Smoothing Toner

Smoothing Toner Market Outlook

As of 2023, the global smoothing toner market is poised for significant growth, with a projected valuation of approximately USD 1.5 billion and an expected compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 6.5% through 2035. This expanding market is driven by increasing consumer awareness regarding skincare routines, the rising demand for natural and organic beauty products, and the growing trend towards personalized beauty solutions. Moreover, the surge in e-commerce has made it easier for consumers to access a wide variety of smoothing toners, thereby contributing to market growth. The younger demographic, particularly millennials and Generation Z, is keenly interested in skincare products that promise multiple benefits, such as hydration, exfoliation, and skin barrier protection, which further fuels the market expansion.

Growth Factor of the Market

The growth of the smoothing toner market is primarily propelled by the increasing emphasis on skincare routines among consumers. As people become more conscious about their skin health, the demand for products that enhance skin texture and appearance is on the rise. Additionally, the trend towards clean and natural beauty products is gaining momentum, pushing brands to innovate and formulate toners that are free from harmful chemicals and synthetic ingredients. Furthermore, the expansion of online beauty retail platforms has significantly improved accessibility for consumers, allowing them to explore various options and make informed purchasing decisions. The influence of social media and beauty influencers is another critical factor, as they promote skincare routines that include toners as essential components, thereby driving sales. Lastly, the growing popularity of multi-functional products that combine toning with other skincare benefits is attracting a wider customer base, which is expected to bolster market growth in the coming years.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The global smoothing toner market is projected to reach USD 1.5 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 6.5%.
• Increasing adoption of natural and organic ingredients among consumers drives product innovation.
• Rising influence of social media platforms and beauty influencers boosts consumer engagement.
• Expansion of e-commerce significantly enhances market accessibility for consumers.
• Growing interest in personalized beauty solutions encourages product diversification and customization.

By Product Type

Alcohol-Free Toners:

Alcohol-free toners are gaining immense popularity due to their gentle formulation that caters to sensitive skin. These toners are designed to hydrate and balance the skin's pH without stripping it of its natural oils, making them an ideal choice for individuals with dry or sensitive skin. The absence of alcohol ensures that the toner does not cause dryness or irritation, which is a common concern with traditional toners. Brands are increasingly focusing on formulating alcohol-free options with beneficial ingredients like rose water and chamomile, which not only soothe the skin but also provide additional nourishing benefits. The rising demand for cruelty-free and vegan products is also propelling the growth of alcohol-free toners, making them a significant segment in the overall smoothing toner market.

Exfoliating Toners:

Exfoliating toners are formulated with acids like alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs) and beta-hydroxy acids (BHAs) that aid in removing dead skin cells and promoting cell turnover. These toners are particularly sought after by consumers looking to address issues such as dullness, uneven texture, and acne-prone skin. The dual action of toning and exfoliating makes these products highly effective, resulting in smoother skin and a radiant complexion. With the increasing focus on achieving flawless skin, exfoliating toners are becoming a staple in many skincare routines. Brands are innovating by incorporating botanical extracts and soothing agents to mitigate potential irritation from the acid content, thus appealing to a broader audience.

Hydrating Toners:

Hydrating toners are designed to replenish moisture and enhance the skin's hydration levels after cleansing. Formulated with humectants like hyaluronic acid and glycerin, these toners are essential for maintaining skin elasticity and preventing dryness. The increasing awareness of the importance of hydration in skincare has led to a surge in demand for hydrating toners, especially in regions with harsh climates. Consumers are now more inclined to choose toners that provide instant hydration and are compatible with their existing skincare regimen. Brands are continually enhancing their formulations by adding botanical extracts that provide additional benefits such as soothing irritation and enhancing skin radiance, thus positioning hydrating toners as a crucial step in any effective skincare routine.

pH Balancing Toners:

pH balancing toners play an essential role in restoring the skin's natural acidity after cleansing, which is crucial for maintaining the skin barrier. Many cleansers, particularly those that are foamy or contain sulfates, can disrupt the skin’s pH level, leading to dryness and irritation. pH balancing toners are formulated with ingredients that help to restore the skin’s natural pH, ensuring a balanced and healthy complexion. These toners often include ingredients such as aloe vera and witch hazel, which are known for their soothing properties. The rising trend of skincare education is driving consumer interest in understanding the pH level of their skincare products, further boosting the demand for pH balancing toners.

