Propargyl Ether

Propargyl Ether Market Outlook

The global Propargyl Ether market is projected to reach a valuation of approximately USD 1.5 billion by 2035, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about 6.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing utilization of Propargyl Ether as a key intermediate in the production of various chemical compounds, especially in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The rising demand for specialty chemicals and the growing need for advanced materials in diverse applications are further propelling the market expansion. Additionally, Propargyl Ether's favorable properties such as enhanced reactivity and stability make it a preferred choice among manufacturers. The market is also witnessing innovations and advancements in manufacturing processes that optimize production and reduce costs, contributing to its overall growth.

Growth Factor of the Market

The Propargyl Ether market is influenced by several growth factors, notably the increasing demand from the pharmaceutical sector for efficient chemical intermediates. Propargyl Ether is utilized in the synthesis of a variety of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which is driving its adoption in drug formulation processes. The rise in consumer preference for cosmetic products that incorporate organic solvents, such as Propargyl Ether, is another contributing factor. Furthermore, advancements in chemical technologies and methodologies are enabling manufacturers to produce Propargyl Ether more sustainably and efficiently. The growth of the flavor and fragrance industry, which often uses Propargyl Ether for its unique properties, also represents a significant opportunity. Alongside these factors, the ongoing emphasis on research and development in chemical synthesis is expected to create new avenues for the growth of the Propargyl Ether market.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The Propargyl Ether market is anticipated to reach USD 1.5 billion by 2035.
• Growing demand from pharmaceuticals is a key driver of market growth.
• Propargyl Ether's unique properties enhance its application across multiple industries.
• Technological advancements are improving production efficiency and sustainability.
• The flavor and fragrance sector is experiencing significant growth, further driving the demand.

By Product Type

Allyl Propargyl Ether:

Allyl Propargyl Ether is a significant segment in the Propargyl Ether market, known for its versatile application in chemical synthesis. Its unique structure provides enhanced reactivity, making it an essential building block for various organic compounds. This product type is widely used in the production of pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, where its role as a reactive intermediate facilitates the formation of complex molecules. The growing need for efficient and selective chemical reactions in these sectors continues to boost its demand. Furthermore, as research progresses in medicinal chemistry, the potential applications of Allyl Propargyl Ether are expanding, thereby contributing to its increasing market share.

Benzyl Propargyl Ether:

Benzyl Propargyl Ether is another important product type within the Propargyl Ether market. This ether is primarily utilized in the production of fine chemicals and intermediates. Its properties allow for effective coupling reactions, which are crucial in synthesizing various organic compounds. Benzyl Propargyl Ether's compatibility with multiple reaction conditions enhances its utility in industrial applications, particularly in pharmaceuticals and specialty chemicals. The increasing focus on developing new and more efficient synthetic pathways in these industries is expected to bolster the demand for Benzyl Propargyl Ether in the coming years.

Methyl Propargyl Ether:

Methyl Propargyl Ether is recognized for its role as a solvent and reagent in chemical processes. Its low toxicity and high boiling point make it suitable for various applications, including in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals and polymers. This product type has gained traction due to the growing emphasis on safety and environmental concerns in chemical manufacturing. As industries shift towards greener chemistry practices, Methyl Propargyl Ether is likely to see increased adoption as an alternative solvent or reagent in many formulations.

Ethyl Propargyl Ether:

Ethyl Propargyl Ether is increasingly being utilized for its efficacy as a chemical intermediate in producing diverse organic compounds. Its characteristics make it particularly valuable in chemical reactions requiring high selectivity and yield. The growing demand for ethyl-based solvents in personal care and cosmetic products is driving the market for Ethyl Propargyl Ether. As consumers increasingly seek products with safer and more effective ingredients, the demand for this ether is expected to rise, providing opportunities for manufacturers in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical sectors.

Propyl Propargyl Ether:

Propyl Propargyl Ether is significant to the Propargyl Ether market, particularly in applications requiring higher reactivity and selectivity. Its effectiveness in various coupling reactions makes it an essential component in organic synthesis. The growing research activities in drug development are anticipated to create a substantial demand for Propyl Propargyl Ether as an intermediate in synthesizing various therapeutic agents. Additionally, its use in the flavor and fragrance industry as a solvent further contributes to its market growth, driven by an increasing consumer inclination towards innovative and high-quality products.

