Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer
SBS Block Copolymer Market Segments - by Product Type (Linear SBS Block Copolymer, Radial SBS Block Copolymer, High Styrene Content SBS Block Copolymer, Low Styrene Content SBS Block Copolymer, Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene SIS Block Copolymer), Application (Footwear, Adhesives, Asphalt Modification, Sealants, Polymer Modification), Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Distributor Sales, Online Retail), Ingredient Type (Styrene, Butadiene, Styrene-Butadiene, Rubber, Hydrogenated Styrenic Block Copolymer), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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- Table Of Content
- Segments
- Methodology
Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer Market Outlook
The global Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) block copolymer market is projected to reach USD 7.5 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of approximately 5.2% from 2025 to 2035. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand from various end-use industries, with significant contributions from the footwear and adhesive sectors, which are witnessing robust expansion. Also, the rising trend of urbanization and infrastructural development in emerging economies further boosts the demand for SBS block copolymer materials. The versatility and favorable properties of SBS, such as elasticity, thermal stability, and resistance to UV light and chemicals, make it an attractive choice across various applications. Consequently, the market is positioned for substantial growth driven by innovation and increasing awareness of sustainable material options.
Growth Factor of the Market
The SBS block copolymer market is propelled by several growth factors, including its superior characteristics such as high tensile strength, durability, and flexibility, which cater to a wide range of applications. The footwear industry is increasingly opting for SBS due to its ability to enhance comfort and performance, leading to a rise in consumption. Additionally, the expanding construction sector is augmenting the demand for SBS in asphalt modification and sealants, as these materials improve the longevity and performance of infrastructure. Innovations in manufacturing processes and the development of bio-based and recycled SBS products are also contributing to market growth, addressing both environmental concerns and consumer demands for sustainable options. Furthermore, global economic recovery post-pandemic is driving consumption across various sectors, fueling the demand for SBS block copolymers.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The SBS block copolymer market is forecasted to grow at a CAGR of 5.2%, reaching USD 7.5 billion by 2035.
- Footwear and adhesives are the leading application sectors driving market demand.
- Rising urbanization and infrastructure development in emerging economies are key growth enablers.
- Innovations in manufacturing processes and sustainable product development are reshaping the market landscape.
- Strong performance characteristics of SBS copolymers make them favorable for various applications.
By Product Type
Linear SBS Block Copolymer:
Linear SBS block copolymers are characterized by their unique structure, which consists of polystyrene and polybutadiene segments arranged in a linear fashion. This configuration provides excellent mechanical properties, including enhanced tensile strength and elasticity. Their application is prominent in the production of adhesives and sealants, where high performance and durability are crucial. Furthermore, linear SBS is extensively utilized in the footwear industry, where it enhances the comfort and performance of shoes through its flexible and resilient nature. The increasing demand for high-quality footwear products is thus expected to propel the growth of this segment significantly in the coming years.
Radial SBS Block Copolymer:
Radial SBS block copolymers possess a star-like structure, which enhances their performance characteristics compared to linear variants. This structure provides improved processability, higher strength, and better impact resistance, making them ideal for applications in various industries, including automotive and construction. The radial SBS is particularly favored in the production of high-performance adhesives due to its superior bonding capabilities and temperature resistance. As manufacturers increasingly seek materials that can withstand rigorous conditions, the demand for radial SBS block copolymers is anticipated to rise, particularly in regions experiencing significant industrial growth.
High Styrene Content SBS Block Copolymer:
High styrene content SBS block copolymers exhibit enhanced rigidity and strength due to the higher proportion of styrene in their composition. These materials are particularly well-suited for applications requiring durability and stiffness, such as in automotive parts and high-performance adhesives. The growing automotive industry, especially in Asia-Pacific and North America, is expected to drive demand for high styrene content SBS. Moreover, the demand for durable construction materials is also set to enhance the market for this product type as builders seek materials that can withstand harsh environmental conditions.
Low Styrene Content SBS Block Copolymer:
Low styrene content SBS block copolymers are utilized when flexibility and elongation are prioritized over stiffness. These materials are particularly beneficial in the production of soft elastomeric products, where a rubber-like feel is desired, such as in certain footwear applications and flexible adhesives. The increasing consumer preference for soft and comfortable products is creating a favorable market landscape for low styrene content SBS. Additionally, these materials are extensively used in sealants and coatings, where flexibility and moisture resistance are essential, thereby contributing significantly to the segment's growth.
Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene SIS Block Copolymer:
Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene (SIS) block copolymers are known for their excellent adhesive properties and high elasticity. They are primarily used in adhesives, sealants, and coatings, where flexibility and strength are essential. The SIS copolymers cater to a growing demand in the packaging industry due to their excellent sealing properties. As the need for sustainable and efficient packaging solutions increases, the SIS segment is expected to see substantial growth. Furthermore, the continuous innovation and development of new formulations to enhance performance are likely to expand the applications for SIS block copolymers in various sectors.
