenient dessert options, making convenience stores an ideal channel for artisanal brands. Many convenience stores are expanding their product offerings to include artisanal ice cream, allowing them to cater to a wider audience. This trend is particularly advantageous for smaller artisanal producers seeking to enhance their market presence through diverse distribution channels.

Specialty Stores:

Specialty stores dedicated to gourmet foods and local products are essential distributors of artisanal ice cream. These stores offer a curated selection of high-quality products, allowing consumers to discover and indulge in unique flavors and premium ingredients. Specialty stores often prioritize local and sustainable products, aligning with the values of consumers seeking artisanal ice cream. By focusing on smaller, less mainstream brands, specialty stores help to elevate the visibility of artisanal producers in a competitive market, fostering brand loyalty and community support.

Online Retail:

Online retail has emerged as a transformative distribution channel for artisanal ice cream, enabling brands to reach consumers who prefer the convenience of shopping from home. The rise of e-commerce has prompted many artisanal ice cream producers to establish an online presence, offering direct-to-consumer sales and delivery options. This channel allows brands to showcase their unique flavors and seasonal offerings while reaching a broader audience beyond local markets. As consumer preferences evolve, the growth of online retail in the artisanal ice cream sector is expected to continue, providing opportunities for increased sales and brand engagement.

By Ingredient Type

Organic:

Organic ingredients have become increasingly critical in the artisanal ice cream market, driven by consumer demand for natural and sustainable food options. Many artisanal producers are sourcing organic milk, cream, and other components to create ice creams that align with health-conscious consumers' values. The use of organic ingredients not only enhances flavor but also appeals to those seeking transparency in food sourcing. As the popularity of organic products continues to rise, artisanal ice cream brands that prioritize organic ingredients are likely to experience significant growth in this segment.

Natural Flavors:

Natural flavors have gained traction among consumers who are increasingly aware of the ingredients in their food. Artisanal ice cream makers are focusing on using natural flavorings derived from fruits, herbs, and spices to create authentic taste experiences. This trend aligns with the broader consumer movement toward clean-label products, fostering trust in the brands that prioritize quality and transparency. By using natural flavors, artisanal ice cream producers can offer innovative flavors that resonate with health-conscious and environmentally aware consumers.

Local Ingredients:

The use of local ingredients in artisanal ice cream production has become a defining characteristic of many brands, enhancing both flavor and community support. Artisanal producers are often committed to sourcing ingredients from local farmers and suppliers, contributing to regional economies and reducing their carbon footprint. This emphasis on local sourcing not only differentiates brands in a crowded market but also satisfies consumer demand for sustainability and freshness. As consumers increasingly value relationships with their food sources, the demand for ice creams made with local ingredients is expected to grow.

Premium Ingredients:

Premium ingredients are a hallmark of the artisanal ice cream market, as consumers are willing to pay more for exceptional quality. Many artisanal producers focus on sourcing high-quality dairy, unique flavorings, and gourmet mix-ins to craft their ice creams. The use of premium ingredients enhances the overall taste profile and offers a luxurious experience that appeals to discerning consumers. This trend towards premium products reflects the broader movement toward indulgence and quality in the food industry, supporting the growth of the artisanal ice cream segment.

Seasonal Ingredients:

Seasonal ingredients play a crucial role in artisanal ice cream production, allowing brands to create unique flavors that resonate with consumers throughout the year. Many ice cream makers highlight seasonal fruits and other ingredients, producing limited-time offerings that encourage consumer engagement and excitement. This practice not only showcases the creativity and skill of artisanal producers but also aligns with the growing trend of sustainability and farm-to-table dining. As consumers continue to seek fresh and innovative flavors, the use of seasonal ingredients in artisanal ice cream is likely to flourish.

By Region

The North American artisanal ice cream market is one of the largest globally, driven by a strong consumer preference for premium and unique flavors. The region accounts for approximately 40% of the global market share, with the United States being a significant contributor. The growth in this region is fueled by rising disposable incomes, an increasing focus on quality, and the popularity of local and organic ingredients. The North American market is expected to continue to grow at a CAGR of 5.5%, as more consumers seek out artisanal products that reflect their tastes and values.

In Europe, the artisanal ice cream market is also experiencing significant growth, estimated to account for around 30% of the global market share. The European market is characterized by a rich culinary heritage and a strong emphasis on quality, leading to a high demand for artisanal ice cream. Countries like Italy and France are known for their traditional ice cream-making methods and innovative flavors, further enhancing the region's appeal. The European market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.0% as consumers increasingly gravitate toward unique, high-quality dessert options.

Opportunities

The artisanal ice cream market presents numerous opportunities for growth and innovation, particularly in the realm of flavor experimentation. As consumer preferences shift toward unique and adventurous flavors, artisanal producers can capitalize on this trend by continually developing new offerings that surprise and delight their customers. Collaborations with local chefs, farmers, and food artisans can lead to innovative flavor combinations and limited-edition releases that drive consumer interest. Furthermore, leveraging seasonal ingredients can create excitement around product launches and encourage repeat purchases. By embracing creativity and experimentation, artisanal ice cream brands can position themselves as leaders in the market, attracting a loyal customer base that seeks out their unique products.

Additionally, the growth of the health and wellness trend represents a significant opportunity for artisanal ice cream producers. As consumers increasingly prioritize their health, there is a rising demand for ice creams that utilize wholesome, natural ingredients and cater to specific dietary preferences, such as dairy-free or low-sugar options. Artisanal brands that focus on developing healthier alternatives without sacrificing taste can capture a broader audience, including health-conscious consumers and those with dietary restrictions. By tapping into this growing consumer trend, artisanal ice cream producers can expand their market reach and thrive in a competitive landscape.

