Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid Sales

Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid Sales Market Outlook

The global Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market is projected to reach approximately USD 1.2 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of around 5.8% from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for high-purity chemicals in various industries, particularly in electronics and pharmaceuticals, where stringent quality standards are paramount. Moreover, the evolution of semiconductor technology and the continuous expansion of the renewable energy sector, which often relies on ultra-pure chemicals for manufacturing processes, are significant contributors to the market's expansion. The ongoing advancements in ultra-pure sulfuric acid production techniques, leading to enhanced purity and reduced contaminants, are also expected to propel market growth. Furthermore, as industries increasingly focus on sustainability and environmental compliance, the demand for high-quality inputs like ultra-pure sulfuric acid is expected to rise, establishing a robust market trajectory.

Growth Factor of the Market

Several key factors are driving the growth of the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market. Foremost among these is the surging demand from the semiconductor industry, where ultra-high purity sulfuric acid is critical for the fabrication of integrated circuits and electronic components. Additionally, the pharmaceutical industry is increasingly utilizing ultra-pure sulfuric acid in drug formulation processes, which requires stringent adherence to quality standards to ensure safety and efficacy. The industrial sector, particularly the chemical processing segment, is also contributing to market growth by incorporating ultra-pure sulfuric acid in various applications, including catalysts and intermediates. Furthermore, the rising investments in R&D for innovative applications of ultra-pure sulfuric acid are creating new avenues for market expansion. Lastly, regulatory frameworks promoting the use of high-purity chemicals as a means of enhancing product quality and safety are further bolstering market demand.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Projected market value of USD 1.2 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 5.8%.
• Significant growth driven by demand in semiconductor and pharmaceutical sectors.
• Ongoing advancements in production techniques enhancing quality and purity.
• Focus on sustainability and compliance propelling high-quality chemical usage.
• Growing investments in research and development for new applications.

By Purity Level

99.999% Pure:

Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid with a purity level of 99.999% is the highest grade available in the market and is predominantly used in the semiconductor industry. This level of purity is essential for processes involved in the manufacturing of microelectronics, where even minute impurities can lead to significant defects in the final product. The stringent manufacturing and cleansing processes involved in achieving this purity level make it a crucial component for applications requiring extreme precision and reliability. Consequently, the demand for 99.999% pure sulfuric acid is anticipated to grow correspondingly with the expansion of the semiconductor market, further emphasizing the need for suppliers to maintain rigorous quality assurance protocols to meet market expectations.

99.998% Pure:

The 99.998% pure variant of Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid serves as a secondary option for applications demanding slightly lower, yet still high, purity levels. Industries such as pharmaceuticals and certain chemical processes often leverage this grade where the utmost purity is not as critical as in semiconductor manufacturing. Nonetheless, this product still undergoes stringent purification processes to ensure that contaminants are kept at minimal levels. Its versatility allows the 99.998% pure variant to serve multiple sectors without compromising quality, ensuring steady growth in usage as industries adjust to changing regulations and quality standards.

99.997% Pure:

Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid at 99.997% purity finds its applications primarily in the pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing sectors. While it may not reach the extreme purity levels necessary for semiconductor fabrication, it still provides a solid solution for various applications where high purity is required. The slight variances in purity allow manufacturers to optimize costs while still adhering to industry standards. As pharmaceutical companies increasingly focus on producing high-quality products, the demand for this grade is expected to rise, particularly in the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other crucial formulations.

99.996% Pure:

The 99.996% purity level of Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid is commonly utilized in laboratory settings and certain industrial applications, where it serves as a reagent in various chemical reactions. Though it may not be the highest available purity, it is sufficiently clean for many applications that do not require the ultrahigh specifications needed in electronics. The versatility of this grade allows it to be used across several sectors, including the food and beverage industry, where it plays a role in processes such as pH adjustment and food preservation, thereby ensuring a steady demand and market growth.

99.995% Pure:

Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid at 99.995% purity is utilized primarily in industrial applications where extreme high purity is less critical. This grade is often employed in processes such as manufacturing fertilizers and other chemical products, where the cost-effectiveness of the process is a significant consideration. As industries strive to increase efficiency and reduce costs, the demand for this grade is expected to maintain its position due to its balance between purity and affordability. The industrial landscape's evolution towards more sustainable and efficient practices will further bolster this segment, providing a steady stream of demand.

