Sodium Ferrocyanidesodium
Sodium Ferrocyanide Market Segments - by Product Type (Solid Sodium Ferrocyanide, Liquid Sodium Ferrocyanide, Powder Sodium Ferrocyanide, Granular Sodium Ferrocyanide, Prilled Sodium Ferrocyanide), Application (Food Additives, Pigment Manufacturing, Agriculture, Pharmaceutical, Others), Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Indirect Sales), Ingredient Type (High Purity Sodium Ferrocyanide, Technical Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide, Food Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide, Pharmaceutical Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide, Industrial Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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Sodium Ferrocyanide Market Outlook
The global sodium ferrocyanide market is projected to reach a value of approximately USD 500 million by 2035, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This anticipated growth can be attributed to several key factors including the increasing demand for sodium ferrocyanide in various applications, such as food additives and pigment manufacturing, and its rising use in agriculture due to its effectiveness as a soil conditioner and micronutrient source. Moreover, the expansion of pharmaceutical applications and the growing awareness regarding safe food additives are driving the market significantly.
Growth Factor of the Market
The growth of the sodium ferrocyanide market is significantly influenced by the increasing adoption of this compound across a variety of industrial applications. As industries like pigments and agriculture continue to innovate and expand, the demand for sodium ferrocyanide is expected to rise correspondingly. Additionally, the food and beverage sector is becoming more stringent regarding ingredient safety and quality, which further bolsters the need for high-purity sodium ferrocyanide as an approved food additive. Increased urbanization and a growing global population are also fueling agricultural productivity, leading to higher consumption of sodium ferrocyanide as an essential micronutrient. Furthermore, advancements in manufacturing processes that enhance the quality and availability of sodium ferrocyanide are anticipated to contribute positively to market dynamics.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The global sodium ferrocyanide market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2025 to 2035.
- Increasing application of sodium ferrocyanide in food additives is a major growth driver.
- The agriculture sector's focus on soil health and nutrient availability is propelling market demand.
- Technological advancements in production methods are enhancing product quality and availability.
- Rising awareness around safe food additives is positively impacting the pharmaceutical applications of sodium ferrocyanide.
By Product Type
Solid Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Solid sodium ferrocyanide is a predominant form used in various industrial applications due to its stability and ease of handling. This form is often utilized in pigment manufacturing, where it serves as a critical raw material for creating vibrant colors in paints and coatings. The solid form is preferred by manufacturers because it is less prone to contamination and can be stored without concerns regarding degradation. Furthermore, its solid state allows for controlled dosage in applications, ensuring optimal performance when used in various processes.
Liquid Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Liquid sodium ferrocyanide is gaining traction due to its versatility and ease of use in various applications, including agricultural and pharmaceutical sectors. This form can be easily mixed with other solutions, enhancing its application in crop protection and nutrient delivery systems. The convenience of use in liquid form allows for efficient handling and distribution in large quantities. Additionally, the growing interest in liquid fertilizers is boosting the demand for liquid sodium ferrocyanide, making it an attractive option for manufacturers targeting the agriculture market.
Powder Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Powder sodium ferrocyanide is widely utilized in chemical synthesis and various industrial processes due to its high reactivity and surface area. Its fine particle size allows for rapid dissolution, making it suitable for applications that require quick reactions. This form is particularly important in the pharmaceutical industry, where precise formulations are essential. The increasing investments in pharmaceuticals are expected to drive the demand for powdered sodium ferrocyanide as it is integral in producing various active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Granular Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Granular sodium ferrocyanide serves as an intermediate between solid and powdered forms, striking a balance between ease of handling and reactivity. This form is particularly favored in agricultural applications, where it can be evenly distributed over fields to enhance soil quality. The granular structure allows for slow release of nutrients, making it a viable option for long-term soil health. As farmers increasingly seek sustainable agricultural practices, granular sodium ferrocyanide is likely to see rising demand as an effective tool for improving crop yields.
Prilled Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Prilled sodium ferrocyanide is characterized by its round, bead-like structure that facilitates easy handling and smooth application. This form is particularly advantageous in processes that require bulk handling, such as large-scale pigment manufacturing. The prilling process also enhances the flowability of the product, reducing clumping during storage and transport. Thus, prilled sodium ferrocyanide is becoming a popular choice among manufacturers seeking efficiency in production and distribution, especially in sectors where consistent quality is paramount.