By Application

Chemical Intermediates:

The application of Propargyl Ether as a chemical intermediate is one of the most significant segments within the market. It plays a crucial role in the synthesis of various chemical compounds, including pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and fine chemicals. Propargyl Ether’s ability to facilitate complex organic reactions is highly valued in the chemical manufacturing sector. As global industries continue to seek more effective and efficient methodologies in chemical synthesis, the demand for Propargyl Ether in producing chemical intermediates is poised for growth.

Pharmaceuticals:

The pharmaceutical application of Propargyl Ether is a vital driver of its market growth. With the increasing need for new drug formulations and the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), Propargyl Ether's role as a reactive intermediate is becoming increasingly important. Many novel drugs are synthesized using Propargyl Ether in various chemical processes, making it essential for pharmaceutical companies focusing on innovation and efficacy. As the global pharmaceutical industry continues to expand, the demand for Propargyl Ether is expected to rise significantly.

Cosmetics:

Propargyl Ether is gaining traction in the cosmetics industry due to its favorable properties as a solvent and ingredient in formulations. Its use in personal care products is driven by consumer preferences for organic and non-toxic ingredients. Propargyl Ether enhances the performance and stability of cosmetic formulations, making it a popular choice among manufacturers. With the growing trend towards clean beauty and skincare products, the demand for Propargyl Ether in this sector is expected to increase, providing new opportunities for market participants.

Flavor & Fragrance:

The flavor and fragrance segment represents a significant application area for Propargyl Ether, driven by its unique aromatic properties. It is often utilized as a key ingredient in various fragrance formulations, enhancing the overall scent profile of products. The growing market for perfumes, colognes, and scented personal care items contributes to the demand for Propargyl Ether. As consumers increasingly seek high-quality and captivating fragrances, the role of Propargyl Ether in this sector is likely to expand, aligning with market growth trends.

Others:

In addition to the primary applications mentioned, Propargyl Ether is also utilized in various other sectors, including food additives, electronics, and special coatings. Its versatility allows it to be deployed in different chemical processes and formulations across these industries. As the market evolves, new applications for Propargyl Ether are continually being explored, presenting opportunities for innovation and diversification within the industry. The expansion of these applications is expected to complement the overall growth of the Propargyl Ether market.

By Distribution Channel

Online Stores:

Online stores have become an increasingly popular distribution channel for Propargyl Ether due to the convenience they offer to consumers and manufacturers. The rise of e-commerce platforms has facilitated easier access to a wider range of products, including specialty chemicals like Propargyl Ether. The ability to compare prices, read reviews, and access product specifications online enhances the purchasing experience for customers. Additionally, the growing trend of online shopping is expected to drive the demand for Propargyl Ether through this channel, making it a key focus for suppliers and retailers alike.

Specialty Stores:

Specialty stores that focus on chemical products and raw materials play a crucial role in the distribution of Propargyl Ether. These stores often provide a more curated selection of chemical intermediates and can offer expert advice and tailored solutions to customers. The presence of knowledgeable staff in specialty stores enhances the shopping experience, attracting businesses and manufacturers seeking specific chemical products, including Propargyl Ether. As industries continue to rely on specialized chemical supplies, the importance of specialty stores in the Propargyl Ether market is expected to grow.

Direct Sales:

Direct sales remain a significant distribution channel for Propargyl Ether, especially for manufacturers looking to establish long-term relationships with their customers. This approach allows companies to provide personalized service, ensuring that clients receive products that meet their specific needs. Direct sales often foster better communication and collaboration between suppliers and buyers, leading to increased customer loyalty. As companies focus on building strong connections with their clients, the direct sales channel is likely to remain a vital aspect of the Propargyl Ether market.

Others:

Aside from the aforementioned channels, various other distribution avenues exist for Propargyl Ether, including wholesalers and distributors. These intermediaries play an essential role in bridging the gap between manufacturers and end-users, ensuring that products reach the market efficiently. The use of diverse distribution channels allows for better market coverage and accessibility for Propargyl Ether. As competition in the specialty chemicals industry intensifies, companies are exploring varied distribution strategies to optimize their reach and enhance sales performance in the Propargyl Ether market.

By Ingredient Type

Allyl Alcohol:

Allyl Alcohol is a critical ingredient type in the Propargyl Ether market, known for its significant role in the production of various chemicals and polymers. It serves as a precursor in synthesizing multiple organic compounds and is essential in producing resins, coatings, and adhesives. The increasing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable materials is likely to boost the market for Allyl Alcohol, as manufacturers seek more efficient alternatives in chemical processes. This ingredient’s versatility and effectiveness make it a key player in the Propargyl Ether market.

