Spin Transfer Torque Devices Sales

Spin Transfer Torque Devices Sales Market Outlook

The global spin transfer torque devices sales market is projected to reach USD 5.07 billion by 2033, growing at a remarkable CAGR of 22.6% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is driven by the increasing demand for high-speed data processing in several applications such as data storage, computing, and sensor technology. Additionally, the rising adoption of advanced memory technologies that ensure energy efficiency is boosting the market as organizations strive for cost-effective and sustainable solutions. The proliferation of IoT devices and smart technology further fuels the need for efficient data storage solutions, making spin transfer torque devices a vital part of the technological landscape. Furthermore, growing investments in research and development activities focused on enhancing the performance and reliability of these devices contribute significantly to market growth.

Growth Factor of the Market

Several key factors are fueling the growth of the spin transfer torque devices sales market. First, technological advancements in memory storage and processing capabilities are leading to the development of devices that offer faster operation and energy efficiency, setting a trend for innovations in this space. The rise of data-intensive applications, including machine learning and artificial intelligence, requires robust and efficient memory solutions, positioning spin transfer torque technologies favorably in the market. Additionally, the increasing demand for miniaturized devices in consumer electronics is pushing manufacturers to explore more compact and efficient memory solutions, driving the adoption of spin transfer torque devices. Another growth factor is the emphasis on data security and integrity, compelling organizations to invest in advanced storage solutions that can withstand cyber threats. Lastly, government initiatives supporting the semiconductor industry further create a conducive environment for the growth and expansion of spin transfer torque technologies.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Projected market value of USD 5.07 billion by 2033 with a CAGR of 22.6%.
• Strong demand for energy-efficient and high-speed data storage solutions.
• Growing adoption of spin transfer torque technologies in IoT applications.
• Significant investments in R&D for enhancing device reliability and performance.
• Increasing focus on data security leading to the need for advanced memory solutions.

By Product Type

Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) STT-MRAM:

Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) STT-MRAM is an advanced non-volatile memory technology that utilizes the principles of spintronics to enhance data storage capabilities. It enables faster access speeds and lower power consumption compared to traditional memory technologies, making it highly desirable in data-intensive applications. The integration of MTJ STT-MRAM in computing devices optimizes performance, providing a seamless experience for users. As industries continue to focus on efficiency and speed, the demand for MTJ STT-MRAM is expected to increase significantly, particularly in sectors such as automotive and industrial automation where reliability and endurance are essential. With ongoing advancements in fabrication techniques and materials, the performance characteristics of MTJ STT-MRAM are expected to improve, further solidifying its position in the memory market.

Spin Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM):

Spin Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM) represents a revolutionary approach to memory storage, harnessing the unique properties of magnetic materials. STT-RAM combines the speed of SRAM with the non-volatility of Flash memory, making it an attractive option for applications requiring high-speed data access and low power consumption. The technology's ability to retain information even when power is lost provides a significant advantage, particularly in mobile and embedded systems. As the demand for faster boot times and enhanced performance in computing devices grows, STT-RAM is poised for increased adoption. Furthermore, manufacturers are actively exploring integration opportunities in system-on-chip designs, which will likely enhance the market penetration of STT-RAM in various electronic devices.

Spin Transfer Torque Oscillator:

Spin Transfer Torque Oscillators (STT-Oscillators) are emerging as a critical component in the development of microwave technologies due to their ability to generate high-frequency signals. This technology leverages the principles of spintronics to produce oscillations that can be utilized in a variety of applications such as wireless communication systems and radar technologies. As demand for high-frequency applications continues to rise, the market for STT-Oscillators is expected to experience steady growth. Their compact design and efficiency make them suitable for integration in devices where space is at a premium. Innovations in STT-Oscillator design are also enhancing their performance, making them increasingly attractive for telecommunications and other high-frequency applications.

Spin Torque Nano-Oscillator:

Spin Torque Nano-Oscillators (STNOs) are a type of spintronic device that produces microwave signals through the spin transfer torque effect. These devices are characterized by their ultra-small size and ability to generate high-frequency oscillations, making them particularly useful in applications ranging from microwave communications to medical imaging. As the miniaturization of electronics continues, the integration of STNOs in various devices is anticipated to grow. Their unique properties enable better control and tunability of frequency, which is critical for applications requiring precision. Research and development efforts focusing on enhancing the efficiency and stability of STNOs are likely to drive market growth and expand their application fields, thereby establishing them as a cornerstone of next-generation radio frequency technologies.

Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Sensors:

Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Sensors are pivotal in the field of sensing technology, enabling highly sensitive detection of magnetic fields. Leveraging the principles of spintronics, these sensors offer advantages in terms of size, power consumption, and sensitivity compared to traditional magnetic sensors. The growing applications of these sensors, particularly in the automotive and consumer electronics sectors, are driving the demand for spin transfer torque magnetic sensors. Additionally, their ability to operate effectively in harsh environments further enhances their appeal, making them suitable for various industrial applications. As industries increasingly rely on automation and smart technology, the need for reliable and efficient sensing solutions will contribute to the growth of the spin transfer torque magnetic sensor market.

By Application

Data Storage:

The application of spin transfer torque devices in data storage is one of the most significant growth drivers for the market. As data generation and consumption continue to soar, the need for efficient, high-capacity storage solutions is paramount. Spin transfer torque technologies, such as STT-MRAM, provide a compelling alternative to traditional storage solutions by offering faster read/write speeds and lower power consumption. The non-volatile nature of these devices ensures that data is retained even after power loss, which is a critical feature for both consumer electronics and enterprise storage systems. With the rising trend of big data analytics and cloud computing, the demand for high-performance data storage solutions will undoubtedly spur market growth in this segment.

Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM):

Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) is a key application area for spin transfer torque devices, particularly due to its ability to combine the advantages of DRAM and Flash memory. MRAM offers non-volatility, fast access times, and endurance, making it an attractive solution for critical computing applications. This technology is gaining traction in sectors that require reliable data retention combined with rapid processing capabilities, such as automotive, aerospace, and high-performance computing. As manufacturers continue to invest in MRAM technology to enhance its performance and scalability, the market for spin transfer torque devices will likely witness substantial growth in this application, driven by the increasing requirement for efficient and robust memory solutions.

Spin Torque Transfer Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (STT-MRAM):

Spin Torque Transfer Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (STT-MRAM) is at the forefront of memory technology due to its unique characteristics of high speed, non-volatility, and low power consumption. This makes it an ideal choice for applications requiring rapid data access and retention, such as in mobile devices and cloud computing platforms. The shift towards STT-MRAM is also being propelled by the need for energy-efficient solutions in response to environmental concerns and rising energy costs. As industries continue to seek advanced memory technologies that can meet the demands of modern computing, the adoption of STT-MRAM is expected to accelerate, thus driving growth in the spin transfer torque devices market.

Sensors:

The utilization of spin transfer torque devices in sensor technology is a rapidly growing application area. These sensors are capable of detecting minute changes in magnetic fields, making them invaluable in various industrial and consumer applications. The increasing demand for precision and reliability in sensing applications drives the need for advanced sensing technologies. As industries such as automotive and healthcare incorporate automated systems that rely on sensor feedback, spin transfer torque magnetic sensors are becoming indispensable. With continued advancements in sensor technology and the proliferation of smart devices, the market for spin transfer torque sensors is likely to expand significantly.

Others:

In addition to the primary applications mentioned, the spin transfer torque devices market encompasses a variety of other uses, including their integration into communication devices, IoT applications, and data centers. The versatility of spin transfer torque technologies allows them to adapt to various applications beyond conventional data storage and sensing. As industries increasingly implement smart technologies and interconnected systems, the role of spin transfer torque devices in facilitating efficient data flow and communication will only grow. This segment represents an area of potential growth as manufacturers explore innovative applications for spin transfer torque technologies, contributing to the overall market expansion.

By Distribution Channel

Online Sales:

The rise of e-commerce has significantly impacted the distribution of spin transfer torque devices, with online sales becoming a prominent channel for manufacturers and distributors. The convenience and accessibility offered by online platforms allow customers to explore a diverse range of products, compare prices, and make informed purchasing decisions. Furthermore, online sales enable manufacturers to reach a broader audience across geographical boundaries, facilitating market penetration and expansion. With the growing trend of online shopping, companies are increasingly investing in their online presence to capture a larger share of the market, thus driving the growth of spin transfer torque devices through this distribution channel.

Direct Sales:

Direct sales remain a crucial distribution channel for spin transfer torque devices, allowing manufacturers to forge strong relationships with clients while offering specialized products tailored to specific needs. This channel provides manufacturers with valuable insights into customer preferences and market trends, enabling them to adapt their offerings accordingly. Direct sales are particularly effective in industries requiring customized solutions, where the complexity of applications necessitates direct communication between manufacturers and end-users. As businesses continue to prioritize personalized service and solutions, the significance of direct sales in the spin transfer torque devices market is expected to remain robust, facilitating ongoing growth.

