Shave Foam

Shave Foam Market Outlook

The global shave foam market is projected to reach a substantial size of approximately USD 8 billion by 2035, growing at a remarkable CAGR of 5.9% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. The increasing awareness regarding grooming and personal hygiene among consumers, coupled with a growing trend of men's grooming products, is expected to be a significant driving factor for this market. Additionally, the rise in disposable incomes and changing lifestyles have led to a higher demand for quality grooming products, further bolstering market growth. The proliferation of online retail channels has also made it easier for customers to access a variety of shave foams, contributing to the overall market expansion. Furthermore, innovation in product formulations, including natural and organic ingredients, has captured the interest of health-conscious consumers, adding another layer of impetus to market growth.

Growth Factor of the Market

The growth factors for the shave foam market are multi-faceted, driven by evolving consumer preferences and lifestyle changes. First and foremost, the increasing popularity of male grooming and personal care routines has fostered a greater demand for shave foam products, as men are increasingly investing in their appearances. Additionally, the rise of e-commerce platforms has transformed how consumers shop, enabling them to explore various brands and products from the comfort of their homes. The growing trend towards natural and organic grooming products is another critical factor, as consumers are becoming more aware of the ingredients in their personal care items and seeking out those that offer skin-friendly benefits. Moreover, the expansion of product lines to cater to specific skin types, such as sensitive skin, has also played a vital role in market growth, as it allows brands to reach a broader audience. Finally, aggressive marketing strategies employed by companies, including influencer partnerships and targeted advertising, have heightened awareness and interest in shave foam products, creating a favorable environment for market expansion.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The global shave foam market is expected to reach USD 8 billion by 2035.
• The market is growing at a CAGR of 5.9% from 2025 to 2035.
• Men's grooming products are driving the growth of shave foam demand.
• There is a significant shift towards natural and organic ingredients in formulations.
• Online retail channels are expanding access and convenience for consumers.

By Product Type

Aerosol Shave Foam:

Aerosol shave foam is one of the most popular product types in the shave foam market, largely due to its convenience and ease of use. This type of shave foam comes in a pressurized canister that dispenses the product in a fine mist, allowing for an even application. Consumers appreciate aerosol shave foam for its quick application, which fits well into fast-paced lifestyles. Furthermore, the foam delivers a rich lather that helps to soften hair and prepare the skin for shaving, thereby reducing irritation. The aerosol format also enhances portability, making it a preferred choice for travel and on-the-go grooming. With the rising trend of grooming among men, the demand for aerosol shave foam is expected to increase steadily over the forecast period.

Gel Shave Foam:

Gel shave foam is another prominent segment within the shave foam market, distinguished by its unique formulation that transforms from a gel to a rich lather upon application. This type of shave foam is favored for its moisturizing properties and the smooth glide it offers while shaving, making it a popular choice among consumers with sensitive skin. The transparency of gel formulations allows users to see the area they are shaving, minimizing the risk of nicks and cuts. Additionally, gel shave foam is often fortified with skin-conditioning ingredients, ensuring that the skin remains hydrated and irritation-free after shaving. As awareness of skin care continues to rise, the gel shave foam segment is poised for significant growth in the coming years.

Cream Shave Foam:

Cream shave foam is celebrated for its rich and creamy texture, providing a luxurious shaving experience. This product type is particularly favored by consumers who seek a premium and effective solution for their grooming needs. Cream formulations tend to provide excellent lubrication, allowing razors to glide smoothly over the skin and minimizing the risk of irritation or razor burn. Additionally, cream shave foams often contain a blend of soothing ingredients that nourish the skin, making them suitable for individuals with dry or sensitive skin types. The growing trend of premium grooming products among consumers is likely to enhance the popularity of cream shave foam during the forecast period.