Propargyl Alcohol:

Propargyl Alcohol is another essential ingredient type in the Propargyl Ether market, valued for its use in the production of various chemical intermediates. This compound is widely used in pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals, where it acts as a building block for many applications. The rising demand for innovative chemical solutions in these sectors is expected to increase the consumption of Propargyl Alcohol, driving growth in the Propargyl Ether market. Its unique properties and functionalities ensure its relevance in ongoing research and development efforts across multiple industries.

Benzyl Alcohol:

Benzyl Alcohol is recognized for its role as a solvent and preservative in various formulations, including cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. In the context of Propargyl Ether, it serves as a vital ingredient that enhances the efficacy and stability of products. The demand for natural and effective preservation methods in the beauty industry is driving the need for Benzyl Alcohol, thus supporting growth opportunities in the Propargyl Ether market. As consumer preferences shift towards high-quality and safe formulations, the importance of Benzyl Alcohol is likely to increase.

Methyl Alcohol:

Methyl Alcohol, commonly known as methanol, is a key ingredient type in the Propargyl Ether market, primarily used for its solvent properties in various chemical processes. Its role as a feedstock in the production of other chemicals further contributes to its popularity among manufacturers. The growing emphasis on sustainable practices and the development of renewable methanol sources are anticipated to enhance the market for Methyl Alcohol in the production of Propargyl Ether. As the market evolves, methanol's versatility and utility in multiple applications make it a crucial component in the overall supply chain.

Ethyl Alcohol:

Ethyl Alcohol, or ethanol, is another vital ingredient type in the Propargyl Ether market, valued for its applications in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Its role as a solvent and carrier in various formulations enhances its attractiveness among manufacturers. The increasing consumer demand for products containing natural and organic ingredients is driving the need for Ethyl Alcohol in Propargyl Ether production. As the market shifts towards greener alternatives, the relevance of Ethyl Alcohol is expected to grow, aligning with the overall trends in consumer preferences.

By Region

The Propargyl Ether market is witnessing varied demand across different regions, with North America being one of the leading markets. The region has a strong pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing base, contributing to a significant consumption of Propargyl Ether as a key intermediate in producing diverse products. The North American market for Propargyl Ether is projected to grow at a CAGR of approximately 6.2% during the forecast period, driven by ongoing research and development in the pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals space. Additionally, the increasing adoption of innovative manufacturing processes within this region is likely to further bolster market growth.

In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a rapidly growing market for Propargyl Ether, driven by the expansion of chemical manufacturing and pharmaceutical sectors in countries such as China and India. The rising demand for specialty chemicals and advanced materials across various industries is fueling the growth in this region. The Asia Pacific Propargyl Ether market is expected to witness a robust CAGR of around 7.0% during the forecast period, supported by increased investment in research and development activities aimed at optimizing production methods. This growth trajectory highlights the region's significant potential to capture a larger portion of the global Propargyl Ether market.

Opportunities

Significant opportunities lie ahead for the Propargyl Ether market, particularly as industries increasingly focus on sustainability and the development of eco-friendly products. With a growing awareness of environmental issues, manufacturers are under pressure to adopt greener practices in their production processes. This shift presents an opportunity for Propargyl Ether, as its production can be optimized to minimize environmental impact. Furthermore, advancements in chemical synthesis technologies may open new pathways for utilizing Propargyl Ether in innovative applications, expanding its market reach across diverse sectors such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and specialty chemicals.

Additionally, the rise of personalized medicine is creating new avenues for growth in the Propargyl Ether market. As the demand for tailored therapeutic solutions increases, the need for versatile chemical intermediates like Propargyl Ether will grow. Companies that can leverage this trend by developing customized products to cater to specific market needs stand to benefit significantly. Collaborations and partnerships with research institutions and universities can also facilitate innovation in this space, paving the way for new applications and enhanced product offerings that capitalize on the emerging trends in healthcare and personal care.

Threats

The Propargyl Ether market faces several threats that could impact its growth trajectory. One of the primary concerns is the volatility in raw material prices, which can significantly affect manufacturing costs. The reliance on specific chemical feedstocks for producing Propargyl Ether means that any fluctuations in price or availability can create uncertainty for manufacturers and disrupt supply chains. Additionally, the regulatory landscape surrounding chemical production is becoming increasingly stringent, necessitating compliance with various environmental and safety regulations. This could pose challenges for companies operating in the Propargyl Ether market, as ensuring compliance may require substantial investments in technology and infrastructure.