Brightening Toners:

Brightening toners are formulated to enhance skin radiance and combat dullness, making them a favored choice among consumers looking to achieve a luminous complexion. These toners typically contain active ingredients such as vitamin C, niacinamide, and licorice root extract that work synergistically to reduce pigmentation, even out skin tone, and enhance glow. With the increasing focus on achieving a bright and youthful appearance, brightening toners are becoming increasingly popular. Additionally, the clean beauty movement is prompting brands to formulate brightening toners without harsh chemicals, which attracts health-conscious consumers and contributes to market growth in this segment.

By Application

Personal Care:

The personal care segment represents a substantial portion of the smoothing toner market as consumers increasingly incorporate toners into their daily skincare routines. These products are utilized by individuals of varying age groups and skin types, reflecting the broad appeal of toners as essential skincare items. Personal care toners are typically marketed for everyday use, focusing on hydrating, soothing, and balancing effects. The rise of personalized beauty care, where consumers select products tailored for their specific skin needs, is also contributing to growth in this segment. Additionally, the trend towards self-care practices has encouraged consumers to invest more in skincare, further driving the demand for personal care toners.

Professional Care:

The professional care segment encompasses the use of smoothing toners in salons, spas, and dermatological practices. Professional-grade toners are often formulated with higher concentrations of active ingredients and are designed to provide immediate and visible results during treatments. These toners are crucial in professional facials and skin treatments, where they are used to prep the skin before applying serums or moisturizers. The growing trend of wellness and beauty treatments has increased the demand for professional care toners, as consumers seek expert advice and high-quality products that promise effective outcomes. Furthermore, as more consumers become aware of the benefits of professional skincare consultations, the professional care segment is positioned for growth in the coming years.

By Distribution Channel

Online Stores:

Online stores have emerged as a primary distribution channel for smoothing toners, providing consumers with easy access to a diverse range of products. The convenience of shopping from home, coupled with the ability to compare products and prices, appeals to many consumers, particularly millennials and Gen Z. E-commerce platforms often offer exclusive deals and extensive customer reviews, which help consumers make informed purchasing decisions. The rise of subscription services in the beauty sector is also enhancing the online shopping experience, allowing consumers to receive their favorite toners regularly without the hassle of reordering. As technology advances and online shopping becomes increasingly integrated into consumers' lifestyles, the share of online sales in the smoothing toner market is expected to continue growing.

Specialty Beauty Stores:

Specialty beauty stores are another significant distribution channel for smoothing toners, as these establishments curate a selection of high-quality skincare products. Consumers who prefer a personalized shopping experience and expert advice often turn to specialty stores for their skincare needs. Staffed by knowledgeable beauty consultants, these stores provide personalized recommendations based on individual skin concerns, which can enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty. Additionally, specialty beauty stores often carry exclusive brands and niche products that are not readily available elsewhere, attracting dedicated skincare enthusiasts. The growth of consumer interest in skincare rituals and routines is further supporting the expansion of this distribution channel.

Department Stores:

Department stores play a crucial role in the distribution of smoothing toners, offering a distinct shopping experience where consumers can explore a wide range of beauty products under one roof. These stores often feature dedicated beauty sections where consumers can test products and consult with beauty advisors. The presence of well-known brands and luxury skincare lines in department stores attracts consumers seeking premium quality. Furthermore, department stores frequently run promotional campaigns, events, and exclusive launches that enhance consumer engagement and encourage purchases. As department stores adapt to changing consumer preferences, the beauty section is expected to remain a vital channel for smoothing toners.

