Rewritable PVC Cards

Rewritable PVC Cards Market Outlook

The global rewritable PVC cards market is projected to reach approximately USD 1.5 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 8.5% from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for flexible identification solutions across various sectors such as education, healthcare, and event management. The ability to easily update information on these cards without the need for reprinting has made them particularly appealing to organizations that require cost-effective, sustainable, and customizable solutions. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on security and access control measures is propelling the adoption of rewritable PVC cards, as they facilitate the timely modification of access credentials and personal identification information. The rising preference for digital solutions is also contributing to the market's expansion, as businesses look for efficient ways to manage customer data and transactions.

Growth Factor of the Market

The rewritable PVC cards market is experiencing robust growth due to several key factors. The increasing inclination towards sustainable solutions is prompting organizations to adopt rewritable cards, as they significantly reduce waste associated with traditional plastic cards. Additionally, advancements in printing technologies and card personalization are enabling businesses to produce high-quality rewritable cards that meet specific requirements and standards. The rise of loyalty programs and customer engagement initiatives in various industries, including retail and hospitality, is further driving the demand for customizable options. Increased digital transformation across sectors has also led to a surge in the need for efficient identification methods, where rewritable PVC cards serve as a perfect solution. Moreover, the expanding e-commerce sector is catalyzing the growth of online distribution channels, facilitating easier access to these products for end-users.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Projected market size of USD 1.5 billion by 2035 with a CAGR of 8.5%.
• Sustainable and cost-effective solutions leading to increased adoption of rewritable cards.
• Advancements in printing technologies enhancing card quality and customization.
• Surge in loyalty programs driving demand for personalized rewritable cards.
• Growing e-commerce sector improving access to rewritable PVC card products.

By Product Type

Standard Rewritable PVC Cards:

Standard rewritable PVC cards represent a significant segment of the market, primarily utilized for everyday applications like identification and access control. These cards are designed with a flexible rewritable surface that allows for information to be erased and reprinted multiple times, making them an economical choice for organizations that require frequent updates to their card data. The affordability and availability of standard rewritable cards have made them popular among educational institutions, corporate offices, and event organizers, who benefit from the ability to quickly adapt card information as needed. The production process of these cards ensures durability while maintaining the capability for high-resolution printing, which adds aesthetic value along with functionality.

Customized Rewritable PVC Cards:

Customized rewritable PVC cards cater to businesses looking for branded and personalized solutions for their identification and membership programs. These cards can be tailored to include logos, specific graphics, and unique design elements that reflect the organization's branding. The customization capability enhances customer engagement and loyalty, particularly in sectors such as retail and hospitality, where brand identity plays a crucial role in consumer perception. With technological advances in printing and design software, businesses can easily create visually appealing customized rewritable cards that not only fulfill functional requirements but also serve as effective marketing tools. This segment is particularly growing as businesses recognize the importance of unique customer experiences in driving loyalty and repeat business.

Pre-printed Rewritable PVC Cards:

Pre-printed rewritable PVC cards are designed with fixed information printed on one side, while the other side remains rewritable. This dual functionality makes them ideal for applications that require a mix of static and dynamic data, such as event passes or identification cards with a photo and name while allowing changes in other details. They offer users the convenience of having essential information readily available, while still providing the option to update specific data as necessary. This flexibility is especially valuable in event management and security sectors, where attendee details may change frequently. The use of high-quality printing techniques ensures that the fixed information is clear and durable, while the rewritable surface maintains its functionality over numerous cycles of use.

Blank Rewritable PVC Cards:

Blank rewritable PVC cards are the most versatile option in this market, catering to users who require complete control over the card's design and information. These cards can be printed on-demand, allowing organizations to create specific designs and data configurations tailored to individual needs. Their applications are widespread, ranging from small businesses to large corporations, including event organizers and educational institutions. The ability to print and rewrite information as needed reduces waste and helps in managing costs effectively. Moreover, the blank cards can be easily integrated with various printing technologies, which contributes to their popularity among users who prioritize customization and flexibility in their operations.

Specialty Rewritable PVC Cards:

Specialty rewritable PVC cards encompass a range of unique designs and functionalities that cater to niche markets. These cards may include features such as holographic images, magnetic stripes, or embedded RFID technology, making them suitable for advanced security applications or specialized identification needs. Their distinctive features set them apart from standard rewritable cards, appealing to sectors that require high levels of security or personalization, such as government agencies and high-profile events. As the demand for such specialized solutions grows, manufacturers are increasingly innovating to incorporate advanced technologies into their card offerings, thereby enhancing the product's appeal in various industries.

