Trolley Bus

Trolley Bus Market Outlook

The global trolley bus market is expected to reach approximately USD 5 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of around 4.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily fueled by the increasing demand for eco-friendly public transportation solutions amidst rising urbanization and stringent government regulations aimed at reducing vehicular emissions. Furthermore, countries are investing heavily in upgrading their public transport infrastructure, with trolley buses being a key component in many cities' transit plans. The growing public awareness regarding environmental sustainability serves to further enhance demand for trolley buses, as they provide a cleaner alternative compared to traditional diesel-powered buses. Additionally, advancements in technology, including the development of hybrid and fuel cell trolley buses, are expected to drive the market, offering improved efficiency and reduced operational costs.

Growth Factor of the Market

The trolley bus market is experiencing significant growth due to a combination of environmental concerns and urban development needs. The transition towards more sustainable public transport options is a major driver; cities worldwide are seeking to reduce their carbon footprints and improve air quality, and trolley buses offer a viable solution. Additionally, the growing population in urban areas necessitates the expansion and modernization of public transport systems, prompting local governments to invest in trolley bus infrastructure. Moreover, technological advancements, such as improved battery systems and hybrid technology, contribute to the efficiency and appeal of trolley buses. Increasing investments in renewable energy sources also provide a favorable backdrop for the adoption of electric trolley buses, making them a practical choice for many municipalities. Lastly, the global push towards smart cities and integrated transport solutions further enhances the trolley bus market's prospects.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The trolley bus market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% from 2025 to 2035.
• Urbanization and environmental awareness are key factors driving market growth.
• Technological advancements in hybrid and electric bus systems are on the rise.
• Government initiatives supporting public transportation upgrades are prevalent.
• The demand for sustainable and efficient public transport solutions is increasing.

By Power Source

Electric Trolley Bus:

Electric trolley buses are the most recognized form of trolley buses, drawing power from overhead wires, enabling them to operate without the need for fossil fuels. This type of trolley bus is characterized by its zero emissions and efficient energy usage, making it an attractive option for cities aiming to reduce pollution. The operational cost is generally lower than that of diesel buses, as electricity tends to be cheaper than diesel fuel. Furthermore, advancements in battery technology and energy storage systems are enhancing the performance and operational flexibility of electric trolley buses, allowing for extended routes and reduced charging times. As governments impose stricter emissions regulations, the demand for electric trolley buses is anticipated to increase, particularly in urban environments. The growing trend towards electrification in public transportation systems globally will likely bolster this segment significantly in the coming years.

Hybrid Trolley Bus:

Hybrid trolley buses utilize a combination of electric and fossil fuel technologies, typically using both batteries and diesel or natural gas engines. This versatility allows hybrid trolley buses to operate efficiently under various conditions, providing the flexibility to travel longer distances without relying solely on overhead power lines. They can switch between power sources based on operational needs, which is particularly beneficial for routes that are not fully equipped with trolley infrastructure. The appeal of hybrid systems lies in their reduced emissions compared to conventional buses and their ability to operate in areas lacking extensive electrical grids. As cities continue to expand and develop their public transport systems, the hybrid trolley bus market is expected to grow, driven by the need for reliable and adaptable transport solutions.

CNG Trolley Bus:

Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) trolley buses represent a less common but growing segment of the market. They operate on natural gas, which is considered a cleaner alternative to diesel, offering lower emissions and promoting better air quality. CNG is readily available in many regions, making it a practical choice for transit authorities looking to diversify their fuel sources. The growing interest in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reliance on fossil fuels fosters the adoption of CNG trolley buses. Additionally, advancements in engine technologies are improving the efficiency and performance of CNG-powered buses, making them a viable option for municipalities. As infrastructure for CNG refueling expands, this segment is expected to see substantial growth in the coming years.