Drugstores:

Drugstores serve as an essential distribution channel for smoothing toners, providing consumers with affordable and accessible skincare options. These retail establishments typically carry a range of drugstore brands, making it easy for budget-conscious consumers to find effective products. The convenience of purchasing toners alongside other personal care items in a one-stop shop is a significant advantage. Moreover, drugstores often have frequent discounts and loyalty programs that incentivize purchases. As shopping habits evolve, drugstores continue to expand their beauty aisles to cater to the growing interest in skincare, solidifying their position in the smoothing toner market.

Salons:

Salons are an important distribution channel for smoothing toners, particularly for professional-grade products that are used during treatments. Many salons incorporate toners into their facials and skincare services, enhancing the overall experience for clients. Toners used in salons are often formulated with potent ingredients that provide immediate results, which encourages clients to purchase these products for home use. The trend of clients seeking at-home maintenance for salon treatments further drives the demand for smoothing toners available in salons. As salons continue to emphasize high-quality skincare services, their role as a distribution channel for toners will remain significant.

By Ingredient Type

Hyaluronic Acid:

Hyaluronic acid is a key ingredient in many smoothing toners due to its ability to attract and retain moisture in the skin. This powerful humectant is known for its hydrating properties and can hold up to 1,000 times its weight in water, making it an ideal ingredient for those looking to achieve plump and hydrated skin. Toners infused with hyaluronic acid help to deliver a surge of moisture right after cleansing, which is crucial for maintaining skin's elasticity and preventing dryness. As consumers become more aware of the importance of hydration and the benefits of this ingredient, the demand for hyaluronic acid-based toners continues to rise, making it a prominent segment in the smoothing toner market.

Vitamin C:

Vitamin C is revered for its brightening and anti-aging properties, and is increasingly being incorporated into smoothing toners. This potent antioxidant helps to combat free radical damage, improve skin tone, and promote overall skin radiance. Toners enriched with vitamin C are particularly popular among consumers seeking to address dullness and uneven pigmentation. The demand for brightening solutions has surged as consumers prioritize achieving a luminous complexion. Brands are focusing on developing stable formulations that preserve the efficacy of vitamin C, ensuring that consumers receive maximum benefits. As awareness of vitamin C benefits continues to grow, the segment of vitamin C-infused toners is expected to thrive.

Salicylic Acid:

Salicylic acid is a widely recognized ingredient in skincare, particularly for its effectiveness in treating acne-prone skin. Its exfoliating properties work by unclogging pores and promoting cell turnover, making it an excellent choice for smoothing toners aimed at blemish-prone individuals. Toners containing salicylic acid help to reduce the appearance of breakouts, excess oil, and skin texture irregularities, thus appealing to a specific consumer demographic. As the prevalence of acne and skin concerns rises, the demand for toners featuring salicylic acid is expected to grow. Brands are continuously innovating their formulations to create gentle yet effective toners that cater to those seeking clearer skin without excessive irritation.

Witch Hazel:

Witch hazel is a natural astringent derived from the bark and leaves of the witch hazel plant, making it a popular ingredient in many smoothing toners. Known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, witch hazel is ideal for toners designed for sensitive or irritated skin. It helps to minimize the appearance of pores and control excess oil, making it beneficial for those with oily or acne-prone skin. The demand for natural and herbal ingredients has prompted brands to incorporate witch hazel into their toners, appealing to health-conscious consumers seeking gentle yet effective skincare solutions. The growing trend towards clean beauty contributes to the continued popularity of witch hazel-based toners.

