Tungsten Ore
Tungsten Ore Market Segments - by Type (Scheelite, Wolframite, Ferberite, Huebnerite, and Others), Application (Mining, Metalworking, Aerospace & Defense, Electronics, and Others), End-Use Industry (Automotive, Energy, Construction, Industrial Engineering, and Others), Region (Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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Tungsten Ore Market Outlook
The global tungsten ore market is projected to reach approximately USD 3.2 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing demand for tungsten in various applications such as aerospace, electronics, and industrial engineering. The surge in the automotive and defense sectors, along with the expansion of mining activities in emerging economies, has further propelled the market's growth. Additionally, the high melting point and density of tungsten make it an essential material in various high-stress applications, driving consistent demand for tungsten ore. Furthermore, technological advancements in extraction and processing methods have improved yield and efficiency, making it more economically viable for manufacturers to invest in tungsten ore extraction and processing. The increasing emphasis on sustainability and recycling of tungsten products also contributes to the market's growth momentum.
Growth Factor of the Market
One of the primary growth drivers of the tungsten ore market is the rising demand from the aerospace and defense sectors. These industries require materials that can withstand extreme conditions, and tungsten's high density and melting point make it an ideal choice for components such as armor-piercing projectiles and turbine blades. Additionally, the automotive industry's shift towards lightweight yet durable materials has also spurred the demand for tungsten. The increasing adoption of tungsten in electronics, particularly in semiconductor manufacturing, is another significant factor contributing to market growth. Tungsten's excellent conductivity and thermal properties make it a preferred material for electronic components. Furthermore, growing investment in renewable energy technologies, particularly wind turbines and solar panels, requires tungsten for various applications, creating additional opportunities for market expansion. Lastly, the ongoing development of advanced mining technologies has improved the efficiency of tungsten extraction, making it a more attractive option for investors and companies alike.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The tungsten ore market is projected to reach USD 3.2 billion by 2035.
- It is anticipated to grow at a CAGR of 6.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035.
- The aerospace and defense sectors are major contributors to market demand.
- Technological advancements in mining and processing techniques are enhancing market growth.
- The trend towards lightweight materials in automotive applications is boosting tungsten utilization.
By Type
Scheelite:
Scheelite is one of the most significant types of tungsten ore, accounting for a considerable share of the market due to its high tungsten content and easy extraction methods. It typically occurs in skarn deposits and is known for its distinctive fluorescence under ultraviolet light, which aids in its identification. The extraction of scheelite is commonly performed using gravity separation techniques, which are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. As demand for tungsten in electronic applications and specialty alloys increases, the processing and utilization of scheelite are expected to gain further traction. Scheelite's wide range of applications, including in the automotive and aerospace sectors, further reinforces its position in the market. Moreover, advancements in extraction technologies are making it easier to recover tungsten from scheelite, ensuring a steady supply to meet the growing demand.
Wolframite:
Wolframite is another prominent type of tungsten ore, primarily composed of iron and manganese tungstate. It is typically found in quartz veins and alluvial deposits and is highly valued for its higher tungsten content compared to scheelite. The extraction of wolframite is often more labor-intensive, requiring more complex processing techniques. However, its unique properties make it an essential raw material for various industrial applications, including the production of tungsten carbide for cutting tools, mining, and drilling. As the demand for high-performance materials in industrial applications continues to rise, wolframite is projected to maintain a strong presence in the tungsten ore market. Moreover, technological improvements in mining methods are enhancing the efficiency of wolframite extraction and processing, further supporting its growth.
Ferberite:
Ferberite, a lesser-known type of tungsten ore, is often found in quartz veins and is primarily composed of iron tungstate. Although it is not as abundant as scheelite or wolframite, ferberite is still significant due to its high tungsten content and unique characteristics. It is primarily utilized in the production of tungsten carbide, which is a crucial material for cutting tools and various industrial applications. The extraction and processing of ferberite require specialized techniques to separate it from other minerals, and ongoing research into improving extraction methods is expected to enhance its market presence. As industries continue to demand high-performance materials, ferberite's role in the tungsten ore market is likely to grow, particularly in niche applications that require specific material properties.