Furthermore, the emergence of alternative solvents and chemical intermediates poses a threat to the Propargyl Ether market. As industries continue to seek more sustainable and cost-effective solutions, there is a risk that Propargyl Ether could be replaced by newer, more efficient chemical alternatives. This ongoing competition requires companies to stay agile and innovate continually, ensuring that they maintain their market position and address changing consumer preferences. The ability to differentiate products and showcase unique benefits will be critical for manufacturers to navigate these challenges effectively.

Competitor Outlook

• Evonik Industries AG
• Huntsman Corporation
• BASF SE
• Jiangshan Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Shandong Luhua Group Co., Ltd.
• Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
• Hubei Greenhome Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Rahn AG
• Wuxi Shunlong Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
• Merck KGaA
• Alfa Aesar
• SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation)
• Sinochem International Corporation
• Solvay SA

The competitive landscape of the Propargyl Ether market is characterized by the presence of numerous established players and emerging companies alike. Major manufacturers are focused on enhancing their product portfolios and expanding their distribution networks to capture a larger market share. These companies are investing in research and development to innovate and produce high-quality Propargyl Ether products tailored to meet the specific needs of various applications. The increasing emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendly practices has prompted many manufacturers to adopt greener production methods, thus boosting their competitive edge in the market. Additionally, strategic collaborations and partnerships among companies are becoming more common as they seek to leverage complementary strengths to enhance their market positions.

Key players in the Propargyl Ether market are continuously exploring opportunities for expansion through mergers and acquisitions to enhance their operational capabilities. For instance, companies like Evonik Industries AG and Huntsman Corporation are actively acquiring smaller firms to strengthen their product offerings and market presence. This consolidation trend not only helps these companies diversify their portfolios but also allows for better synergy in research and development efforts. The competitive dynamics within the Propargyl Ether market continue to evolve, with leading players continuously striving to innovate and adapt to changing market conditions.

Among the notable companies in the Propargyl Ether market, Evonik Industries AG stands out for its extensive portfolio of specialty chemicals and commitment to sustainability. The company focuses on developing innovative solutions and optimizing production processes to reduce environmental impact. Huntsman Corporation, another major player, is well-known for its diverse range of chemical products and its efforts to enhance the performance of its offerings through advanced research and development. Meanwhile, BASF SE is recognized for its strong emphasis on technology and innovation, positioning itself as a leader in specialty chemicals. These companies, along with several others, are poised to shape the future of the Propargyl Ether market through their ongoing investments in research, development, and sustainable practices.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 BASF SE
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Rahn AG
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Solvay SA
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Alfa Aesar
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Merck KGaA
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Evonik Industries AG
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Huntsman Corporation
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Jiangshan Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Shandong Luhua Group Co., Ltd.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Wuxi Shunlong Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Hubei Greenhome Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Sinochem International Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation)
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Propargyl Ether Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Chemical Intermediates
    • 6.1.2 Pharmaceuticals
    • 6.1.3 Cosmetics
    • 6.1.4 Flavor & Fragrance
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Propargyl Ether Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Allyl Propargyl Ether
    • 6.2.2 Benzyl Propargyl Ether
    • 6.2.3 Methyl Propargyl Ether
    • 6.2.4 Ethyl Propargyl Ether
    • 6.2.5 Propyl Propargyl Ether
  • 6.3 Propargyl Ether Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Allyl Alcohol
    • 6.3.2 Propargyl Alcohol
    • 6.3.3 Benzyl Alcohol
    • 6.3.4 Methyl Alcohol
    • 6.3.5 Ethyl Alcohol
  • 6.4 Propargyl Ether Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Online Stores
    • 6.4.2 Specialty Stores
    • 6.4.3 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.4 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Propargyl Ether Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Propargyl Ether market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Allyl Propargyl Ether
• Benzyl Propargyl Ether
• Methyl Propargyl Ether
• Ethyl Propargyl Ether
• Propyl Propargyl Ether

By Application

• Chemical Intermediates
• Pharmaceuticals
• Cosmetics
• Flavor & Fragrance
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Online Stores
• Specialty Stores
• Direct Sales
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Allyl Alcohol
• Propargyl Alcohol
• Benzyl Alcohol
• Methyl Alcohol
• Ethyl Alcohol

By Region

• Asia Pacific
• North America
• Latin America
• Europe
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Evonik Industries AG
• Huntsman Corporation
• BASF SE
• Jiangshan Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Shandong Luhua Group Co., Ltd.
• Vanderbilt Chemicals, LLC
• Hubei Greenhome Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Rahn AG
• Wuxi Shunlong Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
• Merck KGaA
• Alfa Aesar
• SABIC (Saudi Basic Industries Corporation)
• Sinochem International Corporation
• Solvay SA