By Application
Food Additives:
Sodium ferrocyanide is utilized as a food additive, primarily as an anti-caking agent in table salt and other food products. Its role in the food industry is crucial as it prevents clumping, ensuring the even distribution of salt in culinary applications. The rising consumer demand for processed and packaged foods is driving the adoption of sodium ferrocyanide as it enhances the quality and shelf-life of these products. Additionally, the increasing awareness among consumers about food safety is leading to regulated use of approved food additives like sodium ferrocyanide, further propelling its market growth.
Pigment Manufacturing:
The pigment manufacturing sector is one of the largest consumers of sodium ferrocyanide due to its ability to produce vibrant colors for paints, coatings, and inks. Sodium ferrocyanide is used to create various shades of blue, green, and yellow pigments, which are highly sought after in the architectural and automotive industries. The growth in construction and automotive activities globally is fostering demand for high-quality pigments, thereby positively influencing the sodium ferrocyanide market. Moreover, advancements in pigment technology that incorporate sodium ferrocyanide are expected to contribute to future growth.
Agriculture:
In agriculture, sodium ferrocyanide is primarily used as a micronutrient and soil conditioner. Its application contributes to improved soil health and nutrient availability for crops, which is essential for enhancing agricultural productivity. The rising global population and subsequent food demand are prompting farmers to adopt effective soil management practices, leading to increased usage of sodium ferrocyanide. As sustainable agriculture practices gain traction, the use of sodium ferrocyanide as a safe and efficient nutrient source is becoming increasingly popular among agronomists and crop producers.
Pharmaceutical:
Sodium ferrocyanide has several pharmaceutical applications, particularly as a component in drug formulations due to its properties as a stabilizer and preservative. Its use in pharmaceuticals ensures the stability of active ingredients while enhancing the overall efficacy of medications. With the expansion of the pharmaceutical sector, driven by increasing health awareness and the demand for advanced therapies, the market for sodium ferrocyanide in this domain is expected to grow significantly. Moreover, stringent regulatory frameworks and quality assurance in pharmaceuticals necessitate the use of high-purity sodium ferrocyanide, further boosting its demand.
Others:
Beyond its primary applications, sodium ferrocyanide finds usage in various other sectors, including water treatment and electroplating. In water treatment, it is employed as a chelating agent to bind metals and remove impurities, enhancing water quality for municipal and industrial use. In electroplating, sodium ferrocyanide is used to deposit uniform layers of metal onto surfaces, integral for achieving desired finishes in manufacturing. The versatility of sodium ferrocyanide across different sectors is likely to foster continued market growth as industries seek multifunctional compounds to meet diverse operational needs.
By Distribution Channel
Direct Sales:
Direct sales channels are crucial for the sodium ferrocyanide market, as they enable manufacturers to sell their products directly to consumers or end-users, thereby enhancing profit margins. This distribution method is particularly beneficial for large-scale buyers such as industrial manufacturers or agricultural cooperatives, who often require bulk quantities. Direct sales also foster strong relationships between suppliers and customers, allowing for tailored solutions that meet specific needs. As the market continues to expand, the importance of direct sales channels in facilitating product availability and customer satisfaction will grow.
Indirect Sales:
The indirect sales channel includes distributors and wholesalers who purchase sodium ferrocyanide in bulk and then sell it to smaller retailers or end-users. This method allows manufacturers to extend their market reach without the need for an extensive sales force. Indirect sales are particularly advantageous in regions where direct sales may be less feasible due to logistical challenges. The growing network of distributors and the rise of e-commerce platforms are expected to bolster the indirect sales channel, making sodium ferrocyanide more accessible to various segments of the market.
By Ingredient Type
High Purity Sodium Ferrocyanide:
High purity sodium ferrocyanide is essential in pharmaceutical applications, where strict regulatory compliance regarding ingredient quality is paramount. Its formulation ensures that the compound is free from contaminants and impurities, making it suitable for sensitive applications like drug manufacturing. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to innovate and expand, there is a growing demand for high purity sodium ferrocyanide, driven by regulatory requirements and the need for high-quality ingredients in therapeutics. This segment is expected to witness significant growth in line with the overall expansion of the pharmaceutical market.
Technical Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Technical grade sodium ferrocyanide is widely used across various industrial applications, particularly in pigment manufacturing and water treatment processes. This grade offers a balance between cost-effectiveness and performance, making it an attractive option for industries that require reliable ingredients without the stringent purity standards of pharmaceutical applications. The increasing emphasis on cost efficiency and sustainable practices in manufacturing is anticipated to drive the demand for technical grade sodium ferrocyanide, highlighting its relevance in diverse industrial sectors.