Huebnerite:
Huebnerite is a less common type of tungsten ore, often found in high-temperature hydrothermal deposits. It is primarily composed of manganese tungstate and has been gaining interest due to its potential applications in specialized alloys and electronic components. Although it constitutes a smaller portion of the tungsten ore market, huebnerite's unique properties make it an attractive option for certain high-performance applications. As industries seek alternatives to more conventional tungsten sources, huebnerite may see increased demand, particularly in sectors focusing on advanced material development. However, the processing of huebnerite can be more challenging compared to other tungsten ores, which may limit its immediate market potential. Ongoing research into extraction and processing technologies may unlock new avenues for huebnerite in the tungsten ore landscape.
Others:
The "Others" segment encompasses various minor tungsten ores, including products like tungsten-rich concentrates and by-products generated from mining operations. Although these materials represent a smaller share of the market, they play a crucial role in meeting the overall demand for tungsten. This segment includes ores that may not fall strictly within the primary classifications of scheelite, wolframite, ferberite, or huebnerite but still contain valuable tungsten content. The extraction and processing of these ores can often be more cost-effective, particularly in regions where traditional tungsten ore deposits are becoming depleted. As the industry continues to evolve, the "Others" segment is likely to benefit from advancements in recycling technologies and a growing emphasis on sustainable mining practices, ultimately contributing to the overall tungsten ore supply chain.
By Application
Mining:
The mining sector is one of the largest consumers of tungsten ore, utilizing it in various operations, including the production of tungsten carbide tools and machinery. Tungsten's exceptional hardness and wear resistance make it ideal for cutting and drilling applications in mining. As the demand for mineral resources continues to rise globally, the need for efficient mining tools and equipment will further drive the consumption of tungsten. With ongoing advancements in mining technology, the use of tungsten in this sector is expected to expand, especially in the production of high-performance drilling equipment. Additionally, the increasing focus on sustainable mining practices is prompting companies to invest in more effective and environmentally friendly tungsten extraction methods, supporting market growth in this application.
Metalworking:
Tungsten ore is extensively used in metalworking applications, primarily due to its properties that enhance the performance of cutting tools and machinery. Tungsten carbide, created by combining tungsten with carbon, is widely recognized for its hardness and resistance to wear and deformation under high stress. This makes it a popular choice for manufacturing tools used in machining, grinding, and metal fabrication processes. The increasing demand for precision engineering and high-performance tools in the metalworking industry is expected to bolster the use of tungsten in this sector. Moreover, as industries continually seek to improve efficiency and reduce production costs, the adoption of tungsten-based tools and materials is likely to rise, further solidifying its position within the metalworking application segment.
Aerospace & Defense:
The aerospace and defense industries represent a critical application segment for tungsten ore, driven by the need for materials that can withstand extreme conditions and stresses. Tungsten's high melting point and density make it an essential choice for applications such as armor-piercing ammunition, aircraft components, and missile technology. As defense budgets increase globally and the aerospace sector continues to evolve, the demand for advanced materials like tungsten is expected to grow. Furthermore, the ongoing development of lightweight yet durable materials for aircraft and defense systems will likely enhance tungsten's role in these applications. The emphasis on enhancing performance and safety in the aerospace and defense sectors will continue to support the utilization of tungsten in critical components and systems.
Electronics:
The electronics sector has emerged as a significant application area for tungsten ore, particularly due to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. Tungsten is widely used in the production of semiconductor materials, contacts, and filaments for various electronic devices. As the global electronics market expands, driven by advancements in technology and increasing consumer demand, the need for high-quality tungsten products is expected to rise. Additionally, the growing trend of miniaturization in electronic components necessitates the use of materials like tungsten that can provide both performance and reliability in compact designs. The ongoing development of innovative electronic applications, such as 5G technology and electric vehicles, will further enhance tungsten's utilization in this sector, driving market growth in the electronics application segment.
