Vehicle HVAC

Vehicle HVAC Market Outlook

The global Vehicle HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) market is projected to reach a valuation of approximately USD 30 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth is being driven by a combination of factors including rising demand for vehicle comfort and safety, increasing consumer expectations for advanced climate control systems, and the growing focus on energy-efficient technology in automotive design. Additionally, the expansion of the electric vehicle market is significantly influencing HVAC system advancements, leading to more specialized and efficient solutions. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, innovations in HVAC technology, particularly those that enhance air quality and reduce energy consumption, are expected to play a critical role in shaping market dynamics.

Growth Factor of the Market

The Vehicle HVAC market is experiencing robust growth owing to several key factors. Firstly, the increasing consumer preference for comfort features in vehicles is leading manufacturers to invest heavily in advanced HVAC technologies that ensure optimum temperature control and air quality. Secondly, stringent regulations aimed at improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions are compelling automakers to innovate their HVAC systems for better performance. Furthermore, the rise in disposable income and urbanization has led to an increase in vehicle ownership rates, thereby boosting demand for effective HVAC solutions. The transition towards electric vehicles (EVs) is another crucial driver, as these vehicles require specialized HVAC systems tailored to their unique energy requirements. Additionally, heightened awareness of air quality and health concerns is prompting consumers to seek vehicles equipped with advanced air filtration technologies, further enhancing market growth.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The Vehicle HVAC market is projected to grow significantly, with a CAGR of 5.5% from 2025 to 2035.
• Technological advancements such as smart HVAC systems and nanotechnology integration are transforming HVAC capabilities.
• Electric vehicles are becoming a major segment within the market, driving innovation in HVAC technologies.
• Regulatory pressures aimed at reducing emissions are shaping the development of more efficient HVAC systems.
• Consumer demand for enhanced comfort features is pushing manufacturers to innovate continuously.

By Product Type

Heating Systems:

Heating systems in vehicle HVAC technology have evolved considerably to ensure optimal thermal comfort in colder climates. These systems typically utilize heat exchangers and resistive heating elements to provide warmth effectively. The demand for efficient heating systems is particularly pronounced in regions with harsh winters, where drivers seek reliable solutions for quick cabin warm-up times. Furthermore, advancements in materials and engineering practices are leading to lighter and more compact heating systems that also consume less fuel, appealing to the environmentally conscious consumer. Smart heating systems that can adjust automatically based on cabin temperature and occupant preferences are also gaining popularity, showcasing the trend towards personalized climate control in vehicles.

Ventilation Systems:

Ventilation systems serve a critical role in maintaining air quality inside vehicles, ensuring a comfortable environment for occupants. These systems work by facilitating airflow and regulating humidity levels, thereby preventing the buildup of heat and moisture which can lead to discomfort. Recent innovations in ventilation technology emphasize the integration of advanced filtration systems that can eliminate pollutants and allergens, addressing growing health concerns among consumers. With the increasing focus on smart vehicle technologies, intelligent ventilation systems are being developed to automatically adjust airflow based on environmental conditions and occupancy levels, thus enhancing energy efficiency and comfort.

Air Conditioning Systems:

Air conditioning systems are vital for providing cooling comfort in vehicles, particularly in warmer climates. The market has seen a shift towards more energy-efficient and compact cooling solutions that maximize performance while minimizing energy consumption. Innovations such as variable refrigerant flow systems allow for precise temperature control and enhanced energy efficiency, appealing to both manufacturers and consumers alike. Additionally, as the market moves towards electric vehicles, new refrigerants are being researched and developed to comply with environmental regulations while ensuring effective cooling performance. The integration of smart technology allows these systems to operate seamlessly with other vehicle functions, further enhancing user experience.