Food Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Food grade sodium ferrocyanide is utilized primarily as an anti-caking agent in salt and other food products. The growing consumer preference for processed foods and the increasing emphasis on food safety and ingredient transparency are propelling the demand for food grade sodium ferrocyanide. This segment is expected to experience robust growth as food manufacturers strive to meet consumer expectations regarding product quality and safety. Furthermore, the regulation of food additives by governmental bodies ensures that food grade sodium ferrocyanide remains a compliant and safe choice for consumers.
Pharmaceutical Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Pharmaceutical grade sodium ferrocyanide is characterized by its high purity and stringent manufacturing standards, making it essential for use in drug formulations. The growing pharmaceutical industry, driven by advancements in healthcare and increasing demand for medications, is fueling the market for pharmaceutical-grade ingredients. As patient safety and product efficacy become increasingly critical, the demand for high-quality pharmaceutical-grade sodium ferrocyanide is expected to rise. This segment will continue to be integral to the development of safe and effective medications in the pharmaceutical sector.
Industrial Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide:
Industrial grade sodium ferrocyanide is utilized in various manufacturing processes outside of food and pharmaceuticals, including electroplating and pigment production. This grade offers a cost-effective solution for industries that require sodium ferrocyanide without the need for high purity. As industries evolve and seek to enhance productivity while minimizing costs, the demand for industrial-grade sodium ferrocyanide is likely to grow. The versatility of this grade in diverse applications further cements its importance in the overall sodium ferrocyanide market.
By Region
In North America, the sodium ferrocyanide market is projected to reach approximately USD 150 million by 2035, driven by its applications in food additives and pigment manufacturing. The region is characterized by a robust regulatory framework that emphasizes the quality and safety of food additives, contributing to the steady demand for high-purity sodium ferrocyanide. Furthermore, the expansion of agricultural practices and the focus on improving crop yields are expected to enhance market growth in this region. The CAGR for North America is estimated at about 4.8%, reflecting a stable growth trajectory.
In Europe, the sodium ferrocyanide market is anticipated to reach USD 180 million by 2035, propelled by its extensive use in the pharmaceutical and pigment manufacturing sectors. The stringent regulations in the European Union regarding food safety and pharmaceutical ingredients are expected to support the demand for high-quality sodium ferrocyanide products. Moreover, the increasing focus on sustainable agricultural practices and environmentally friendly chemicals will contribute to the region's growth. The projected CAGR for the European market is estimated at around 5.5%, highlighting a favorable outlook in the coming years.
Opportunities
As the global focus on sustainable agriculture intensifies, there are significant opportunities for sodium ferrocyanide to be utilized as an eco-friendly soil conditioner and micronutrient source. With the rising awareness among farmers and agronomists regarding the benefits of using quality fertilizers to enhance crop yields, the demand for sodium ferrocyanide is poised to increase substantially. Additionally, the ongoing advancements in agricultural technologies and practices are expected to foster innovative applications of sodium ferrocyanide, allowing it to play a crucial role in modern farming techniques. This trend aligns with the broader movement towards sustainable practices, which is likely to attract investment and development in the sodium ferrocyanide sector.
Furthermore, the growing pharmaceutical industry presents lucrative opportunities for high-purity sodium ferrocyanide. As healthcare continues to evolve, there is an increasing need for high-quality ingredients in drug manufacturing, which sodium ferrocyanide can fulfill. The expansion of biopharmaceuticals and personalized medicine is also expected to drive innovation and demand for sodium ferrocyanide as a stabilizer and preservative in various formulations. The market's adaptability to changing industry needs positions it well to capitalize on emerging trends, ultimately contributing to its growth in the coming years.
Threats
One of the major threats to the sodium ferrocyanide market is the increasing scrutiny regarding the safety and environmental impact of chemicals used in various industries. Regulatory bodies worldwide are implementing stricter guidelines for chemical usage, and this trend may restrict the production and application of sodium ferrocyanide. Companies may face challenges in meeting these evolving regulations, leading to potential compliance costs that could affect market viability. Additionally, negative public perception regarding the use of chemicals in food and agriculture can impact consumer choices, thereby affecting market demand.
Moreover, the sodium ferrocyanide market is susceptible to fluctuations in raw material prices, which can impact production costs and ultimately affect pricing strategies. Volatility in the supply chain for the raw materials used in the production of sodium ferrocyanide may lead to increased operational costs, reducing profit margins for manufacturers. The dependency on heavy industrial processes also poses risks, as any disruptions in production can result in supply shortages, further complicating the market landscape.