Diesel Trolley Bus:

Diesel trolley buses, while less environmentally friendly, still play a role in certain transit systems, primarily where overhead infrastructure is not feasible. These buses provide the necessary flexibility for routes that may not have complete electric coverage. Despite the global push towards greener alternatives, diesel trolley buses are often viewed as a transitional solution. They are typically more affordable in terms of upfront cost compared to their electric counterparts, appealing to municipalities with budget constraints. However, as awareness of environmental issues increases and regulations tighten, the market for diesel trolley buses is expected to decline, with many operators seeking to replace them with more sustainable options over the coming years.

Fuel Cell Trolley Bus:

Fuel cell trolley buses utilize hydrogen fuel cells to generate electricity, providing a clean and efficient mode of transport. This technology is gaining traction as cities look to innovate and reduce emissions. Fuel cell systems convert hydrogen into electricity with water as the only byproduct, aligning perfectly with sustainability goals. The operational efficiency of fuel cell trolley buses is notable, as they can operate for extended ranges and offer quick refueling capabilities. However, the infrastructure for hydrogen production and distribution remains a challenge, which may hinder the widespread adoption of this technology in the short term. As advancements are made in hydrogen infrastructure and production, fuel cell trolley buses are expected to become a significant player in the trolley bus market going forward.

By Application

Public Transportation:

The public transportation sector is the largest application for trolley buses, as cities aim to provide efficient and sustainable transit options for their residents. Electric trolley buses offer numerous advantages over traditional diesel buses, including lower operating costs, reduced emissions, and the ability to maneuver in dense urban environments. Cities are increasingly investing in electric trolley bus systems to replace older diesel fleets, improving overall service efficiency and reliability. Additionally, public transportation systems are seeking to enhance their image as environmentally friendly transportation options, further driving the adoption of trolley buses. As urban populations continue to rise, the demand for efficient public transport solutions, such as trolley buses, is expected to increase significantly.

Tourist Transportation:

Trolley buses are increasingly being used in tourist transportation applications, particularly in cities with historic districts and scenic routes. These buses provide a unique and enjoyable way for tourists to explore key attractions while minimizing environmental impact. Their electric and hybrid variants are particularly appealing due to their quiet operation and reduced emissions, aligning with the expectations of environmentally conscious travelers. Additionally, many cities are integrating trolley buses into their sightseeing tours, capitalizing on the visual appeal and nostalgic charm often associated with this mode of transport. As tourism continues to rebound post-pandemic, the trolley bus market's presence in this application is expected to grow substantially.

Commuter Transportation:

Commuter transportation is another significant application for trolley buses, as they facilitate the daily movement of workers in urban areas. With the increasing number of people working in metropolitan regions, the demand for efficient, reliable, and cost-effective commuting options is on the rise. Trolley buses are particularly attractive for commuters due to their ability to operate on dedicated lanes, bypassing traffic congestion and improving travel times. Furthermore, as cities work to develop integrated transport networks, trolley buses serve as a crucial link in the overall public transportation system, enhancing connectivity. The growing focus on reducing traffic-related emissions adds further momentum to the adoption of trolley buses in commuter transportation.

Airport Transportation:

In the airport transportation sector, trolley buses play a vital role in shuttling passengers between terminals, parking areas, and public transport hubs. They offer a convenient and efficient mode of travel for passengers, ensuring smooth transitions to and from airports. The ability to provide electric or hybrid options helps airports align with sustainability goals and reduce their overall carbon footprint. As more airports look to enhance their passenger experience and adopt greener solutions, the integration of trolley buses into airport transportation systems is likely to gain traction. Additionally, investments in infrastructure that support trolley bus operations, such as dedicated lanes and charging stations, will further facilitate this trend.

Others:

In addition to the primary applications mentioned, trolley buses are also used in various niche markets such as campus transportation, event shuttles, and commercial districts. Educational institutions, for instance, are increasingly turning to trolley buses to transport students and staff around expansive campuses, providing a sustainable alternative to traditional buses. Similarly, cities hosting major events, like festivals or conventions, often deploy trolley buses to transport attendees efficiently while minimizing traffic congestion. Furthermore, trolley buses can enhance the attractiveness of commercial districts by providing easy access to shops and dining options. As cities explore innovative transportation solutions, these alternative applications for trolley buses are expected to see steady growth.