Indirect Sales:

Indirect sales channels, including distributors and resellers, play a vital role in the spin transfer torque devices market by enhancing the availability and accessibility of products. These channels provide manufacturers with an established network to reach a wider customer base while leveraging the expertise of intermediaries who understand local market dynamics. The collaboration with resellers ensures that end-users receive timely support and services, which is critical for maintaining customer satisfaction. As industries evolve and new applications emerge, indirect sales channels will continue to be essential in driving the distribution of spin transfer torque devices and supporting overall market growth.

OEMs:

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) are integral to the distribution of spin transfer torque devices, as they incorporate these technologies into their products. The partnership between manufacturers of spin transfer torque devices and OEMs leads to innovative applications and designs that enhance the functionality of end products. As industries increasingly adopt spin transfer torque devices in their manufacturing processes, the collaboration with OEMs becomes crucial for market penetration. The reliance on OEMs also provides manufacturers with insights into market requirements and trends, thereby driving the continuous development of advanced spin transfer torque technologies.

Others:

In addition to the primary distribution channels, other avenues for distributing spin transfer torque devices include trade shows, exhibitions, and industry partnerships. These channels allow manufacturers to showcase their innovations and connect with potential customers and partners. The presence at industry events helps build brand visibility and establish a reputation in a competitive market. As the spin transfer torque devices market continues to evolve, the exploration of alternative distribution channels will be vital in reaching diverse customer segments and fostering growth.

By Region

The regional distribution of the spin transfer torque devices market showcases varied growth patterns influenced by technological advancements and market demands. North America holds a significant share of the market, with a valuation of approximately USD 1.8 billion in 2025, reflecting a robust CAGR of 23.1% during the forecast period. This growth can be attributed to the region's strong emphasis on research and development, coupled with the presence of established technology companies that are eager to adopt advanced memory solutions. The increasing demand for high-speed data processing and storage solutions across sectors such as automotive, consumer electronics, and healthcare significantly contributes to this growth. Meanwhile, Europe is also expected to see substantial growth, driven by increasing investments in semiconductor technologies and the rise of IoT applications in industrial settings.

Asia Pacific is emerging as a rapidly growing market for spin transfer torque devices, with projections indicating a strong CAGR of 25.0% from 2025 to 2033. This region's growth is fueled by the rapid adoption of consumer electronics and the increasing demand for energy-efficient memory technologies. The influx of investments in the semiconductor industry within countries like China, Japan, and South Korea is expected to accelerate the development of spin transfer torque technologies, catering to the region's expanding electronics market. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also anticipated to experience moderate growth during the forecast period, driven by increased technological adoption in various sectors. As these regions continue to develop their technological infrastructures, the demand for advanced memory solutions will rise, thereby supporting the overall growth of the spin transfer torque devices market.

Opportunities

As the spin transfer torque devices market continues to expand, several opportunities are emerging that can further propel its growth. One of the most promising opportunities lies in the integration of spin transfer torque technologies in next-generation computing architectures. The shift towards advanced computing solutions such as quantum computing and neuromorphic computing requires innovative memory solutions that can handle large volumes of data with enhanced speed and efficiency. Spin transfer torque devices, particularly STT-MRAM, are well-positioned to meet these demands, presenting a significant growth opportunity for manufacturers willing to invest in R&D. Furthermore, as industries increasingly prioritize sustainability, the energy-efficient nature of spin transfer torque devices presents a compelling case for adoption, aligning with global sustainability goals and initiatives.

Another avenue of opportunity is the growing application of spin transfer torque devices in the automotive sector, especially with the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous driving technologies. These vehicles require advanced memory solutions capable of handling vast amounts of data from various sensors and processing units in real-time. Spin transfer torque devices can provide the necessary speed and reliability required for these applications, making them highly attractive to automotive manufacturers. Additionally, as the demand for smart home technologies and IoT devices continues to surge, spin transfer torque devices can play a critical role in enhancing the performance and efficiency of these interconnected systems. This diversification of applications represents a fertile ground for future growth in the spin transfer torque devices market.

Threats

Despite the promising growth trajectory of the spin transfer torque devices market, several threats could hinder its progress. One significant concern is the intense competition within the semiconductor industry, which is characterized by rapid technological advancements and evolving customer demands. As numerous companies strive to innovate in memory technologies, the pressure to continuously improve performance while reducing costs can impact profit margins. Additionally, the potential for market saturation in certain segments poses a threat, particularly as more players enter the market offering similar products and solutions, leading to a race to differentiate and innovate. Furthermore, fluctuations in raw material prices, especially for rare earth elements used in manufacturing spin transfer torque devices, could affect production costs and supply chain stability.