Natural Shave Foam:

Natural shave foam is gaining traction within the market as consumers become more health-conscious and environmentally aware. Formulated without synthetic additives, parabens, and artificial fragrances, natural shave foam products often feature organic and plant-based ingredients that are gentler on the skin. This product type appeals to a growing demographic that prioritizes sustainability and personal health in their grooming choices. Manufacturers are increasingly innovating their formulations to include beneficial ingredients such as essential oils and botanical extracts, which enhance the shaving experience while promoting skin health. As the demand for eco-friendly grooming products continues to rise, the natural shave foam segment is likely to witness significant growth in the coming years.

Sensitive Skin Shave Foam:

The sensitive skin shave foam segment is tailored specifically for consumers who experience irritation or discomfort during shaving. These products are formulated with ultra-gentle ingredients that are less likely to provoke allergic reactions or skin sensitivity. The demand for this type of shave foam is on the rise as more individuals are becoming aware of the importance of caring for their skin, particularly when it comes to shaving. Sensitive skin shave foams often contain soothing agents like aloe vera and chamomile, which help to calm the skin and reduce redness. With the increasing prevalence of sensitive skin issues among consumers, this segment is expected to expand significantly over the forecast period.

By Application

Men's Shaving:

Men's shaving is a prominent application segment within the shave foam market, driven by the growing trend of grooming among men. As societal norms shift and male grooming becomes increasingly mainstream, the demand for effective and quality shaving products is on the rise. Men's shave foams are specially designed to address various grooming needs, including beard care, skin hydration, and irritation prevention. Many brands have launched products specifically targeted at men's skin types, which often require different formulations compared to women's products. The increase in the number of grooming products tailored for men, including shave foams, is anticipated to contribute significantly to market growth in this application segment.

Women's Shaving:

The women's shaving application segment is also experiencing notable growth, as more women integrate shaving into their personal care routines. Women's shave foams are formulated to cater to the specific needs of female consumers, with an emphasis on hydration, sensitivity, and skin-soothing properties. Companies are increasingly recognizing the importance of marketing products designed for women, often incorporating floral scents and moisturizing ingredients that appeal to this demographic. With the growing acceptance of shaving among women, alongside an expanding range of products available, this segment is set to witness continued growth in the years to come.

By Distribution Channel

Supermarkets/Hypermarkets:

Supermarkets and hypermarkets are significant distribution channels for shave foam products, providing consumers with a convenient shopping experience. These large retail formats offer a diverse range of grooming products, which allows consumers to easily compare different brands and formulations in one location. The presence of established brands in these retail settings often drives consumer confidence and increases sales. Additionally, promotional activities and discounts offered in supermarkets and hypermarkets can incentivize purchases, boosting overall market growth in this distribution channel. As consumers increasingly rely on one-stop shopping experiences, the importance of supermarkets and hypermarkets in the shave foam market is expected to remain strong.

Convenience Stores:

Convenience stores play a pivotal role in the shave foam market, particularly for consumers seeking quick and easy access to grooming products. These stores typically operate in high-traffic areas and offer extended hours, making them ideal for last-minute purchases. Shave foam products available in convenience stores often cater to impulse buying, as consumers may not plan their purchases in advance. The presence of popular brands and travel-size packaging in these stores is particularly appealing to on-the-go consumers. As the demand for convenience continues to grow, this distribution channel is likely to see sustained growth within the shave foam market.

Online Retail:

Online retail has revolutionized the way consumers shop for grooming products, including shave foams. The convenience of browsing through various brands, reading reviews, and comparing prices from the comfort of home has made online shopping increasingly popular. E-commerce platforms often offer a wider selection of products than traditional retail stores, including niche and specialty brands that may not be readily available in brick-and-mortar locations. The rise of subscription services for grooming products has also contributed to the growth of the online retail segment. With increasing internet penetration and a growing preference for online shopping, this distribution channel is expected to witness significant expansion in the shave foam market.