By Seating Capacity

Less than 50 Seats:

Buses with a seating capacity of less than 50 are often utilized in smaller urban areas or specific routes where higher passenger density is not anticipated. These trolley buses are well-suited for neighborhoods, community transport services, and short-distance routes, providing flexibility and efficiency in operations. They are generally easier to maneuver in tight spaces and can provide a more personal experience for passengers. Additionally, this smaller capacity allows for more frequent service on less congested routes, optimizing operational costs. The demand for these smaller trolley buses is expected to grow as cities look to cater to local needs while maintaining sustainability goals.

50-100 Seats:

Trolley buses with a seating capacity of 50-100 serve as a middle-ground solution, offering a balance between capacity and maneuverability. These buses are suitable for suburban routes and areas experiencing moderate passenger demand. This capacity range allows for efficient operation on key transit corridors while providing improved access to public transportation for a larger number of people. In urban areas where passenger demand can fluctuate, these trolley buses allow transit authorities to optimize services and reduce wait times. As cities continue to expand their public transportation networks, the demand for trolley buses within this seating capacity range is expected to rise.

100-150 Seats:

With a capacity of 100-150 seats, this category of trolley buses is suitable for more populated urban routes, often serving major corridors where passenger demand is higher. These buses are designed for long-distance travel and can accommodate larger groups of passengers, making them ideal for peak hours. The operational efficiency of these buses is enhanced due to economies of scale, allowing transit authorities to reduce per-passenger costs. As urban areas continue to develop and grow, the demand for higher capacity trolley buses is expected to increase, particularly in cities looking to implement sustainable and efficient public transportation solutions.

150-200 Seats:

Trolley buses with a seating capacity of 150-200 are typically deployed on busy routes or during peak travel times, addressing the need for mass transit solutions in densely populated areas. These buses enable transit authorities to mitigate crowding on public transport systems, providing comfortable travel experiences for a larger number of passengers. Their larger capacity also allows for fewer buses to be operated on the same route, reducing operational costs and enhancing service efficiency. As cities focus on expanding their public transportation networks to accommodate growing populations, the demand for these high-capacity trolley buses is expected to rise, contributing to more sustainable urban mobility.

More than 200 Seats:

Trolley buses with a seating capacity exceeding 200 seats represent the largest segment in terms of passenger capacity, designed to cater to high-demand routes in urban centers and during large events. These buses are equipped with advanced features to enhance passenger comfort and safety, making them a preferred option for large groups. The operational efficiency of high-capacity trolley buses enables transit authorities to optimize their fleet management and reduce per-passenger costs significantly. Furthermore, as cities strive to implement sustainable transit solutions, the transition to larger electric trolley buses with increased seating capacity is anticipated to gain traction, reflecting a broader trend towards tackling urban congestion and enhancing public transport systems.

By Operating Mode

Autonomous Trolley Bus:

Autonomous trolley buses represent the future of urban transport, leveraging advanced technologies such as sensors, cameras, and AI to navigate urban environments without a human driver. This innovation can lead to improved safety and efficiency in public transportation systems, reducing the likelihood of human error. Additionally, the implementation of autonomous systems can optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and enhance the overall passenger experience. However, the technology is still in its infancy, and concerns regarding safety, regulatory compliance, and public acceptance must be addressed. As autonomous driving technology continues to evolve, we can expect to see more cities exploring the integration of autonomous trolley buses into their public transport systems.

Manual Trolley Bus:

Manual trolley buses are the traditional mode of operation, relying on human drivers to navigate urban routes. This type of operation allows for greater flexibility and real-time decision-making, which can be particularly useful in complex urban environments. Manual trolley buses have been the backbone of public transport systems for many years, and while newer technologies are being integrated, there remains a strong demand for human-operated buses. They offer a personalized service and can respond dynamically to passenger needs, especially in cases of road disruptions or changes in demand. As cities continue to invest in their public transportation systems, the manual trolley bus segment is expected to maintain its relevance while gradually incorporating advanced technologies.