By Grade

Electronic Grade:

Electronic Grade Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid is specifically processed to meet the rigorous requirements of the semiconductor industry. This grade undergoes extensive purification and filtration to eliminate contaminants that could impair the performance of electronic components. As technology advances and the demand for smaller, more efficient electronic devices increases, the necessity for high-purity chemicals, particularly in the semiconductor fabrication process, is expected to grow. Moreover, the electronic grade's role in the production of integrated circuits and microchips reinforces its importance, making it a key driver of the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market.

Industrial Grade:

The Industrial Grade of Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid is utilized in a variety of applications across different sectors, from chemical manufacturing to waste treatment. While it may not meet the ultra-high purity standards required in electronics or pharmaceuticals, it still delivers a level of quality sufficient for several industrial processes. As industries continue to evolve and expand, especially in developing economies, the demand for industrial-grade sulfuric acid is expected to grow significantly. This grade's adaptability in various chemical processes, including the production of fertilizers and petrochemicals, situates it as a fundamental component within the broader chemical industry.

Pharmaceutical Grade:

Pharmaceutical Grade Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid is essential for the pharmaceutical industry, where it is used in drug formulation and other critical processes. This grade must comply with strict regulatory requirements regarding purity and safety, ensuring that it meets the highest standards for human use. The increasing focus on developing new medications and therapies, especially in response to global health challenges, is anticipated to drive demand for pharmaceutical-grade sulfuric acid. The ongoing innovations in drug development further highlight the importance of this grade, reinforcing its significance in ensuring the effectiveness and safety of pharmaceutical products.

Food Grade:

Food Grade Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid is utilized in food processing applications, such as pH regulation, preservation, and various chemical reactions. The food industry is particularly sensitive to the quality of ingredients and additives, making compliance with safety standards crucial. This grade must adhere to strict regulations to ensure it is safe for consumption, and as consumer preferences shift towards processed foods, the demand for food-grade sulfuric acid is expected to rise. Furthermore, as food safety regulations become more stringent globally, the importance of using high-quality ingredients, including food-grade sulfuric acid, will continue to shape market dynamics.

By Application

Semiconductors:

In the semiconductor industry, Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid is indispensable for the fabrication of integrated circuits and electronic components. The high purity level is essential, as even minute impurities can result in defects that compromise the performance of electronic devices. The increasing miniaturization of electronics and the continuous rise in demand for high-performance chips are driving the need for ultra-pure chemicals like sulfuric acid. As the semiconductor market continues to expand, the demand for ultra-pure sulfuric acid specifically tailored for these applications is expected to witness robust growth.

Pharmaceuticals:

The pharmaceutical application of Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid is critical for producing active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other formulations. The stringent quality requirements in the pharmaceutical industry necessitate the use of ultra-pure chemicals to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs. As the global pharmaceutical sector continues to grow, driven by an aging population and the increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, the demand for ultra-pure sulfuric acid is projected to expand. Furthermore, innovations in drug development and the rise of biopharmaceuticals are likely to enhance the demand for high-quality inputs like ultra-pure sulfuric acid.

Industrial Processes:

Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid finds various applications in industrial processes, serving as a reagent in chemical reactions and a catalyst in different manufacturing processes. The chemical processing industry utilizes sulfuric acid for diverse applications, including the production of fertilizers, petrochemicals, and other chemical compounds. As industries prioritize efficiency and sustainability, the role of ultra-pure sulfuric acid in optimizing production processes is anticipated to grow, ensuring that manufacturers can meet increasing regulatory standards while maximizing output and quality.

Food & Beverage:

In the food and beverage industry, Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid is utilized for various purposes, including pH adjustment, preservation, and as a processing aid. The stringent regulations governing food safety require the highest quality of inputs, making ultra-pure sulfuric acid a crucial component in food processing. As consumer preferences shift towards processed and packaged foods, the demand for food-grade sulfuric acid is expected to rise. Furthermore, as food safety standards tighten globally, the necessity for high-quality additives will continue to drive the market.

By User

Electronics Industry:

The electronics industry is the primary user of Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid, particularly due to its critical role in semiconductor manufacturing. As electronic devices become more compact and complex, the demand for ultra-pure chemicals that meet stringent quality standards is on the rise. The rapid advancement of technology, particularly in the realms of artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, is anticipated to further escalate the need for high-quality inputs in the electronics sector. Consequently, the electronics industry’s growth trajectory will continue to significantly impact the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market.