Others:
The "Others" application segment includes various miscellaneous uses of tungsten ore across different industries, such as medical devices, research laboratories, and specialty alloys. Though this segment constitutes a smaller share of the overall market, it plays a crucial role in diversifying the applications of tungsten. For instance, tungsten is utilized in radiation shielding due to its high density and effective attenuation properties. Furthermore, its unique characteristics make it a desirable material for specialized applications such as X-ray tubes and other high-energy devices. The growth of niche markets requiring tungsten in specific applications will continue to support this segment, and ongoing research into new applications for tungsten is expected to drive further innovation and demand across various industries.
By End-Use Industry
Automotive:
The automotive industry is a major contributor to the tungsten ore market, utilizing tungsten in various applications such as cutting tools, engine components, and high-performance materials. The increasing demand for lightweight and fuel-efficient vehicles has led manufacturers to seek materials that can offer strength and durability without adding excessive weight. Tungsten's exceptional hardness and resistance to wear make it an ideal choice for components that experience high levels of stress and heat. Furthermore, as the automotive industry continues to evolve with the introduction of electric and hybrid vehicles, the demand for advanced materials, including tungsten, is expected to grow significantly. The focus on reducing emissions and enhancing performance will drive the continued utilization of tungsten in automotive applications.
Energy:
The energy sector represents another significant end-use industry for tungsten ore, particularly in the production of specialized components for renewable energy technologies. As the global shift towards cleaner energy sources accelerates, the demand for tungsten in wind turbines, solar panels, and energy storage systems is expected to rise. Tungsten's unique properties, such as its high melting point and corrosion resistance, make it an ideal choice for manufacturing components that can withstand harsh environmental conditions. The increasing investment in renewable energy projects and the growing emphasis on energy efficiency will further drive the consumption of tungsten in this sector. Additionally, the exploration of advanced materials for energy storage applications, such as batteries and supercapacitors, may open new avenues for tungsten utilization in the energy industry.
Construction:
The construction industry has seen a growing demand for tungsten ore, driven by the rising need for durable and high-performance materials in construction applications. Tungsten is often used in the production of cutting tools, drill bits, and other equipment essential for various construction processes. As construction technologies evolve and the focus on sustainability increases, the need for materials that can withstand the rigors of construction work while minimizing environmental impact is becoming more prominent. Tungsten's exceptional properties, including its strength and resistance to wear, make it an attractive choice for construction applications. Moreover, with the increasing emphasis on infrastructure development and urbanization in emerging economies, the demand for tungsten in the construction industry is expected to grow substantially.
Industrial Engineering:
Industrial engineering is a significant end-use industry for tungsten ore, with applications spanning machinery, manufacturing processes, and tooling. Tungsten carbide, derived from tungsten, is extensively used in cutting and shaping tools due to its exceptional durability and performance under high-stress conditions. The growing need for precision engineering and efficient manufacturing processes is driving the demand for tungsten-based materials in this sector. As industries increasingly prioritize automation and advanced manufacturing technologies, the utilization of tungsten in tooling and machinery is expected to rise. Additionally, the ongoing development of innovative industrial applications will further support the growth of tungsten in the industrial engineering sector.
Others:
The "Others" end-use industry segment encompasses various miscellaneous applications where tungsten is utilized, including electronics, medical devices, and research laboratories. Though this segment constitutes a smaller share of the overall market, it plays a crucial role in diversifying tungsten's applications across different fields. For instance, tungsten is used in medical imaging devices, radiation shielding, and specialized lab equipment due to its high density and effective radiation attenuation properties. As technological advancements continue to drive the development of new applications for tungsten, the "Others" segment is expected to grow, providing additional opportunities for market expansion within niche industries.
By Region
The tungsten ore market is geographically diversified, with significant demand stemming from various regions worldwide. In the Asia Pacific region, countries such as China and Vietnam are prominent players, accounting for a substantial share of the global tungsten supply. China alone is responsible for approximately 80% of the world's tungsten production, driven by its extensive mining operations and rich tungsten reserves. The region is expected to witness a CAGR of around 7% during the forecast period, fueled by the increasing demand for tungsten in electronics, automotive, and defense applications. Additionally, the growing focus on renewable energy technologies in countries like India and Japan is anticipated to further bolster the demand for tungsten in the region.