By Region

The North American trolley bus market is projected to grow steadily, with significant investments being made in public transportation systems across major cities. The ongoing urbanization and the push for sustainable transit options contribute to the increasing demand for trolley buses, particularly electric models. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period, with cities like San Francisco and Seattle leading the way in adopting new trolley bus technologies. The demand for public transportation solutions that minimize environmental impact while enhancing efficiency continues to drive growth in this region.

In Europe, the trolley bus market is also witnessing robust growth, supported by government initiatives and funding aimed at improving urban mobility. Many European cities are investing in electrification and sustainable public transport, effectively driving market dynamics. Countries like Germany, Switzerland, and the Netherlands are at the forefront of deploying trolley bus systems, enhancing public transportation infrastructure while reducing carbon emissions. As urban populations continue to swell, the focus on eco-friendly transportation solutions will further stimulate growth in the European trolley bus market, aligning with the continent's commitment to sustainability.

Opportunities

The trolley bus market presents numerous opportunities for growth, particularly as governments worldwide prioritize sustainable urban transport solutions. The ongoing trend towards smart cities and integrated transport systems opens avenues for trolley buses, especially those incorporating advanced technologies such as autonomous driving and real-time data analytics. Municipalities are increasingly seeking to replace aging fleets with more environmentally friendly options, driving demand for modern trolley buses equipped with innovative features. Additionally, the focus on public health and safety, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, highlights the need for clean and efficient public transport options. As cities consider post-pandemic recovery plans, investments in trolley bus systems are likely to play a critical role in enhancing public transport infrastructure and providing efficient services to residents.

Moreover, the growing emphasis on renewable energy sources significantly bolsters the trolley bus market. Manufacturers and transit authorities are actively exploring partnerships and initiatives aimed at integrating renewable energy into trolley bus operations. The development of hydrogen fuel cell technology and advancements in battery systems provide further opportunities for innovation and sustainability. As cities continue to invest in their public transportation networks, the adoption of trolley buses powered by clean energy sources is expected to increase, positioning the trolley bus market for long-term growth and development. The convergence of environmental goals, government support, and technological advancements represents a promising landscape for the trolley bus market.

Threats

Despite the significant opportunities within the trolley bus market, there are notable threats that could hinder growth. One of the primary challenges is the competition posed by alternative modes of public transportation, like electric buses and ridesharing services. As cities explore various transportation solutions, the appeal of flexible, on-demand services may detract from traditional trolley bus systems. Additionally, the high upfront costs associated with establishing trolley bus infrastructure, including overhead wiring and maintenance, may deter municipalities from investing in this technology. Economic downturns may also lead to budget constraints, limiting public transport investments and affecting market growth.

Moreover, regulatory challenges and the need for extensive infrastructural adaptations in existing urban environments present another hurdle for trolley bus deployment. The installation of overhead lines requires significant planning, coordination with local authorities, and potential disruptions to existing street infrastructure. These factors can lead to delays in project timelines and increased costs. Lastly, public perception and acceptance of trolley buses, particularly as new technologies such as autonomous vehicles emerge, may also pose challenges. Addressing these threats will be essential for stakeholders in the trolley bus market to ensure sustained growth and successful implementation of their systems.

Competitor Outlook

• ABB Ltd.
• Siemens AG
• Bombardier Inc.
• New Flyer Industries Inc.
• Proterra Inc.
• BYD Company Limited
• Alexander Dennis Limited
• Solaris Bus & Coach S.A.
• Gillig LLC
• Volvo Buses
• Mercedes-Benz Buses
• Iveco Bus
• MAN Truck & Bus SE
• Scania AB
• Bluebird Corporation

The competitive landscape of the trolley bus market is characterized by a diverse range of players, from established manufacturers to innovative startups. Key market participants are focusing on enhancing their offerings through research and development, aiming to introduce advanced technologies that align with the growing demand for sustainable public transportation solutions. Companies like ABB Ltd. and Siemens AG are leading the way in integrating renewable energy and smart technologies into their trolley bus systems, ensuring they remain at the forefront of the market. Additionally, various players are forming strategic partnerships and collaborations to expand their geographical reach and enhance their product portfolios.