By Application

Identification:

Identification applications dominate the rewritable PVC cards market due to their widespread use in various sectors, including education, corporate, and government. These cards serve as official identification for employees, students, and citizens, allowing for seamless verification of identity. The ability to update information quickly is particularly beneficial in organizations where personnel changes occur frequently. As organizations continue to prioritize security and authentication measures, the use of rewritable PVC cards for identification purposes is expected to rise, driven by their cost-effectiveness and practicality in managing identity credentials.

Access Control:

Access control applications are increasingly utilizing rewritable PVC cards to enhance security measures within organizations. These cards enable facilities to manage access to restricted areas effectively, providing a reliable solution for employee and visitor identification. The capability to modify access rights on rewritable cards allows security managers to maintain an up-to-date database effortlessly, significantly reducing the risk of unauthorized access. As businesses prioritize workplace safety and security, the demand for rewritable PVC cards in access control applications is projected to grow, particularly in sectors such as corporate offices, educational institutions, and hospitals.

Payment Cards:

The payment card segment is emerging as a new application for rewritable PVC cards, driven by the demand for flexible payment solutions. These cards can be programmed to function as prepaid or reloadable cards, allowing users to manage funds conveniently. The adaptability of rewritable cards makes them suitable for temporary solutions, such as event tickets or gift cards, where customer data may change frequently. As the financial services sector continues to explore innovative payment options, the integration of rewritable PVC cards into payment systems is expected to expand, providing consumers with versatile financial management tools.

Loyalty Cards:

Loyalty programs are increasingly adopting rewritable PVC cards to enhance customer engagement and retention. These cards allow retailers and businesses to personalize rewards based on customer preferences and behaviors. The ability to update loyalty information in real time provides marketers with valuable insights into customer interactions, enabling targeted promotions and campaigns. As competition in the retail sector intensifies, businesses are recognizing the importance of loyalty programs, making rewritable PVC cards an attractive option for fostering long-lasting customer relationships and improving overall satisfaction.

Others:

Other applications of rewritable PVC cards include event management, transportation, and membership cards for clubs and organizations. These cards provide a flexible solution for temporary identification and access, allowing users to adapt to changing needs. Their versatility makes them applicable in various scenarios, such as issuing tickets for concerts or managing attendance at conferences. As more industries recognize the benefits of utilizing rewritable PVC cards for diverse applications, their adoption is expected to increase, driven by the need for efficient and customizable solutions.

By Distribution Channel

Online Stores:

Online stores are becoming a significant distribution channel for rewritable PVC cards due to the convenience and accessibility they offer. Businesses and consumers can easily purchase cards from various online platforms, benefiting from a broader range of product options and competitive pricing. The growth of e-commerce has made it easier for manufacturers and distributors to reach customers across multiple regions, driving the popularity of online shopping for rewritable cards. The user-friendly nature of online transactions has also enhanced customer experience, leading to an increase in sales through this channel.

Specialty Stores:

Specialty stores focusing on printing supplies and office equipment are another vital distribution channel for rewritable PVC cards. These stores often provide a curated selection of products tailored to specific customer needs, including various types of rewritable cards and associated printing equipment. The knowledgeable staff in specialty stores can offer valuable insights and recommendations, helping customers find the right products for their requirements. This personalized service enhances customer satisfaction and fosters loyalty, encouraging repeat visits for future purchases.

Supermarkets/Hypermarkets:

Supermarkets and hypermarkets have also emerged as distribution points for rewritable PVC cards, particularly those targeting consumers for everyday use. These large retail establishments attract shoppers looking for a one-stop shopping experience, providing easy access to various products, including rewritable cards. The convenience of purchasing these cards alongside other household items appeals to customers, significantly contributing to their sales. As retailers continue to expand their product offerings, the presence of rewritable PVC cards in supermarkets is expected to grow, driven by consumer demand for practical solutions.

Office Supply Stores:

Office supply stores serve as a key distribution channel for rewritable PVC cards, particularly among businesses and organizations that require identification solutions. These stores offer a range of office products, including printers, printing supplies, and card accessories, making them an attractive destination for customers seeking comprehensive solutions for their needs. The availability of rewritable PVC cards in office supply stores provides convenience for businesses looking to streamline their purchasing processes. Furthermore, the knowledgeable staff can assist customers in selecting the appropriate card options that best fit their specific applications.

Others:

Other distribution channels for rewritable PVC cards may include direct sales from manufacturers, bulk orders through promotional product suppliers, and trade shows. These channels allow businesses to connect directly with manufacturers and suppliers, facilitating customized orders that meet their unique requirements. The presence of rewritable PVC cards in diverse distribution channels supports market growth by increasing accessibility for end-users, ultimately driving sales across various segments.

By Material Type

Standard PVC:

Standard PVC is the most commonly used material in the production of rewritable PVC cards, known for its durability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. This material offers a reliable choice for a variety of applications, including identification, access control, and loyalty programs. Standard PVC cards are capable of withstanding frequent handling and exposure to environmental elements, ensuring a long lifespan. Additionally, their compatibility with various printing technologies allows for high-quality customization and personalization, making them a preferred option in the rewritable cards market.