Threats

Despite the promising growth of the artisanal ice cream market, several threats could hinder its progress. One of the primary concerns is the increasing competition from mass-produced ice cream brands that are investing in premium lines to capture market share. These larger companies can leverage economies of scale, allowing them to offer competitive pricing while maintaining quality, thus challenging smaller artisanal producers. Additionally, fluctuating ingredient costs and supply chain disruptions can impact production and pricing, forcing artisanal brands to navigate a challenging market environment. Furthermore, as consumer preferences continue to evolve, there is a risk that artisanal ice cream producers may struggle to keep pace with changing trends and demands, potentially leading to a decline in market relevance.

Another significant threat to the artisanal ice cream market is the growing concern over food sustainability and environmental impact. Consumers are increasingly aware of the carbon footprint associated with food production, which can lead them to seek out brands that prioritize sustainable practices. Artisanal ice cream producers must adapt to these changing expectations by implementing environmentally friendly sourcing and production methods. Failure to do so may result in losing market share to competitors who are more proactive in their sustainability efforts, impacting long-term growth and consumer loyalty.

Competitor Outlook

• Ben & Jerry's
• Haagen-Dazs
• Ample Hills Creamery
• Salt & Straw
• Jeni's Splendid Ice Creams
• Graeter's Ice Cream
• Gelato Fiasco
• Little G's Ice Cream
• Blue Bell Creameries
• Van Leeuwen Ice Cream
• Milk Bar
• Sweet Rose Creamery
• Salted Caramel Ice Cream Co.
• Three Twins Ice Cream
• Dolcezza Gelato

The competitive landscape of the artisanal ice cream market is both dynamic and diverse, with numerous brands vying for consumer attention through unique offerings and innovative flavors. Established players such as Ben & Jerry's and Haagen-Dazs dominate the market with their wide distribution and strong brand recognition. However, smaller artisanal brands like Ample Hills Creamery and Salt & Straw have carved out their niche by focusing on high-quality ingredients and distinctive flavors that resonate with adventurous consumers. As competition intensifies, these brands are continually pushing the boundaries of creativity, fostering an environment where innovation is paramount. The artisanal ice cream market is increasingly characterized by collaboration among brands, local suppliers, and chefs, resulting in innovative flavor combinations that differentiate them from mass-produced options.

Key companies such as Jeni's Splendid Ice Creams and Graeter's Ice Cream have developed strong reputations for their commitment to quality and unique flavor profiles. Jeni's, for instance, emphasizes using grass-fed milk and high-quality ingredients, allowing them to create distinctive flavors like Goat Cheese with Fig and Honey. Graeter's, known for its French Pot ice cream-making process, focuses on small-batch production, which preserves the quality and creaminess of their product. The company's dedication to craftsmanship and quality, combined with a strong regional presence, positions them as significant players in the artisanal ice cream market.

Emerging brands such as Van Leeuwen Ice Cream and Gelato Fiasco are also making waves in the industry. Van Leeuwen, known for its plant-based ice cream options, has gained a significant following among health-conscious consumers looking for dairy alternatives. On the other hand, Gelato Fiasco prides itself on using high-quality, locally sourced ingredients to produce authentic Italian gelato. Their focus on flavor innovation and sustainability resonates with today's consumers, allowing them to carve out a dedicated customer base. As consumer preferences continue to evolve, these companies are well-positioned to capitalize on the growing demand for artisanal ice cream.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Milk Bar
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Haagen-Dazs
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Salt & Straw
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Ben & Jerry's
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Gelato Fiasco
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Dolcezza Gelato
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Graeter's Ice Cream
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Sweet Rose Creamery
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Ample Hills Creamery
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Blue Bell Creameries
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Little G's Ice Cream
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Three Twins Ice Cream
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Van Leeuwen Ice Cream
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Jeni's Splendid Ice Creams
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Salted Caramel Ice Cream Co.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Artisanal Ice cream Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Retail
    • 6.1.2 Food Services
    • 6.1.3 Specialty Stores
    • 6.1.4 Online Sales
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Artisanal Ice cream Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Gelato
    • 6.2.2 Sorbet
    • 6.2.3 Custard
    • 6.2.4 Sherbet
    • 6.2.5 Frozen Yogurt
  • 6.3 Artisanal Ice cream Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Organic
    • 6.3.2 Natural Flavors
    • 6.3.3 Local Ingredients
    • 6.3.4 Premium Ingredients
    • 6.3.5 Seasonal Ingredients
  • 6.4 Artisanal Ice cream Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 6.4.2 Convenience Stores
    • 6.4.3 Specialty Stores
    • 6.4.4 Online Retail

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Artisanal Ice cream Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Artisanal Ice cream market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Gelato
• Sorbet
• Custard
• Sherbet
• Frozen Yogurt

By Application

• Retail
• Food Services
• Specialty Stores
• Online Sales
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
• Convenience Stores
• Specialty Stores
• Online Retail

By Ingredient Type

• Organic
• Natural Flavors
• Local Ingredients
• Premium Ingredients
• Seasonal Ingredients

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Ben & Jerry's
• Haagen-Dazs
• Ample Hills Creamery
• Salt & Straw
• Jeni's Splendid Ice Creams
• Graeter's Ice Cream
• Gelato Fiasco
• Little G's Ice Cream
• Blue Bell Creameries
• Van Leeuwen Ice Cream
• Milk Bar
• Sweet Rose Creamery
• Salted Caramel Ice Cream Co.
• Three Twins Ice Cream
• Dolcezza Gelato