Manufacturers such as Proterra Inc. and BYD Company Limited are particularly notable for their commitment to electric and hybrid trolley buses, capitalizing on the global shift towards greener public transport solutions. Proterra, for instance, is renowned for its cutting-edge battery technology and efficient electric bus designs, which serve to lower operational costs while minimizing emissions. Similarly, BYD has made significant strides in the electric vehicle sector, offering a variety of trolley bus models that cater to different market needs. Their focus on sustainability and technological innovation positions them as formidable competitors in the trolley bus market.

Moreover, companies like New Flyer Industries Inc. and Gillig LLC are also significant players, specializing in the production of conventional and alternative fuel buses, including trolley bus systems. Their established market presence and extensive experience in bus manufacturing allow them to adapt quickly to changing industry trends and customer demands. As the trolley bus market evolves, these companies are likely to continue leveraging their strengths in operational efficiency and customer service to maintain their competitive edge. Overall, the competitive landscape is set to become increasingly dynamic as new entrants and emerging technologies disrupt traditional paradigms in the trolley bus market.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 ABB Ltd.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Iveco Bus
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Scania AB
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Gillig LLC
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Siemens AG
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Volvo Buses
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Proterra Inc.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Bombardier Inc.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 MAN Truck & Bus SE
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 BYD Company Limited
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Mercedes-Benz Buses
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Bluebird Corporation
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Alexander Dennis Limited
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Solaris Bus & Coach S.A.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 New Flyer Industries Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Trolley Bus Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Public Transportation
    • 6.1.2 Tourist Transportation
    • 6.1.3 Commuter Transportation
    • 6.1.4 Airport Transportation
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Trolley Bus Market, By Power Source
    • 6.2.1 Electric Trolley Bus
    • 6.2.2 Hybrid Trolley Bus
    • 6.2.3 CNG Trolley Bus
    • 6.2.4 Diesel Trolley Bus
    • 6.2.5 Fuel Cell Trolley Bus
  • 6.3 Trolley Bus Market, By Operating Mode
    • 6.3.1 Autonomous Trolley Bus
    • 6.3.2 Manual Trolley Bus
  • 6.4 Trolley Bus Market, By Seating Capacity
    • 6.4.1 Less than 50 Seats
    • 6.4.2 50-100 Seats
    • 6.4.3 100-150 Seats
    • 6.4.4 150-200 Seats
    • 6.4.5 More than 200 Seats

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Trolley Bus Market by Region
  • 10.3 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 India
      • 10.3.1.2 China
      • 10.3.1.3 Japan
      • 10.3.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Trolley Bus market is categorized based on

By Power Source

• Electric Trolley Bus
• Hybrid Trolley Bus
• CNG Trolley Bus
• Diesel Trolley Bus
• Fuel Cell Trolley Bus

By Application

• Public Transportation
• Tourist Transportation
• Commuter Transportation
• Airport Transportation
• Others

By Seating Capacity

• Less than 50 Seats
• 50-100 Seats
• 100-150 Seats
• 150-200 Seats
• More than 200 Seats

By Operating Mode

• Autonomous Trolley Bus
• Manual Trolley Bus

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• ABB Ltd.
• Siemens AG
• Bombardier Inc.
• New Flyer Industries Inc.
• Proterra Inc.
• BYD Company Limited
• Alexander Dennis Limited
• Solaris Bus & Coach S.A.
• Gillig LLC
• Volvo Buses
• Mercedes-Benz Buses
• Iveco Bus
• MAN Truck & Bus SE
• Scania AB
• Bluebird Corporation