By Application
Footwear:
The footwear application segment is one of the largest consumers of SBS block copolymers, driven by the need for comfortable, durable, and high-performing shoes. SBS materials provide excellent cushioning and flexibility, which enhance the wearer's experience. With the global rise in athletic and lifestyle footwear demand, manufacturers are increasingly incorporating SBS to achieve better product performance. Additionally, the growing trend of customization in footwear is likely to further drive the use of SBS copolymers, as they allow for more innovative designs and functionalities. Consequently, the footwear segment is anticipated to witness significant growth over the forecast period.
Adhesives:
The adhesives application is another critical segment for SBS block copolymers, contributing significantly to the overall market growth. The unique properties of SBS, such as high tackiness, good thermal stability, and flexibility, make it an ideal choice for various adhesive formulations. These adhesives are widely used in packaging, construction, and automotive applications, where reliable bonding is crucial. The increasing demand for sustainable and high-performance adhesives is influencing manufacturers to incorporate SBS into their products. As industries continue to innovate and seek advanced adhesive solutions, the SBS copolymer segment in adhesives is poised for robust growth.
Asphalt Modification:
Asphalt modification is a prominent application of SBS block copolymers, particularly in road construction and maintenance. The use of SBS in asphalt improves its performance by enhancing flexibility, durability, and resistance to temperature variations. This leads to longer-lasting road surfaces and reduced maintenance costs. As infrastructure development projects continue to multiply globally, particularly in emerging economies, the demand for modified asphalt is expected to rise significantly. Moreover, government initiatives aimed at improving road quality and safety further bolster this segment, positioning it for substantial growth in the coming years.
Sealants:
SBS block copolymers are widely used in sealant formulations due to their excellent adhesion properties and flexibility. These sealants find applications in construction, automotive, and industrial sectors, where they provide effective sealing solutions against moisture and environmental factors. The growing construction industry, driven by urbanization and infrastructure projects, is a significant factor enhancing the demand for SBS-based sealants. Furthermore, the increasing focus on energy-efficient buildings and sustainable construction practices is encouraging the use of high-performance sealants, thereby positively impacting the SBS market.
Polymer Modification:
The use of SBS block copolymers for polymer modification is a growing application, as they enhance the properties of various thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers. By blending SBS with other polymers, manufacturers can improve impact resistance, elasticity, and durability, leading to the production of high-performance materials. This is particularly relevant in the automotive and consumer goods sectors, where product performance and longevity are paramount. As manufacturers continue to innovate and seek materials that meet stringent quality and performance standards, the demand for SBS in polymer modification is expected to witness significant growth.
By Distribution Channel
Direct Sales:
Direct sales play a vital role in the distribution of SBS block copolymers, allowing manufacturers to establish direct relationships with customers and provide tailored solutions. This channel is particularly advantageous for large-scale consumers such as automotive producers and industrial manufacturers, who benefit from personalized service and direct access to product innovations. Direct sales also enable manufacturers to gather crucial feedback from clients, helping them to refine their offerings. As companies increasingly focus on customer-centric approaches, the direct sales channel is poised for growth in the SBS market.
Distributor Sales:
Distributor sales are an essential component of the SBS block copolymer distribution landscape, providing manufacturers with access to wider markets and customer bases. Distributors often have established networks and relationships with various industries, enabling them to efficiently supply SBS products to a diverse range of end-users. Additionally, this channel offers benefits such as reduced logistics costs and improved inventory management for manufacturers. As the demand for SBS continues to grow, leveraging distributor sales will be crucial for market players looking to expand their reach and enhance customer service.
Online Retail:
Online retail has emerged as a significant distribution channel for SBS block copolymers, particularly in recent years with the rise of e-commerce. This channel offers convenience and accessibility to customers, including small and medium-sized enterprises that may not have the resources to engage in direct purchasing from manufacturers. Online platforms allow for easy comparison of products, prices, and specifications, making it simpler for buyers to make informed decisions. As digitalization continues to reshape the retail landscape, the online retail segment for SBS products is expected to grow further, driven by increased consumer preference for online shopping.
By Ingredient Type
Styrene:
Styrene is a key component in the formulation of SBS block copolymers, providing essential properties such as strength and rigidity. The demand for styrene in SBS production is closely linked to the performance requirements of the final products, particularly in applications that necessitate high durability and resistance to environmental factors. As sectors such as automotive, construction, and consumer goods continue to expand, the need for styrene-based SBS copolymers is expected to grow. Innovations in styrene production and processing will also play a critical role in enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of SBS manufacturing practices.