North America and Europe also play significant roles in the global tungsten ore market, with countries such as the United States, Canada, and Germany demonstrating strong demand for tungsten in high-performance applications. In North America, the increasing focus on defense and aerospace sectors is projected to drive the consumption of tungsten, with a CAGR of approximately 6% expected during the forecast period. In Europe, the emphasis on advanced manufacturing and sustainable practices in various industries will support the growth of the tungsten market. As companies continue to seek high-quality materials for specialized applications, the demand for tungsten in these regions is expected to remain robust, highlighting the important role of North America and Europe in the global tungsten ore landscape.
Opportunities
One of the most promising opportunities in the tungsten ore market lies in the increasing demand for tungsten in emerging technologies, particularly in the fields of electronics and renewable energy. As the world shifts towards greener energy solutions, tungsten's unique properties make it an attractive material for use in solar panels, wind turbines, and energy storage systems. The rise of electric vehicles also presents a significant growth opportunity, as the automotive industry increasingly incorporates advanced materials to enhance performance and reduce weight. Companies involved in the production of tungsten and its alloys can capitalize on these trends by developing innovative products that cater to the specific needs of these burgeoning markets. Additionally, research and development efforts aimed at improving extraction and processing techniques can lead to more efficient and sustainable production methods, further enhancing the attractiveness of tungsten.
Another area of opportunity for the tungsten ore market is the growing emphasis on recycling and sustainable practices across various industries. As environmental concerns continue to gain traction, there is an increasing push for the recovery and reuse of tungsten from scrap materials and end-of-life products. This trend not only helps to conserve natural resources but also reduces the environmental impact of tungsten mining and processing. Companies that invest in recycling technologies and processes can position themselves as leaders in sustainability within the tungsten market, tapping into the growing demand for eco-friendly solutions. Furthermore, government incentives and regulations aimed at promoting sustainable practices can further bolster the recycling of tungsten, creating a more circular economy that ultimately benefits both the environment and industry stakeholders.
Threats
Despite the promising outlook for the tungsten ore market, several threats could hinder its growth potential. One of the primary concerns is the volatility of tungsten prices, which can be influenced by factors such as geopolitical tensions, supply chain disruptions, and changes in global demand. For instance, fluctuations in production levels from major tungsten-producing countries like China can significantly impact global prices, creating uncertainty for businesses operating within the market. Moreover, the increasing competition from alternative materials, such as advanced ceramics and composites, poses a challenge to tungsten's market share, particularly in applications where cost considerations are paramount. As industries continue to explore innovative materials that may offer similar or superior performance at lower costs, tungsten may face stiff competition, potentially limiting its growth prospects.
Another significant issue for the tungsten ore market is the environmental and regulatory challenges associated with mining activities. As concerns about environmental degradation and land use intensify, mining companies may face stricter regulations and increased scrutiny from regulatory bodies. This can result in higher compliance costs and delays in obtaining permits for mining operations, ultimately impacting production levels and profitability. In addition, negative public sentiment surrounding mining practices may lead to social license issues, further complicating companies' ability to operate effectively. Adapting to these environmental challenges while maintaining a sustainable approach to mining will be critical for the long-term success of the tungsten ore market.
Competitor Outlook
- Tungsten West
- China Minmetals Corporation
- Almonty Industries
- Wolf Minerals Ltd.
- Global Tungsten & Powders Corp.
- China Tungsten and Hightech Materials Co., Ltd.
- North American Tungsten Corporation Ltd.
- Wolfram Company
- H.C. Starck Tungsten GmbH
- Dayu Mining
- Jiangxi Tungsten Industry Group Co., Ltd.
- Asia Tungsten Products Co., Ltd.
- Buffalo Tungsten
- Almonty Industries
- Maxtech Ventures Inc.