Drugstores:

Drugstores serve as an essential distribution channel for shave foam products, particularly due to their focus on health and personal care. These stores typically carry a range of grooming products, including specific formulations targeting sensitive skin or specialized needs. The knowledgeable staff in drugstores can provide product recommendations, enhancing the shopping experience for consumers. Additionally, drugstores often run promotions or loyalty programs that encourage customers to purchase grooming products regularly. As more consumers become health-conscious and aware of the ingredients in their grooming products, drugstores are likely to maintain their relevance in the shave foam market.

Specialty Stores:

Specialty stores focus on unique, high-quality grooming products, making them a valuable distribution channel for shave foam. These stores often curate a selection of premium brands, natural and organic products, and innovative formulations that appeal to discerning consumers. The personalized shopping experience offered in specialty stores allows shoppers to receive tailored recommendations based on their individual needs. As consumers become more invested in their grooming routines and seek out quality products, the demand for shave foam from specialty stores is expected to rise. This segment caters to a niche market, but its growth potential remains significant as consumer preferences evolve.

By Ingredient Type

Aloe Vera:

Aloe vera is a highly sought-after ingredient in the shave foam market due to its soothing and moisturizing properties. Known for its ability to hydrate the skin and reduce irritation, aloe vera-infused shave foams are particularly popular among consumers with sensitive skin. The incorporation of aloe vera into shave foam formulations helps to create a protective barrier that minimizes the risk of razor burn and discomfort during shaving. As awareness of natural and beneficial ingredients rises, the demand for shave foams containing aloe vera is expected to grow, catering to consumers who prioritize skin health and comfort.

Coconut Oil:

Coconut oil is increasingly recognized as a valuable ingredient in shave foams, offering numerous benefits for skin care. Its natural moisturizing properties help to hydrate the skin, creating a smooth surface for shaving. Coconut oil also has antibacterial and antifungal characteristics, making it an excellent choice for preventing skin irritations. Shave foams enriched with coconut oil appeal to consumers who are looking for products that not only facilitate shaving but also promote healthier skin. As the trend towards natural and organic grooming products continues to grow, the incorporation of coconut oil in shave foams is likely to see robust demand.

Eucalyptus:

Eucalyptus is gaining popularity as an ingredient in shave foams, appreciated for its refreshing scent and cooling properties. Eucalyptus oil is known to provide a soothing effect on the skin, making it an ideal choice for consumers who experience discomfort during shaving. Additionally, eucalyptus has antiseptic qualities that help prevent infections and promote skin healing. The invigorating aroma of eucalyptus adds a luxurious touch to the shaving experience, making it appealing to a broad audience. As consumers increasingly seek products that enhance their grooming rituals, shave foams containing eucalyptus are expected to gain traction in the market.

Shea Butter:

Shea butter is a highly valued ingredient in the shave foam market, thanks to its rich and creamy texture that provides exceptional hydration. Recognized for its nourishing and emollient properties, shea butter helps to soften hair and prepare the skin for shaving, resulting in a smoother shave with reduced irritation. It is particularly beneficial for individuals with dry or sensitive skin, as it helps to lock in moisture and protect the skin barrier. The increasing focus on skin care and wellness among consumers is likely to drive demand for shave foams that incorporate shea butter, enhancing the overall shaving experience.

Tea Tree Oil:

Tea tree oil is an ingredient that is increasingly being used in shave foams, particularly for its antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. It is well-known for its ability to combat acne and skin irritations, making it a favorable choice for consumers who are prone to breakouts or sensitivity during shaving. Shave foams containing tea tree oil not only provide a smooth shaving experience but also help in maintaining clearer skin post-shave. The popularity of tea tree oil products is expected to grow as consumers become more conscious of the ingredients they use in their grooming routines, further contributing to the segment’s expansion.