Dual Zone Systems:

Dual zone HVAC systems are designed to allow separate temperature controls for the driver and passengers, catering to individual comfort preferences. This technology is particularly popular in premium and luxury vehicles, where occupant comfort is paramount. The demand for dual zone systems is rising as consumers seek more personalized climate control, accommodating different preferences within the vehicle cabin. The ongoing advancements in sensors and control algorithms are enabling these systems to achieve higher precision in temperature regulation, which enhances overall comfort. Furthermore, as more vehicles are equipped with multiple seating configurations, dual zone systems are becoming a standard offering in many new models.

Rear Seat HVAC Systems:

Rear seat HVAC systems are gaining traction as manufacturers recognize the importance of rear passenger comfort. These systems are increasingly being integrated into vehicles to provide dedicated heating and cooling for backseat occupants, particularly in larger vehicles such as SUVs and minivans. Enhanced comfort features like adjustable vents and temperature controls are appealing to families and those who frequently transport passengers. As the focus on in-car comfort continues to intensify, rear seat HVAC systems are becoming a significant consideration for automotive designers, with ongoing innovations aimed at improving their efficiency and effectiveness.

By Application

Passenger Vehicles:

Passenger vehicles represent a significant segment of the Vehicle HVAC market, driven by the growing consumer demand for comfort, safety, and convenience features. These vehicles are typically equipped with advanced HVAC systems that ensure a comfortable driving experience regardless of external weather conditions. The emphasis on in-cabin air quality is leading manufacturers to incorporate advanced filtration systems that can remove allergens and harmful particulates from the air. Furthermore, the proliferation of connected vehicle technologies is enabling HVAC systems to integrate with smart home devices and mobile applications, allowing for enhanced control and personalization for passengers.

Commercial Vehicles:

Commercial vehicles, including trucks and buses, require robust HVAC systems that can operate efficiently under demanding conditions. The need for reliable climate control in these vehicles is paramount, given that drivers often spend long hours on the road. HVAC systems in commercial vehicles are designed to provide durability and performance, ensuring that both the driver and passengers remain comfortable irrespective of external temperatures. Innovations such as improved insulation and energy-efficient components are becoming increasingly important as companies seek to reduce operational costs while maintaining high standards of comfort and safety.

Electric Vehicles:

The electric vehicle market is poised to reshape the HVAC landscape as these vehicles require specialized climate control systems that are energy-efficient and lightweight. Given the limited battery capacity in EVs, manufacturers are focusing on developing HVAC systems that minimize energy consumption while maintaining optimal comfort levels. Technologies such as heat pumps and advanced thermal management systems are being implemented in electric vehicles to enhance efficiency. Additionally, the integration of smart climate control features that adjust based on driving conditions and passenger preferences is becoming standard, making EVs more appealing to consumers.

Off-Highway Vehicles:

Off-highway vehicles, which include agricultural and construction machinery, demand robust HVAC solutions that can withstand harsh operating environments. The HVAC systems in these vehicles are specifically designed to provide comfort and safety for operators working in extreme conditions. As these machines often operate in isolated areas, the ability to control dust, humidity, and temperature is critical. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on developing durable systems that are easy to maintain while providing superior performance. The growing trend towards automation in off-highway vehicles is also driving the need for advanced HVAC technologies that can adapt to changing operating conditions.

Autonomous Vehicles:

The rise of autonomous vehicles is set to bring significant changes to the Vehicle HVAC market. As vehicles become more automated, the focus on passenger comfort and experience becomes increasingly important. Autonomous vehicles may demand advanced HVAC systems that can deliver personalized climate settings while considering factors such as outside temperature and humidity. The integration of artificial intelligence in HVAC systems allows for real-time adjustments, ensuring optimal comfort for passengers. Furthermore, considerations around air quality will become paramount, with systems required to monitor and filter the air to meet growing health standards.