Aloe Vera:

Aloe vera is cherished for its calming and hydrating properties, making it a well-loved ingredient in smoothing toners. Toners enriched with aloe vera help to soothe irritated skin, making it particularly beneficial for individuals with sensitive skin or those recovering from sun exposure. This natural ingredient is known for its ability to hydrate and promote healing, which aligns with the growing consumer preference for soothing skincare products. The combination of hydration and skin-soothing benefits makes aloe vera toners highly sought after, especially in regions with harsh climates or high sun exposure. As the awareness of natural ingredients continues to rise, aloe vera remains a staple in the formulations of smoothing toners.

By Region

The North American region is expected to dominate the global smoothing toner market, accounting for approximately 35% of the total market share by 2035. The United States and Canada lead the way in terms of consumer spending on skincare products, driven by a high level of awareness about skincare routines and an increasing demand for effective beauty solutions. The growing trend of clean and organic beauty in North America also supports the market for smoothing toners, as consumers seek products that align with their values. The CAGR for the North American smoothing toner market is projected to be around 6.0%, indicating sustained growth as innovative formulations continue to attract consumers.

In Europe, the smoothing toner market is witnessing a notable increase, with an estimated market share of around 30% by 2035. Countries such as Germany, France, and the UK are at the forefront of this growth, as consumers increasingly prioritize skincare as a key aspect of their beauty routines. The European market is characterized by a strong inclination towards high-quality and luxury skincare products, which drives demand for premium smoothing toners. Additionally, the rise of e-commerce in Europe provides consumers with convenient access to a diverse range of products, further fueling market expansion. The region is expected to register a CAGR of 7.0% during the forecast period, indicating a healthy growth trajectory.

Opportunities

The smoothing toner market presents numerous opportunities for growth, particularly in the context of evolving consumer preferences for personalized and multifunctional skincare solutions. With increasing awareness of the importance of incorporating toners into daily skincare routines, brands have the chance to innovate and develop products that cater to specific skin concerns. For instance, the demand for toners that address issues such as hyperpigmentation, acne, and aging skin is on the rise, prompting brands to formulate targeted products that resonate with consumers. Furthermore, the burgeoning trend of clean beauty and organic ingredients provides an avenue for companies to differentiate themselves in a competitive market. By emphasizing natural and cruelty-free formulations, brands can attract a health-conscious consumer base that values transparency and sustainability in their skincare choices.

Another significant opportunity lies in the expansion of online sales channels. As e-commerce continues to thrive, brands have the chance to enhance their digital presence and engage with consumers through social media platforms, beauty influencers, and targeted advertising. The rise of subscription boxes also offers brands an opportunity to introduce their products to a broader audience, allowing consumers to try new toners without committing to full-size purchases. Additionally, expanding into emerging markets where skincare awareness is growing could present substantial growth opportunities for smoothing toner brands. By tailoring marketing strategies to local preferences and investing in brand education, companies can capitalize on the increasing demand for skincare products in these regions.

Threats

Despite the growth potential in the smoothing toner market, several threats could hinder progress. One of the most significant threats is the intense competition among established brands and new entrants in the skincare industry. With numerous companies vying for market share, price wars and aggressive marketing tactics may lead to reduced profit margins. Moreover, the saturation of the market with similar products could confuse consumers, making it challenging for brands to distinguish themselves. This competitive landscape necessitates continuous innovation and effective branding strategies to capture and retain consumer attention.

Another threat to the smoothing toner market is the increasing scrutiny of cosmetic ingredients and regulations surrounding product formulations. Consumers are becoming more educated about the potential risks associated with certain chemicals, prompting a demand for transparency in ingredient sourcing and formulation practices. Brands that fail to adapt to these changing consumer expectations may struggle to maintain their market position. Additionally, potential supply chain disruptions caused by global events, such as pandemics or geopolitical tensions, could impact the availability of key ingredients, affecting product quality and production timelines. Companies must remain vigilant in navigating these challenges to sustain their growth in the smoothing toner market.