By Region

The North American shave foam market is witnessing significant growth, primarily driven by the increasing trend of male grooming and the rising demand for quality personal care products. The region accounts for approximately 25% of the global market share, with the United States being the largest contributor. The growing awareness of personal grooming and the availability of a diverse range of products are key factors propelling this growth. Furthermore, the market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% over the forecast period, fueled by the adoption of premium and specialized shaving products. Retailers in North America have also expanded their online presence, making it easier for consumers to access various shave foam options, further stimulating market growth.

In Europe, the shave foam market is characterized by a well-established consumer base that embraces grooming as an essential part of daily life. This region holds approximately 30% of the global market share, with countries like Germany, France, and the UK driving demand. Consumers in Europe are increasingly leaning towards sustainable and organic products, leading to a rise in natural ingredient formulations. The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.2% during the forecast period, as brands innovate and introduce new products tailored to meet the needs of environmentally conscious consumers. The emphasis on personal grooming, alongside the increasing diversity of products available, positions Europe as a strong contender in the global shave foam market.

Opportunities

One of the most promising opportunities in the shave foam market lies in the growing trend of sustainable and eco-friendly products. As consumers are becoming increasingly aware of environmental issues and seek to make more responsible purchasing decisions, brands that prioritize sustainable sourcing and packaging are likely to stand out. Companies have the potential to innovate by creating shave foams that not only deliver excellent performance but also minimize their impact on the environment. For instance, incorporating biodegradable ingredients and recyclable packaging can appeal to the eco-conscious consumer, allowing brands to tap into a rapidly expanding market segment. Additionally, the rise of subscription services for grooming products presents a unique opportunity for companies to build strong customer loyalty and recurring revenue streams while offering consumers convenience and tailored product selections.

Moreover, the increasing popularity of e-commerce provides a significant opportunity for the shave foam market to thrive. The shift towards online shopping has transformed consumer behavior, with more individuals opting to purchase grooming products online for convenience and variety. Brands that invest in robust online marketing strategies, user-friendly e-commerce platforms, and social media engagement can better reach their target audiences. The opportunity to create personalized shopping experiences through data analytics and customer feedback also allows brands to cater to specific consumer needs. As the trend of online shopping continues to grow, companies that successfully adapt to this shift can significantly enhance their market presence and profitability.

Threats

Despite the growth prospects in the shave foam market, several threats could hinder its expansion. One of the primary concerns is the presence of intense competition among established brands and new entrants alike. The saturation of the market with various products can lead to price wars, resulting in diminished profit margins for companies. Additionally, consumer loyalty is often challenged as they are presented with a multitude of options, making it more difficult for brands to retain their customer base. Companies must continuously innovate and differentiate their products to stay relevant and appealing in such a fiercely competitive landscape. Furthermore, rising raw material costs can impact product pricing, leading to potential challenges in maintaining affordability for consumers.

Another significant threat to the shave foam market is the increasing preference for alternative hair removal methods. Many consumers are shifting towards laser hair removal, electric razors, and other grooming techniques that may reduce the need for traditional shave foams. This shift may pose a long-term challenge to market growth as consumers explore and adopt new technologies that offer convenience and lasting results. Brands will need to adapt and innovate, focusing on not only improving their existing products but also exploring new product categories to capture the attention of consumers who may be moving away from conventional shaving practices.

Competitor Outlook

• Procter & Gamble Co.
• Unilever
• Edgewell Personal Care Company
• Colgate-Palmolive Company
• Gillette (Procter & Gamble)
• Schick (Edgewell Personal Care)
• Harry's, Inc.
• Bevel (Walker & Company Brands)
• Cremo Company
• Burt's Bees (Clorox)
• Barbasol (Perio, Inc.)
• Art of Shaving (Procter & Gamble)
• Sir Hare
• Pacific Shaving Company
• Nivea Men (Beiersdorf AG)

The competitive landscape of the shave foam market is characterized by a mix of established multinational corporations and innovative startups, each vying for market share through product differentiation and brand loyalty. Major companies, including Procter & Gamble and Unilever, dominate the market due to their extensive product lines, robust distribution networks, and significant marketing budgets. These corporations benefit from economies of scale, enabling them to invest in research and development for new product formulations, as well as extensive advertising campaigns that bolster their brand visibility among consumers. Additionally, these companies are increasingly focusing on sustainability initiatives to align with changing consumer preferences, which is becoming a key competitive factor in the market.