Composite PVC:

Composite PVC cards combine the advantages of standard PVC with other materials, such as polyester, to enhance durability and performance. This material type is particularly beneficial for applications that require cards to endure harsh conditions or frequent use. The added strength of composite PVC cards makes them suitable for security applications, where reliability is paramount. Furthermore, composite PVC cards can accommodate advanced features, such as embedded technology, which expands their usability in various sectors, including transportation and access control.

Bio-PVC:

Bio-PVC is an eco-friendly alternative to traditional PVC, gaining traction in the rewritable PVC cards market due to increased consumer awareness and demand for sustainable solutions. Made from renewable resources, bio-PVC cards offer the same functionality as standard PVC while minimizing environmental impact. Their use represents a shift towards greener practices in the production of plastic products, aligning with global sustainability goals. As businesses seek to enhance their corporate social responsibility initiatives, the adoption of bio-PVC cards is expected to rise, particularly among environmentally conscious organizations.

Recycled PVC:

Recycled PVC is another sustainable option within the rewritable PVC cards segment, produced from post-consumer plastic waste. The utilization of recycled materials in card manufacturing reduces the demand for virgin PVC and decreases landfill waste. This material type appeals to organizations looking to implement recycling initiatives and minimize their carbon footprint. By choosing recycled PVC cards, companies can demonstrate their commitment to sustainability while still accessing the benefits of rewritable card technology. The increasing focus on circular economy practices is anticipated to drive the demand for recycled PVC cards in various applications.

Others:

Other material types in the rewritable PVC cards market may include specialized materials designed for specific applications, such as cards with enhanced security features or unique printing capabilities. These materials cater to niche markets within the industry, providing tailored solutions for organizations with specialized requirements. As innovation in card production continues to advance, manufacturers are likely to explore new material options, leading to the introduction of additional types of rewritable cards that enhance functionality while meeting diverse user needs.

By Region

The rewritable PVC cards market is witnessing varied growth across regions, with North America and Europe holding significant market shares due to advanced technological infrastructure and a high demand for identification solutions. In North America, the market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 8.2%, driven by the proliferation of digital solutions and an increased focus on security in corporate environments. European nations are also experiencing a surge in demand, particularly in the retail and hospitality sectors, where personalized loyalty programs are becoming increasingly popular. The combined market share of North America and Europe is expected to account for over 50% of the global market, underlining their crucial role in shaping market trends and driving innovations.

Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a significant market for rewritable PVC cards, fueled by the rapid expansion of the e-commerce sector and the growing adoption of identification solutions in countries like China and India. The market in this region is anticipated to grow at the highest CAGR of approximately 9.5% through 2035, as organizations recognize the value of flexible and cost-effective identification methods. Additionally, the Latin America and Middle East & Africa regions are gradually embracing rewritable PVC cards, although their market shares remain relatively smaller compared to the leading regions. Nevertheless, as awareness of the benefits of rewritable cards increases, these regions are expected to exhibit steady growth rates in the coming years.

Opportunities

The rewritable PVC cards market presents numerous opportunities for growth and innovation, particularly as businesses increasingly prioritize sustainability and cost-efficiency in their operations. With a growing emphasis on reducing plastic waste and adopting eco-friendly practices, manufacturers have the chance to develop and promote recycled and bio-based PVC cards. This trend aligns with global sustainability goals and can position companies as leaders in environmental responsibility, attracting environmentally conscious consumers and organizations. Additionally, advancements in printing technology open doors for enhanced customization and personalization of rewritable cards, allowing businesses to tailor their offerings to meet individual customer needs effectively.

Moreover, the expansion of digital payment solutions and loyalty programs provides a significant opportunity for rewritable PVC cards in the financial services industry. As businesses seek to engage customers through flexible and personalized offerings, the integration of rewritable cards into payment systems can streamline transactions and enhance customer experiences. Furthermore, the ongoing growth of the e-commerce sector enables manufacturers to tap into new distribution channels, reaching broader audiences and boosting sales. By capitalizing on these emerging trends, stakeholders in the rewritable PVC cards market can position themselves strategically for sustained growth and innovation in the coming years.

Threats

Despite the opportunities present in the rewritable PVC cards market, there are several threats that stakeholders must navigate. The increasing prevalence of digital identification solutions and mobile applications poses a significant challenge to traditional card-based systems. As consumers and organizations embrace digital alternatives for identification and payment solutions, the demand for physical rewritable cards may decline, potentially impacting market growth. Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancements necessitates continuous innovation, and companies that fail to adapt to changing consumer preferences and emerging technologies risk losing their competitive edge.