Another critical threat is the regulatory landscape surrounding data privacy and cybersecurity. As the adoption of spin transfer torque devices increases across various applications, manufacturers must ensure compliance with stringent data protection regulations. Any shortcomings in managing data privacy could lead to reputational damage, legal ramifications, and financial consequences. Additionally, the evolving landscape of cybersecurity threats poses risks for manufacturers and end-users alike, necessitating ongoing investments in security measures to protect sensitive data stored in spin transfer torque devices. The combination of these threats highlights the need for proactive strategies to mitigate risks and sustain growth in the spin transfer torque devices market.

Competitor Outlook

• Intel Corporation
• Micron Technology, Inc.
• STMicroelectronics N.V.
• Toshiba Corporation
• Everspin Technologies, Inc.
• Sony Corporation
• NXP Semiconductors N.V.
• Western Digital Corporation
• Infineon Technologies AG
• GlobalFoundries Inc.
• Renesas Electronics Corporation
• Broadcom Inc.
• Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
• Spintor Technologies
• Rambus Inc.

The competitive landscape of the spin transfer torque devices market is characterized by a multitude of players striving to capture market share through innovation and strategic partnerships. The key companies in this sector are focusing on enhancing their product offerings by investing in research and development to create advanced spin transfer torque technologies. Additionally, many firms are exploring collaborations and alliances to enhance their technological capabilities and expand their product portfolios. The growing emphasis on energy-efficient solutions and high-performance memory devices is leading companies to adopt sustainable practices in their manufacturing processes, thereby appealing to environmentally conscious consumers and businesses.

Intel Corporation stands as a prominent player in the spin transfer torque devices market, focusing on integrating advanced memory technologies within its broader semiconductor portfolio. The company is actively involved in the research and development of STT-MRAM, aiming to leverage its expertise in semiconductor manufacturing to enhance memory performance. Similarly, Everspin Technologies is a leading provider of MRAM solutions, specializing in the development of STT-MRAM and STT-Oscillator technologies tailored for various applications, including enterprise storage and automotive systems. The company's continuous pursuit of innovation positions it as a formidable competitor in the market, with a focus on delivering reliable and high-performance memory solutions.

Other notable players include Micron Technology, which has made significant strides in the memory market through its diverse product offerings, including MRAM and DRAM solutions. The company's commitment to advancing semiconductor technology and producing high-density memory solutions has positioned it as a leader in the industry. Samsung Electronics, a global giant in electronics and semiconductor manufacturing, is also making significant inroads into the spin transfer torque devices market, leveraging its extensive research capabilities and advanced manufacturing processes to develop cutting-edge memory technologies. As competition intensifies, these companies will continue to innovate and adapt to the evolving demands of the marketplace, ensuring their relevance in the rapidly changing world of memory technologies.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Rambus Inc.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Broadcom Inc.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Sony Corporation
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Intel Corporation
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Toshiba Corporation
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 GlobalFoundries Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Spintor Technologies
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Micron Technology, Inc.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 NXP Semiconductors N.V.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 STMicroelectronics N.V.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Infineon Technologies AG
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Everspin Technologies, Inc.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Western Digital Corporation
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Renesas Electronics Corporation
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Spin Transfer Torque Devices Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Data Storage
    • 6.1.2 Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)
    • 6.1.3 Spin Torque Transfer Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (STT-MRAM)
    • 6.1.4 Sensors
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Spin Transfer Torque Devices Sales Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) STT-MRAM
    • 6.2.2 Spin Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM)
    • 6.2.3 Spin Transfer Torque Oscillator
    • 6.2.4 Spin Torque Nano-Oscillator
    • 6.2.5 Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Sensors
  • 6.3 Spin Transfer Torque Devices Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.1 Online Sales
    • 6.3.2 Direct Sales
    • 6.3.3 Indirect Sales
    • 6.3.4 OEMs
    • 6.3.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Spin Transfer Torque Devices Sales Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Spin Transfer Torque Devices Sales market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) STT-MRAM
• Spin Transfer Torque Random Access Memory (STT-RAM)
• Spin Transfer Torque Oscillator
• Spin Torque Nano-Oscillator
• Spin Transfer Torque Magnetic Sensors

By Application

• Data Storage
• Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM)
• Spin Torque Transfer Magnetoresistive Random-Access Memory (STT-MRAM)
• Sensors
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Online Sales
• Direct Sales
• Indirect Sales
• OEMs
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Intel Corporation
• Micron Technology, Inc.
• STMicroelectronics N.V.
• Toshiba Corporation
• Everspin Technologies, Inc.
• Sony Corporation
• NXP Semiconductors N.V.
• Western Digital Corporation
• Infineon Technologies AG
• GlobalFoundries Inc.
• Renesas Electronics Corporation
• Broadcom Inc.
• Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
• Spintor Technologies
• Rambus Inc.