By Distribution Channel

OEMs:

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) play a pivotal role in the Vehicle HVAC market, as they are responsible for integrating HVAC systems into new vehicles during production. The OEM segment is characterized by close collaborations between HVAC manufacturers and automotive companies, ensuring that the latest technologies are incorporated into vehicles before they hit the market. As consumer preferences evolve, OEMs are increasingly focusing on providing advanced climate control features that enhance comfort and safety. The shift towards electric vehicles is also driving OEMs to rethink their HVAC strategies, leading to the development of specialized systems designed for the unique challenges associated with electric powertrains.

Aftermarket:

The aftermarket segment of the Vehicle HVAC market encompasses services and products that are provided after the sale of the vehicle. This includes maintenance, repair, and retrofitting of HVAC systems to improve performance or adapt to changing consumer needs. The aftermarket presents significant opportunities as vehicle owners seek to enhance their driving experience through upgrades or replacements. With the increasing complexity of modern HVAC systems, skilled technicians are required to perform maintenance and repairs, leading to a growing demand for aftermarket services. Additionally, the rise in vehicle ownership and the trend towards personalization are contributing to the growth of this segment, as customers look for bespoke solutions tailored to their preferences.

By Technology

Manual HVAC Systems:

Manual HVAC systems are the most basic form of climate control found in vehicles, allowing users to adjust temperature and airflow settings manually. While these systems are cost-effective and straightforward, they lack the advanced features offered by modern automatic systems. However, manual HVAC systems are still prevalent in entry-level vehicles, appealing to budget-conscious consumers. With the growing demand for user-friendly interfaces and automation in vehicle technology, the market for manual systems may slowly decline as consumers increasingly prefer more sophisticated climate control solutions.

Automatic HVAC Systems:

Automatic HVAC systems have gained popularity due to their ability to regulate temperature and airflow automatically, providing a more comfortable environment for occupants. These systems utilize sensors to monitor cabin conditions and adjust settings accordingly, ensuring optimal performance without requiring user input. The growing preference for convenience and comfort is driving the adoption of automatic HVAC systems, particularly in mid-range and luxury vehicles. As technology advances, automatic systems are becoming smarter, with features such as dual-zone temperature control and air quality monitoring further enhancing the user experience.

Multi-zone HVAC Systems:

Multi-zone HVAC systems allow for individualized temperature control in different areas of the vehicle, catering to the preferences of all passengers. This technology has become increasingly common in high-end vehicles, where maintaining comfort for multiple occupants is a priority. Multi-zone systems are designed to optimize airflow and temperature distribution, ensuring that each passenger can enjoy their preferred climate settings. The rise in family-oriented and luxury vehicles is propelling the demand for multi-zone HVAC systems, as consumers seek more personalized in-cabin experiences.

Smart HVAC Systems:

Smart HVAC systems are at the forefront of technological innovation in the Vehicle HVAC market, integrating connectivity features that allow for remote control and real-time monitoring. These systems can communicate with other devices, enabling users to adjust settings via smartphones or smart home systems. The appeal of smart HVAC systems lies in their ability to enhance convenience and comfort while providing energy efficiency. As vehicles become more connected, the adoption of smart HVAC technology is expected to grow, particularly among tech-savvy consumers looking for advanced features that fit their modern lifestyles.

Nano-technology-enabled HVAC Systems:

Nano-technology-enabled HVAC systems represent the next generation of climate control technology, utilizing advanced materials and processes to improve performance and efficiency. These systems leverage nano-coatings and filters that enhance air quality by capturing microscopic particles and allergens. The integration of nanotechnology in HVAC systems is aimed at addressing growing health concerns related to indoor air quality, making them increasingly attractive to consumers. As manufacturers continue to innovate, nano-technology-enabled HVAC systems are likely to gain traction, particularly in premium vehicles where air quality and occupant health are of paramount importance.

By Region

In North America, the Vehicle HVAC market is experiencing substantial growth driven by the rising demand for advanced climate control technologies in both passenger and commercial vehicles. The region is estimated to hold a significant share of the global market, with projections indicating a growth rate of around 5% CAGR during the forecast period. Factors such as the increasing penetration of electric vehicles and the ongoing focus on enhancing fuel efficiency standards are further shaping the HVAC landscape in North America. Additionally, the presence of key automotive manufacturers and suppliers in this region bolsters innovation and competition, ensuring a dynamic market environment.