The competitive landscape of the tungsten ore market is characterized by a diverse group of players who are vying for market share in various application segments. Major companies like China Minmetals Corporation and Almonty Industries are leading the charge, leveraging their extensive resources and expertise in tungsten mining and processing. These companies are not only focused on maintaining their production levels but are also investing in research and development initiatives to innovate and enhance the properties of tungsten-based products. As competition intensifies, firms will need to adopt strategies that differentiate their offerings, such as focusing on sustainability and developing advanced technologies that cater to specific industry needs.
In addition to established players, several emerging companies are entering the market, seeking to capitalize on the growing demand for tungsten. For example, Tungsten West and Wolf Minerals Ltd. are focusing on developing new mining projects and enhancing existing operations to meet the increasing consumption of tungsten in various applications. These companies are often more agile and willing to adopt innovative extraction and processing methods, allowing them to compete effectively with larger firms. The entrance of these newcomers can disrupt the market dynamics, prompting established players to reassess their strategies and invest in new technologies to maintain their competitive edge.
Moreover, partnerships and collaborations among industry participants are becoming more common as companies seek to leverage each other's strengths to enhance their market position. Joint ventures between mining companies and technology firms can facilitate the development of advanced mining and processing techniques, improving overall efficiency and sustainability in tungsten production. As the market continues to evolve, the ability to adapt and innovate will be crucial for companies aiming to thrive in the competitive tungsten ore landscape. The growing focus on sustainability and environmentally responsible mining practices will shape how companies operate and compete in the coming years.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 Dayu Mining
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 Tungsten West
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Wolfram Company
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Buffalo Tungsten
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Almonty Industries
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Wolf Minerals Ltd.
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Maxtech Ventures Inc.
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 H.C. Starck Tungsten GmbH
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 China Minmetals Corporation
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Global Tungsten & Powders Corp.
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 Asia Tungsten Products Co., Ltd.
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 North American Tungsten Corporation Ltd.
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Jiangxi Tungsten Industry Group Co., Ltd.
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 China Tungsten and Hightech Materials Co., Ltd.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 Dayu Mining
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Tungsten Ore Market, By Type
- 6.1.1 Scheelite
- 6.1.2 Wolframite
- 6.1.3 Ferberite
- 6.1.4 Huebnerite
- 6.1.5 Others
- 6.2 Tungsten Ore Market, By Application
- 6.2.1 Mining
- 6.2.2 Metalworking
- 6.2.3 Aerospace & Defense
- 6.2.4 Electronics
- 6.2.5 Others
- 6.3 Tungsten Ore Market, By Use Industry
- 6.3.1 Automotive
- 6.3.2 Energy
- 6.3.3 Construction
- 6.3.4 Industrial Engineering
- 6.3.5 Others
- 6.1 Tungsten Ore Market, By Type
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Tungsten Ore Market by Region
- 10.3 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 India
- 10.3.1.2 China
- 10.3.1.3 Japan
- 10.3.1.4 South Korea
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 Brazil
- 10.4.1.2 Argentina
- 10.4.1.3 Mexico
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 USA
- 10.5.1.2 Canada
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.6.1 By Country
- 10.6.1.1 Middle East
- 10.6.1.2 Africa
- 10.6.1 By Country
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Tungsten Ore market is categorized based on
By Type
- Scheelite
- Wolframite
- Ferberite
- Huebnerite
- Others
By Application
- Mining
- Metalworking
- Aerospace & Defense
- Electronics
- Others
By Use Industry
- Automotive
- Energy
- Construction
- Industrial Engineering
- Others
By Region
- Asia Pacific
- North America
- Europe
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Tungsten West
- China Minmetals Corporation
- Almonty Industries
- Wolf Minerals Ltd.
- Global Tungsten & Powders Corp.
- China Tungsten and Hightech Materials Co., Ltd.
- North American Tungsten Corporation Ltd.
- Wolfram Company
- H.C. Starck Tungsten GmbH
- Dayu Mining
- Jiangxi Tungsten Industry Group Co., Ltd.
- Asia Tungsten Products Co., Ltd.
- Buffalo Tungsten
- Almonty Industries
- Maxtech Ventures Inc.
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : CH-16857
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)