Butadiene:
Butadiene is another vital ingredient in SBS block copolymer production, contributing to the elasticity and flexibility of the final products. The usage of butadiene enhances the performance of SBS in various applications, including adhesives, sealants, and footwear. As the demand for high-performance and versatile products increases, the significance of butadiene in the SBS market is likely to rise. Additionally, advancements in butadiene production technologies can lead to more sustainable and cost-effective methods, further driving its use in SBS formulations.
Styrene-Butadiene:
The styrene-butadiene combination is fundamental to the structure of SBS copolymers, providing a balance of rigidity and elasticity. This ingredient type is crucial in applications requiring materials that can endure dynamic stresses while maintaining their original shape. The increasing focus on developing multi-functional materials that cater to various industries is expected to boost the demand for styrene-butadiene in SBS production. Moreover, the development of innovative formulations that enhance the properties of styrene-butadiene combinations will further expand the applications and market reach of SBS block copolymers.
Rubber:
Rubber is an essential ingredient in the development of SBS block copolymers, imparting key elasticity and resilience properties to the materials. The inclusion of rubber allows SBS to function effectively in applications requiring high flexibility and durability, such as in footwear and adhesives. As manufacturers strive to create products that can withstand rigorous conditions and offer superior performance, the demand for rubber-based SBS is expected to grow. Additionally, the trend towards eco-friendly materials is leading to innovations in sustainable rubber sourcing and processing, positively influencing the market.
Hydrogenated Styrenic Block Copolymer:
Hydrogenated styrenic block copolymers (HSBC) are an advanced form of SBS that exhibit enhanced chemical and thermal resistance. These properties make HSBC suitable for applications in industries where exposure to harsh conditions is common, such as automotive and construction. The growing need for high-performance materials that can endure fluctuating environmental conditions is driving the demand for hydrogenated styrenic block copolymers. Innovations in HSBC formulations also present opportunities for expanding their applications further, thereby positioning this ingredient type as a significant growth contributor in the SBS market.
By Region
The North American SBS block copolymer market is poised for robust growth, fueled by the increasing demand from the automotive and construction industries, which are among the largest consumers of SBS products. The region is expected to account for a significant share of the global market, projected to reach approximately USD 2 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of around 4.8%. Moreover, advancements in technology and manufacturing processes in North America are enabling the development of innovative SBS solutions, catering to a variety of applications. As sustainability becomes a focal point for companies in this region, the introduction of eco-friendly SBS formulations is anticipated to further boost market growth.
In Europe, the SBS block copolymer market is expected to grow steadily, with a projected value of about USD 1.8 billion by 2035. The region benefits from a well-established manufacturing base and a strong emphasis on innovation and sustainability. European manufacturers are increasingly focusing on developing high-performance, eco-friendly SBS products to meet stringent regulations and consumer preferences. Additionally, the automotive and construction sectors in Europe are expected to drive significant demand, particularly for modified asphalt and adhesives, further supporting the growth of the SBS market.
Opportunities
The SBS block copolymer market presents several opportunities for manufacturers and stakeholders to capitalize on. One of the most significant opportunities lies in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly SBS formulations. As consumers and industries alike increasingly prioritize sustainability, companies that invest in creating bio-based or recycled SBS products can gain a competitive edge. This trend is particularly pronounced in sectors such as construction and automotive, where the demand for green solutions is rapidly growing. Additionally, partnerships and collaborations between manufacturers and research institutions can facilitate innovation, enabling the introduction of advanced SBS products that meet evolving market demands.
Another promising opportunity exists in the expansion of applications for SBS block copolymers beyond traditional sectors. As industries such as electronics, medical devices, and packaging evolve, the versatility of SBS materials can be harnessed to meet specific performance requirements. For instance, the use of SBS in packaging applications can improve the durability and flexibility of products, catering to the growing demand for efficient and sustainable packaging solutions. Furthermore, exploring opportunities in emerging markets, particularly in Asia-Pacific and Latin America, can provide significant growth avenues. These regions are witnessing rapid industrialization and urbanization, driving the demand for high-performance materials, including SBS block copolymers.
Threats
Despite the promising growth prospects, the SBS block copolymer market faces several threats that could hinder its expansion. One major challenge is the volatility in raw material prices, particularly for styrene and butadiene, which can significantly impact production costs. Fluctuations in oil prices can also affect the pricing of SBS copolymers, making it difficult for manufacturers to maintain competitive pricing while ensuring profitability. Additionally, the market is characterized by intense competition among key players, which can lead to price wars and reduced margins, further complicating profit generation. Companies must continuously innovate and optimize their operations to mitigate these risks and maintain their market position.