Additionally, fluctuating raw material prices and supply chain disruptions can pose challenges to manufacturers in the rewritable PVC cards market. Economic uncertainties and geopolitical issues may lead to increased production costs, which could impact pricing strategies and profit margins. Companies must remain vigilant and agile in their operations to mitigate these risks and ensure sustainability in their supply chains. As the industry evolves, staying ahead of potential threats will be crucial for maintaining market share and fostering long-term success.

Competitor Outlook

• AlphaCard, Inc.
• IDP Corporation
• Evolis S.A.
• Magicard Ltd.
• Zebra Technologies Corporation
• HID Global Corporation
• Entrust Datacard Corporation
• CardLogix Corporation
• Ultimate Technology Corporation
• Ascent Technologies LLC
• CardPrinter.com
• Datacard Group
• Bluefish Technologies
• CardExchange Solutions
• Advanced Card Systems Ltd.

The competitive landscape of the rewritable PVC cards market is characterized by a variety of players, ranging from established manufacturers to emerging startups. Companies are focusing on innovation and product differentiation to meet the diverse needs of consumers and businesses. Many key players are investing in research and development to enhance their product offerings and develop advanced solutions that incorporate new technologies like RFID and smart card features. As competition intensifies, mergers and acquisitions are also becoming more common, allowing companies to expand their market reach and capitalize on synergies offered by strategic partnerships.

Major players such as Evolis S.A. and Zebra Technologies Corporation are recognized for their comprehensive product portfolios, offering a wide range of rewritable PVC cards suitable for various applications. Evolis S.A. is particularly notable for its focus on innovation and customization, providing solutions tailored to meet specific customer requirements. Zebra Technologies, known for its robust printing solutions, has also made significant inroads into the rewritable PVC card market, capitalizing on its established reputation in the identification solutions space. These companies are leveraging their expertise to drive growth and maintain leadership positions in the evolving market landscape.

Another significant player, HID Global Corporation, is recognized for its advanced security solutions, which include rewritable PVC cards designed for secure identification and access control applications. The company's focus on integrating cutting-edge technology with user-friendly features has positioned it as a leader in the market. CardLogix Corporation is also making strides in the industry, emphasizing the importance of secure card solutions and offering a range of products that cater to a variety of sectors, including government, healthcare, and financial services. These companies exemplify the ongoing trends in the rewritable PVC cards market, where innovation, customization, and security take center stage.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Evolis S.A.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Magicard Ltd.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Datacard Group
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 AlphaCard, Inc.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 CardPrinter.com
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 IDP Corporation
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Bluefish Technologies
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 CardLogix Corporation
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 CardExchange Solutions
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 HID Global Corporation
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Ascent Technologies LLC
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Advanced Card Systems Ltd.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Entrust Datacard Corporation
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Zebra Technologies Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Ultimate Technology Corporation
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Rewritable PVC Cards Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Identification
    • 6.1.2 Access Control
    • 6.1.3 Payment Cards
    • 6.1.4 Loyalty Cards
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Rewritable PVC Cards Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Standard Rewritable PVC Cards
    • 6.2.2 Customized Rewritable PVC Cards
    • 6.2.3 Pre-printed Rewritable PVC Cards
    • 6.2.4 Blank Rewritable PVC Cards
    • 6.2.5 Specialty Rewritable PVC Cards
  • 6.3 Rewritable PVC Cards Market, By Material Type
    • 6.3.1 Standard PVC
    • 6.3.2 Composite PVC
    • 6.3.3 Bio-PVC
    • 6.3.4 Recycled PVC
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Rewritable PVC Cards Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Online Stores
    • 6.4.2 Specialty Stores
    • 6.4.3 Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
    • 6.4.4 Office Supply Stores
    • 6.4.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Rewritable PVC Cards Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Rewritable PVC Cards market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Standard Rewritable PVC Cards
• Customized Rewritable PVC Cards
• Pre-printed Rewritable PVC Cards
• Blank Rewritable PVC Cards
• Specialty Rewritable PVC Cards

By Application

• Identification
• Access Control
• Payment Cards
• Loyalty Cards
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Online Stores
• Specialty Stores
• Supermarkets/Hypermarkets
• Office Supply Stores
• Others

By Material Type

• Standard PVC
• Composite PVC
• Bio-PVC
• Recycled PVC
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• AlphaCard, Inc.
• IDP Corporation
• Evolis S.A.
• Magicard Ltd.
• Zebra Technologies Corporation
• HID Global Corporation
• Entrust Datacard Corporation
• CardLogix Corporation
• Ultimate Technology Corporation
• Ascent Technologies LLC
• CardPrinter.com
• Datacard Group
• Bluefish Technologies
• CardExchange Solutions
• Advanced Card Systems Ltd.