Europe is another crucial region for the Vehicle HVAC market, characterized by stringent regulations regarding emissions and energy efficiency, which drive the demand for advanced HVAC technologies. The European market is projected to grow at a CAGR of approximately 6% as manufacturers strive to meet regulatory standards while also catering to consumer preferences for comfort and air quality. The rise of electric vehicles in Europe is further impacting the HVAC landscape, necessitating the development of specialized systems that cater to the unique energy needs of these vehicles. The competitive landscape in Europe is robust, with several leading automotive brands investing significantly in research and development to enhance their HVAC offerings.

Opportunities

The Vehicle HVAC market presents numerous opportunities driven by technological advancements and evolving consumer preferences. One of the primary opportunities lies in the integration of smart technologies within HVAC systems, allowing for remote and automated control of climate settings. As consumers increasingly seek convenience and personalization in their vehicles, the demand for smart HVAC systems is expected to rise. Manufacturers who invest in developing advanced systems that incorporate connectivity features, user-friendly interfaces, and compatibility with smart home devices stand to gain a competitive advantage. Furthermore, as sustainability continues to be a focal point in automotive design, there is an opportunity to innovate eco-friendly HVAC solutions that utilize renewable energy sources and energy-efficient systems, appealing to the environmentally conscious consumer.

Another significant opportunity exists in the growing electric vehicle segment, which is reshaping the requirements for HVAC systems. The unique thermal management challenges presented by electric powertrains necessitate innovative HVAC solutions that optimize energy consumption while ensuring passenger comfort. As the global shift towards electric mobility accelerates, manufacturers specializing in developing lightweight, energy-efficient HVAC systems tailored for electric vehicles can capitalize on this emerging market. Collaborations between automakers and HVAC manufacturers to create bespoke solutions for electric and hybrid vehicles will also present new avenues for growth in the Vehicle HVAC market, paving the way for advancements that enhance both performance and comfort.

Threats

Despite the promising growth prospects for the Vehicle HVAC market, several threats could hinder market expansion. One of the primary threats is the volatility of raw material prices, particularly those related to HVAC components such as compressors and refrigerants. Fluctuations in material costs can lead to increased production expenses for manufacturers, impacting profitability and pricing strategies. Additionally, the automotive industry is facing growing pressure to meet stringent environmental regulations, particularly regarding refrigerant use and emissions. Manufacturers who fail to comply with these evolving standards risk facing penalties and reputational damage, which can subsequently affect their market position.

Another potential threat is the rapid pace of technological advancements in the automotive sector, which requires HVAC manufacturers to continuously innovate in order to stay competitive. Companies that are unable to keep up with the latest trends in HVAC technology may find themselves at a disadvantage, as consumers increasingly gravitate towards vehicles equipped with advanced climate control systems. Additionally, the rise of alternative mobility solutions, such as shared transportation and ride-hailing services, could impact the demand for personal vehicle HVAC systems. As urbanization continues to transform transportation preferences, manufacturers must adapt their strategies to address potential shifts in consumer behavior that could affect HVAC sales.

Competitor Outlook

• Valeo
• Denso Corporation
• Continental AG
• Hanon Systems
• Mahle GmbH
• Johnson Controls International plc
• Delphi Technologies
• Standard Motor Products, Inc.
• LG Electronics
• Webasto SE
• Gentherm Incorporated
• Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.
• Sanden Corporation
• Shanghai Automotive Air Conditioner Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
• Ford Motor Company (HVAC Division)

The competitive landscape of the Vehicle HVAC market is characterized by a diverse range of players, including established manufacturers and emerging companies. These companies are continually striving to enhance their product offerings by integrating innovative technologies, improving energy efficiency, and focusing on customer satisfaction. The market is largely driven by the demand for advanced HVAC solutions that cater to evolving consumer needs, particularly in relation to comfort, air quality, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, the emergence of electric vehicles is reshaping competitive dynamics, as manufacturers adapt their strategies to develop HVAC systems tailored for this growing segment.