Moreover, niche brands such as Harry's and Bevel are capitalizing on the growing demand for specialized grooming products, particularly those that cater to specific demographics or skin types. These companies often leverage direct-to-consumer models and social media marketing to create strong brand identities and foster customer loyalty. The rise of e-commerce has allowed smaller brands to enter the market with innovative products that challenge established names, leading to increased competition and consumer choice. This trend highlights the importance of not only product quality but also brand messaging and community engagement in building a loyal customer base.

As companies navigate this competitive landscape, some key players are finding success through established market strategies. Procter & Gamble, for instance, continues to be a leader in the shave foam market with its Gillette brand, focusing on continuous innovation in product formulations that enhance the shaving experience. Meanwhile, Edgewell Personal Care has expanded its Schick brand to include a range of shaving products targeted at both men and women, emphasizing skin care benefits in its formulations. Additionally, Unilever's Nivea Men has successfully positioned itself as a trusted brand in men’s grooming, focusing on high-quality, effective products that resonate with consumers. This dynamic competitive environment suggests that companies will need to remain agile and responsive to stay ahead in the evolving shave foam market.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Sir Hare
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Unilever
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Cremo Company
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Harry's, Inc.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Burt's Bees (Clorox)
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Procter & Gamble Co.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Barbasol (Perio, Inc.)
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Pacific Shaving Company
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Colgate-Palmolive Company
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Nivea Men (Beiersdorf AG)
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Gillette (Procter & Gamble)
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Edgewell Personal Care Company
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Bevel (Walker & Company Brands)
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Schick (Edgewell Personal Care)
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Art of Shaving (Procter & Gamble)
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Shave Foam Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Men's Shaving
    • 6.1.2 Women's Shaving
  • 6.2 Shave Foam Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Aerosol Shave Foam
    • 6.2.2 Gel Shave Foam
    • 6.2.3 Cream Shave Foam
    • 6.2.4 Natural Shave Foam
    • 6.2.5 Sensitive Skin Shave Foam
  • 6.3 Shave Foam Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Aloe Vera
    • 6.3.2 Coconut Oil
    • 6.3.3 Eucalyptus
    • 6.3.4 Shea Butter
    • 6.3.5 Tea Tree Oil
  • 6.4 Shave Foam Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 6.4.2 Convenience Stores
    • 6.4.3 Online Retail
    • 6.4.4 Drugstores
    • 6.4.5 Specialty Stores

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Shave Foam Market by Region
  • 10.3 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 India
      • 10.3.1.2 China
      • 10.3.1.3 Japan
      • 10.3.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Shave Foam market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Aerosol Shave Foam
• Gel Shave Foam
• Cream Shave Foam
• Natural Shave Foam
• Sensitive Skin Shave Foam

By Application

• Men's Shaving
• Women's Shaving

By Distribution Channel

• Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
• Convenience Stores
• Online Retail
• Drugstores
• Specialty Stores

By Ingredient Type

• Aloe Vera
• Coconut Oil
• Eucalyptus
• Shea Butter
• Tea Tree Oil

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Procter & Gamble Co.
• Unilever
• Edgewell Personal Care Company
• Colgate-Palmolive Company
• Gillette (Procter & Gamble)
• Schick (Edgewell Personal Care)
• Harry's, Inc.
• Bevel (Walker & Company Brands)
• Cremo Company
• Burt's Bees (Clorox)
• Barbasol (Perio, Inc.)
• Art of Shaving (Procter & Gamble)
• Sir Hare
• Pacific Shaving Company
• Nivea Men (Beiersdorf AG)