Competitor Outlook

• Clinique
• Thayers Natural Remedies
• Paula's Choice
• Neutrogena
• Lancome
• Simple Skincare
• Mario Badescu
• SK-II
• Biore
• Origins
• Kiehl's
• Pixi Beauty
• La Roche-Posay
• CosRx
• Fresh

The competitive landscape of the smoothing toner market is characterized by a mix of established brands and emerging players, all vying for a share of the growing consumer base. Major companies are continuously innovating their product lines, focusing on incorporating trending ingredients such as hyaluronic acid, vitamin C, and natural extracts into their formulations. Additionally, brands are leveraging marketing strategies that highlight their commitment to clean beauty and sustainability, appealing to the health-conscious consumer. The presence of numerous product options in the market creates a dynamic competitive environment where differentiation is key. Companies are increasingly utilizing digital marketing and social media engagement to enhance brand visibility and connect with consumers, especially among younger demographics who are heavily influenced by online content.

Clinique is one of the leading names in the smoothing toner market, known for its dermatologist-developed products that cater to various skin types. The brand emphasizes the importance of customized skincare routines and offers a range of toners designed to address specific skin concerns such as dryness, acne, and uneven skin tone. Clinique’s focus on hypoallergenic and fragrance-free formulations resonates with consumers who prioritize skin health. Similarly, Thayers Natural Remedies has carved a niche for itself with its alcohol-free toners that utilize natural ingredients like witch hazel and aloe vera. The brand's commitment to providing effective yet gentle skincare solutions has garnered a loyal customer base, particularly among those seeking natural beauty products.

Another notable player in the market is Paula's Choice, which is recognized for its science-backed formulations. The brand's toners, often enriched with potent active ingredients, aim to provide specific benefits such as exfoliation and hydration. Paula's Choice effectively communicates its ethos of transparency and education, empowering consumers to make informed choices about their skincare products. Neutrogena, a household name in skincare, continues to expand its range of toners, offering affordable yet effective options that appeal to a broad audience. With its strong marketing presence and widespread availability, Neutrogena remains a formidable competitor in the smoothing toner market.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Biore
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 CosRx
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Fresh
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 SK-II
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Kiehl's
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Lancome
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Origins
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Clinique
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Neutrogena
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Pixi Beauty
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Mario Badescu
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 La Roche-Posay
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Paula's Choice
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Simple Skincare
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Thayers Natural Remedies
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Smoothing Toner Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Personal Care
    • 6.1.2 Professional Care
  • 6.2 Smoothing Toner Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Alcohol-Free Toners
    • 6.2.2 Exfoliating Toners
    • 6.2.3 Hydrating Toners
    • 6.2.4 pH Balancing Toners
    • 6.2.5 Brightening Toners
  • 6.3 Smoothing Toner Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Hyaluronic Acid
    • 6.3.2 Vitamin C
    • 6.3.3 Salicylic Acid
    • 6.3.4 Witch Hazel
    • 6.3.5 Aloe Vera
  • 6.4 Smoothing Toner Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Online Stores
    • 6.4.2 Specialty Beauty Stores
    • 6.4.3 Department Stores
    • 6.4.4 Drugstores
    • 6.4.5 Salons

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Smoothing Toner Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Smoothing Toner market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Alcohol-Free Toners
• Exfoliating Toners
• Hydrating Toners
• pH Balancing Toners
• Brightening Toners

By Application

• Personal Care
• Professional Care

By Distribution Channel

• Online Stores
• Specialty Beauty Stores
• Department Stores
• Drugstores
• Salons

By Ingredient Type

• Hyaluronic Acid
• Vitamin C
• Salicylic Acid
• Witch Hazel
• Aloe Vera

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Clinique
• Thayers Natural Remedies
• Paula's Choice
• Neutrogena
• Lancome
• Simple Skincare
• Mario Badescu
• SK-II
• Biore
• Origins
• Kiehl's
• Pixi Beauty
• La Roche-Posay
• CosRx
• Fresh