Chemical Industry:

The chemical industry utilizes Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid in a variety of applications, from manufacturing fertilizers to producing petrochemicals and other vital chemical compounds. As the chemical sector evolves and expands globally, the demand for ultra-pure chemicals to ensure product quality and compliance with environmental regulations is expected to rise. Moreover, the push towards sustainable and green chemistry practices within the chemical industry will drive the need for high-quality inputs like ultra-pure sulfuric acid, fostering market growth.

Pharmaceutical Industry:

The pharmaceutical industry is a significant user of Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid due to its crucial role in drug formulation and production processes. With the global pharmaceutical market expanding, driven by increasing health demands and innovations in drug development, the demand for ultra-pure chemicals is bound to rise. Pharmaceutical companies must adhere to stringent regulatory requirements to ensure the quality and safety of their products, making ultra-pure sulfuric acid an essential component in their manufacturing processes.

Food & Beverage Industry:

The food and beverage industry employs Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid in various applications, including pH adjustment and preservation processes. As this sector continues to evolve towards healthier and processed food options, the need for high-quality and safe ingredients is paramount. The stringent food safety regulations and the increasing consumer demand for quality products are driving the demand for ultra-pure sulfuric acid in food processing applications. As this trend continues, the significance of ultra-pure sulfuric acid in the food and beverage industry will grow accordingly.

By Region

The North American region holds a significant share of the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market, primarily driven by the robust semiconductor and pharmaceutical industries in the United States. With a market value of approximately USD 350 million in 2025, North America is projected to grow at a CAGR of around 4.5% over the next decade. The increasing demand for high-purity chemicals in technology manufacturing and drug production, coupled with ongoing advancements in production technologies, is set to bolster market growth across this region. Furthermore, the rise of eco-friendly initiatives and stringent regulatory standards in North America will enhance the need for ultra-pure chemicals, contributing to the overall market expansion.

In Europe, the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market is witnessing steady growth, driven by advancements in the pharmaceutical and chemical sectors. The European market is estimated to reach USD 290 million by 2025, with a CAGR of approximately 5.2% projected through 2035. The stringent regulations governing chemical safety and environmental protection in Europe are pushing industries to adopt ultra-pure inputs, further enhancing market prospects. Additionally, the increasing focus on research and development, particularly in pharmaceuticals and electronics, is likely to drive demand for ultra-pure sulfuric acid in the region, ensuring a sustainable growth trajectory.

Opportunities

The Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market presents numerous opportunities for growth, particularly in emerging markets where industrialization is accelerating. As countries in regions such as Asia Pacific and Latin America continue to develop their manufacturing capabilities, the demand for ultra-pure chemicals, including sulfuric acid, is expected to rise significantly. Industries such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and chemicals are increasingly recognizing the importance of high-quality inputs for ensuring product reliability and compliance with international standards. This creates an excellent opportunity for both established players and new entrants to expand their footprint and capture market share in these rapidly growing regions. Moreover, advancements in production technologies that enhance the purity of sulfuric acid are likely to open new avenues, enabling manufacturers to cater to more specialized applications.

Furthermore, the ongoing shift towards sustainability and environmentally friendly practices within various industries is presenting lucrative opportunities for the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market. As companies prioritize eco-friendly processes and demand for sustainable chemicals rises, ultra-pure sulfuric acid can play a crucial role in facilitating these initiatives. Manufacturers that harness innovative production techniques to create high-quality, sustainable products will have a competitive advantage in the market. Additionally, the expansion of R&D efforts focused on discovering new applications for ultra-pure sulfuric acid can lead to significant growth opportunities as industries seek to enhance their processes and expand their product lines.

Threats

Despite the promising growth prospects, the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market faces several threats that could hinder its expansion. One of the primary challenges is the volatility of raw material prices, which can significantly impact production costs. Fluctuations in prices for sulfur and other ingredients used to manufacture sulfuric acid can lead to increased operational costs, which may ultimately affect the pricing strategy of manufacturers and their profit margins. Additionally, the presence of stringent regulatory frameworks governing chemical production and safety can pose challenges for companies in the market, as compliance can be both time-consuming and costly. Manufacturers must invest continuously in quality assurance and compliance measures to meet evolving regulations, adding pressure to their operations.