Leading companies such as Valeo and Denso Corporation are at the forefront of the Vehicle HVAC market, leveraging their extensive research and development capabilities to introduce cutting-edge products. Valeo, for instance, has made significant strides in smart HVAC systems, enhancing user experience through connectivity and automation. Similarly, Denso Corporation is focusing on sustainable HVAC solutions that utilize next-generation refrigerants and energy-efficient technologies, reinforcing its commitment to environmental responsibility. These industry leaders not only set the benchmark for innovation but also influence market trends through their collaborations and partnerships with automotive manufacturers.

In addition to these global players, regional manufacturers are also making their mark in the Vehicle HVAC market. Companies like Hanon Systems and Mahle GmbH are actively expanding their product portfolios to include advanced climate control solutions for electric and hybrid vehicles. Their emphasis on local manufacturing and adaptation to regional market needs enables them to maintain a competitive edge. Furthermore, smaller niche players are emerging with specialized HVAC solutions, addressing specific consumer demands such as enhanced air purification systems or customized climate control for high-performance vehicles. This burgeoning competitive landscape is indicative of a rapidly evolving market where innovation, adaptability, and customer-centric approaches are key to success.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Valeo
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Mahle GmbH
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Webasto SE
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Hanon Systems
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Continental AG
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 LG Electronics
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Denso Corporation
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Sanden Corporation
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Delphi Technologies
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Gentherm Incorporated
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Standard Motor Products, Inc.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Ford Motor Company (HVAC Division)
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Johnson Controls International plc
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Shanghai Automotive Air Conditioner Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Vehicle HVAC Market, By Technology
    • 6.1.1 Manual HVAC Systems
    • 6.1.2 Automatic HVAC Systems
    • 6.1.3 Multi-zone HVAC Systems
    • 6.1.4 Smart HVAC Systems
    • 6.1.5 Nanotechnology-enabled HVAC Systems
  • 6.2 Vehicle HVAC Market, By Application
    • 6.2.1 Passenger Vehicles
    • 6.2.2 Commercial Vehicles
    • 6.2.3 Electric Vehicles
    • 6.2.4 Off-Highway Vehicles
    • 6.2.5 Autonomous Vehicles
  • 6.3 Vehicle HVAC Market, By Product Type
    • 6.3.1 Heating Systems
    • 6.3.2 Ventilation Systems
    • 6.3.3 Air Conditioning Systems
    • 6.3.4 Dual Zone Systems
    • 6.3.5 Rear Seat HVAC Systems

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Vehicle HVAC Market by Region
  • 10.3 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 India
      • 10.3.1.2 China
      • 10.3.1.3 Japan
      • 10.3.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Vehicle HVAC market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Heating Systems
• Ventilation Systems
• Air Conditioning Systems
• Dual Zone Systems
• Rear Seat HVAC Systems

By Application

• Passenger Vehicles
• Commercial Vehicles
• Electric Vehicles
• Off-Highway Vehicles
• Autonomous Vehicles

By Technology

• Manual HVAC Systems
• Automatic HVAC Systems
• Multi-zone HVAC Systems
• Smart HVAC Systems
• Nanotechnology-enabled HVAC Systems

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Valeo
• Denso Corporation
• Continental AG
• Hanon Systems
• Mahle GmbH
• Johnson Controls International plc
• Delphi Technologies
• Standard Motor Products, Inc.
• LG Electronics
• Webasto SE
• Gentherm Incorporated
• Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.
• Sanden Corporation
• Shanghai Automotive Air Conditioner Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
• Ford Motor Company (HVAC Division)