Moreover, regulatory challenges concerning environmental concerns and product safety may pose significant restraining factors to the market. As governments worldwide implement stringent regulations on chemical usage and emissions, manufacturers may face increased compliance costs and operational hurdles. This can limit the introduction of new products and slow down production processes. The need for continuous investment in research and development to meet these regulatory expectations can strain resources, particularly for small and medium-sized enterprises. Thus, navigating the complex regulatory landscape will be crucial for stakeholders in the SBS block copolymer market to ensure long-term sustainability and growth.
Competitor Outlook
- Kraton Corporation
- LG Chem
- SABIC
- Asahi Kasei Corporation
- TSRC Corporation
- Severstal
- Evonik Industries AG
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company
- ExxonMobil Chemical
- RTP Company
- Clariant AG
- PolyOne Corporation
- Wacker Chemie AG
- Kraton Polymers
- Hexpol AB
The competitive landscape of the SBS block copolymer market is characterized by a blend of established players and emerging companies, each vying for market share through innovations and strategic initiatives. Major companies like Kraton Corporation, LG Chem, and SABIC dominate the market, leveraging their extensive product portfolios and strong distribution networks. These players are focusing on research and development to introduce advanced SBS formulations that meet the evolving demands of various industries, including automotive, construction, and consumer goods. Additionally, strategic partnerships and acquisitions are common strategies employed by leading players to enhance their market presence and expand their operational capabilities.
In recent years, many companies have also shifted their focus towards sustainable practices, aiming to develop eco-friendly SBS products that align with global sustainability trends. For instance, Kraton Corporation has been actively working on bio-based and recycled SBS formulations to cater to the growing demand for sustainable materials. Similarly, LG Chem has invested in advanced technologies to improve the processing and efficiency of SBS production, positioning itself as a leader in innovation. These initiatives not only enhance product offerings but also contribute to the overall growth of the SBS block copolymer market by addressing environmental concerns and consumer preferences.
Furthermore, emerging players are entering the SBS market with innovative solutions and niche applications, contributing to the competitive dynamics of the industry. Companies like RTP Company and Clariant AG are focusing on specialty SBS formulations tailored for specific applications, further diversifying the market landscape. As competition intensifies, the emphasis on product differentiation, sustainability, and customer-centric approaches will remain critical for all players in the SBS block copolymer market, shaping the future trajectory of this industry.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 SABIC
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 LG Chem
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Hexpol AB
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Severstal
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Clariant AG
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 RTP Company
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Kraton Polymers
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 TSRC Corporation
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 Wacker Chemie AG
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Kraton Corporation
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 ExxonMobil Chemical
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 PolyOne Corporation
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Evonik Industries AG
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Asahi Kasei Corporation
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Chevron Phillips Chemical Company
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 SABIC
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Footwear
- 6.1.2 Adhesives
- 6.1.3 Asphalt Modification
- 6.1.4 Sealants
- 6.1.5 Polymer Modification
- 6.2 Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Linear SBS Block Copolymer
- 6.2.2 Radial SBS Block Copolymer
- 6.2.3 High Styrene Content SBS Block Copolymer
- 6.2.4 Low Styrene Content SBS Block Copolymer
- 6.2.5 Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene SIS Block Copolymer
- 6.3 Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer Market, By Ingredient Type
- 6.3.1 Styrene
- 6.3.2 Butadiene
- 6.3.3 Styrene-Butadiene
- 6.3.4 Rubber
- 6.3.5 Hydrogenated Styrenic Block Copolymer
- 6.4 Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer Market, By Distribution Channel
- 6.4.1 Direct Sales
- 6.4.2 Distributor Sales
- 6.4.3 Online Retail
- 6.1 Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Styrene Butadiene Styrene SBS Block Copolymer market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Linear SBS Block Copolymer
- Radial SBS Block Copolymer
- High Styrene Content SBS Block Copolymer
- Low Styrene Content SBS Block Copolymer
- Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene SIS Block Copolymer
By Application
- Footwear
- Adhesives
- Asphalt Modification
- Sealants
- Polymer Modification
By Distribution Channel
- Direct Sales
- Distributor Sales
- Online Retail
By Ingredient Type
- Styrene
- Butadiene
- Styrene-Butadiene
- Rubber
- Hydrogenated Styrenic Block Copolymer
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Kraton Corporation
- LG Chem
- SABIC
- Asahi Kasei Corporation
- TSRC Corporation
- Severstal
- Evonik Industries AG
- Chevron Phillips Chemical Company
- ExxonMobil Chemical
- RTP Company
- Clariant AG
- PolyOne Corporation
- Wacker Chemie AG
- Kraton Polymers
- Hexpol AB
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : CH-6762
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)