Another threat to the market is the increasing competition from alternative products and substitutes that can provide similar functionalities without the stringent requirements of ultra-pure sulfuric acid. As industries seek cost-effective solutions, there is a possibility of shifting preferences toward less expensive alternatives, which may impede market growth. Furthermore, the ongoing global push towards sustainable practices may prompt industries to explore greener alternatives to traditional chemicals, posing a potential risk to the demand for ultra-pure sulfuric acid. Manufacturers must remain agile and responsive to these shifting market dynamics to sustain their competitive edge and adapt to changing consumer preferences.

Competitor Outlook

• Eastman Chemical Company
• Albemarle Corporation
• Honeywell International Inc.
• DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
• BASF SE
• Huntsman Corporation
• AkzoNobel N.V.
• Solvay S.A.
• LG Chem Ltd.
• Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd.
• SABIC
• Evonik Industries AG
• Oxea GmbH
• SK Innovation Co., Ltd.

The competitive landscape of the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies, each vying for market share through innovation and strategic partnerships. Major companies in this space are focused on enhancing their production capabilities to meet the increasing demand for ultra-pure chemicals across various industries. This has led to substantial investments in research and development aimed at improving production processes and developing new applications for ultra-pure sulfuric acid. Furthermore, collaborations with end-users and other stakeholders are becoming increasingly prevalent, enabling companies to gain insights into market needs and tailor their offerings accordingly.

In this competitive environment, companies like Eastman Chemical Company and Albemarle Corporation stand out due to their extensive product portfolios and strong global presence. Eastman Chemical, for instance, leverages its expertise in specialty chemicals to offer a wide range of ultra-pure products tailored to the electronics and pharmaceutical sectors. Similarly, Albemarle Corporation has established a reputation for high-quality chemical solutions, including ultra-pure sulfuric acid, and continues to invest in expanding its capabilities to meet growing market demands. These companies, along with others in the sector, are expected to continue dominating the market through strategic initiatives and ongoing commitment to quality.

Notably, companies such as Honeywell International and DuPont de Nemours are also major players in the Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid market, known for their technological advancements and focus on sustainability. Honeywell, for instance, emphasizes its commitment to using innovative production methods that not only enhance product quality but also minimize environmental impact. Similarly, DuPont is dedicated to ensuring that its ultra-pure sulfuric acid products meet the highest standards of purity and safety while embracing sustainable practices. As the market evolves and new players emerge, the competitive landscape will likely become more dynamic, with companies needing to continuously innovate to maintain their positions.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 SABIC
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 BASF SE
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Oxea GmbH
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Solvay S.A.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 LG Chem Ltd.
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 AkzoNobel N.V.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Evonik Industries AG
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Huntsman Corporation
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Albemarle Corporation
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 SK Innovation Co., Ltd.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Eastman Chemical Company
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Honeywell International Inc.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid Sales Market, By User
    • 6.1.1 Electronics Industry
    • 6.1.2 Chemical Industry
    • 6.1.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
    • 6.1.4 Food & Beverage Industry
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid Sales Market, By Grade
    • 6.2.1 Electronic Grade
    • 6.2.2 Industrial Grade
    • 6.2.3 Pharmaceutical Grade
    • 6.2.4 Food Grade
    • 6.2.5 Others
  • 6.3 Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.3.1 Semiconductors
    • 6.3.2 Pharmaceuticals
    • 6.3.3 Industrial Processes
    • 6.3.4 Food & Beverage
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid Sales Market, By Purity Level
    • 6.4.1 99.999% Pure
    • 6.4.2 99.998% Pure
    • 6.4.3 99.997% Pure
    • 6.4.4 99.996% Pure
    • 6.4.5 99.995% Pure

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid Sales Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Ultra Pure Sulfuric Acid Sales market is categorized based on

By Purity Level

• 99.999% Pure
• 99.998% Pure
• 99.997% Pure
• 99.996% Pure
• 99.995% Pure

By Grade

• Electronic Grade
• Industrial Grade
• Pharmaceutical Grade
• Food Grade
• Others

By Application

• Semiconductors
• Pharmaceuticals
• Industrial Processes
• Food & Beverage
• Others

By User

• Electronics Industry
• Chemical Industry
• Pharmaceutical Industry
• Food & Beverage Industry
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Eastman Chemical Company
• Albemarle Corporation
• Honeywell International Inc.
• DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
• BASF SE
• Huntsman Corporation
• AkzoNobel N.V.
• Solvay S.A.
• LG Chem Ltd.
• Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd.
• SABIC
• Evonik Industries AG
• Oxea GmbH
• SK Innovation Co., Ltd.