Competitor Outlook
- BASF SE
- Huaian Jinlong Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Shandong Xinglu Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
- Yara International ASA
- Solvay SA
- Ferro Corporation
- Evonik Industries AG
- Huntsman Corporation
- Albemarle Corporation
- Austrian Energy & Environment
- Yantai Jereh Petroleum Equipment & Technologies Co., Ltd.
- Shijiazhuang Huabang Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Jiangsu Yixing Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Weifang Shennong Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
The competitive landscape of the sodium ferrocyanide market is characterized by a mix of established global players and emerging regional companies. The key manufacturers are continuously focusing on product innovation and sustainable practices to cater to the evolving demands of various industries. Companies such as BASF SE and Solvay SA are investing in research and development to enhance the efficacy and safety of their products. Additionally, strategic collaborations and partnerships among manufacturers are becoming increasingly common, allowing companies to leverage each other's strengths and expand their market presence effectively.
Furthermore, regional manufacturers like Huaian Jinlong Chemical Co., Ltd. and Shandong Xinglu Chemical Technology Co., Ltd. are gaining traction due to their competitive pricing and localized production capabilities. These companies are capitalizing on the growing demand in their respective regions, thus enhancing their market share. The increase in production capacity and technological advancements in manufacturing processes are also contributing to the competitive nature of the market, pushing companies to improve efficiency and reduce costs.
As the sodium ferrocyanide market continues to expand, major companies will likely focus on diversifying their product offerings and exploring new applications to remain competitive. For instance, Ferrous Corporation and Evonik Industries AG are actively developing high-purity sodium ferrocyanide products aimed at the pharmaceutical sector, which is expected to drive future growth. Additionally, the emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendly practices is likely to influence production methods, leading to innovations that cater to environmentally-conscious consumers. Overall, the competitive landscape is dynamic, and companies that prioritize innovation and adaptability will have a distinct advantage in the evolving market.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 BASF SE
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 Solvay SA
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Ferro Corporation
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Evonik Industries AG
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Huntsman Corporation
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Albemarle Corporation
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Yara International ASA
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 Austrian Energy & Environment
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 Huaian Jinlong Chemical Co., Ltd.
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Jiangsu Yixing Chemical Co., Ltd.
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 Weifang Shennong Chemical Co., Ltd.
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Shijiazhuang Huabang Chemical Co., Ltd.
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Shandong Xinglu Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Yantai Jereh Petroleum Equipment & Technologies Co., Ltd.
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 BASF SE
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Sodium Ferrocyanidesodium Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Food Additives
- 6.1.2 Pigment Manufacturing
- 6.1.3 Agriculture
- 6.1.4 Pharmaceutical
- 6.1.5 Others
- 6.2 Sodium Ferrocyanidesodium Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Solid Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.2.2 Liquid Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.2.3 Powder Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.2.4 Granular Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.2.5 Prilled Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.3 Sodium Ferrocyanidesodium Market, By Ingredient Type
- 6.3.1 High Purity Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.3.2 Technical Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.3.3 Food Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.3.4 Pharmaceutical Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.3.5 Industrial Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide
- 6.4 Sodium Ferrocyanidesodium Market, By Distribution Channel
- 6.4.1 Direct Sales
- 6.4.2 Indirect Sales
- 6.1 Sodium Ferrocyanidesodium Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Sodium Ferrocyanidesodium Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Sodium Ferrocyanidesodium market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Solid Sodium Ferrocyanide
- Liquid Sodium Ferrocyanide
- Powder Sodium Ferrocyanide
- Granular Sodium Ferrocyanide
- Prilled Sodium Ferrocyanide
By Application
- Food Additives
- Pigment Manufacturing
- Agriculture
- Pharmaceutical
- Others
By Distribution Channel
- Direct Sales
- Indirect Sales
By Ingredient Type
- High Purity Sodium Ferrocyanide
- Technical Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide
- Food Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide
- Pharmaceutical Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide
- Industrial Grade Sodium Ferrocyanide
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- BASF SE
- Huaian Jinlong Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Shandong Xinglu Chemical Technology Co., Ltd.
- Yara International ASA
- Solvay SA
- Ferro Corporation
- Evonik Industries AG
- Huntsman Corporation
- Albemarle Corporation
- Austrian Energy & Environment
- Yantai Jereh Petroleum Equipment & Technologies Co., Ltd.
- Shijiazhuang Huabang Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Jiangsu Yixing Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Weifang Shennong Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : CH-16109
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)