Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary
Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary Market Segments - by Product Type (Dye Fixing Agents, Printing Binders, Washing Agents, Leveling Agents, and Others), Application (Textile Printing, Fabric Dyeing, Paper Printing, Leather Dyeing, and Others), Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Distributors, Online Retail, Wholesalers, and Others), Ingredient Type (Surfactants, Chelating Agents, Anti-foaming Agents, Dispersants, and Others), and Region (Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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- Table Of Content
- Segments
- Methodology
Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary Market Outlook
The global Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market is projected to reach approximately USD 4.2 billion by 2035, expanding at a CAGR of around 5.2% during the forecast period. This growth is significantly driven by the increasing demand for textile production and the subsequent need for advanced dyeing and printing solutions. As the fashion industry continues to evolve, the demand for innovative and sustainable dyeing methods has surged. Furthermore, the rising focus on environmentally friendly textile processing techniques and the growing adoption of digital printing technology are compelling manufacturers to invest in high-performance auxiliary products. Additionally, the expansion of the e-commerce sector has enabled greater access to these products, further stimulating market growth.
Growth Factor of the Market
Several key factors are fueling the growth of the Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market. Firstly, the rapid urbanization and rising disposable incomes in emerging economies have enhanced consumer spending on garments and home textiles, thereby increasing the demand for dyeing and printing auxiliaries. Secondly, the textile industry is undergoing a transformation towards sustainability, which is pushing manufacturers to adopt eco-friendly auxiliary chemicals. This shift not only meets regulatory requirements but also aligns with consumer preferences for sustainable products. Moreover, technological advancements in textile printing, such as digital printing, are paving the way for more efficient and precise application of dyes and inks. Additionally, the growing trend of customization in textiles requires high-quality auxiliary products to achieve desired effects. These factors collectively contribute to the promising outlook of the market.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2025 to 2035.
- Increasing focus on sustainability and eco-friendly products enhances market demand.
- Technological advancements in dyeing and printing processes drive innovation.
- Emerging markets present significant growth opportunities due to rising incomes and urbanization.
- The expansion of e-commerce platforms facilitates greater access to auxiliary products.
By Product Type
Dye Fixing Agents:
Dye fixing agents are crucial in ensuring that dyes adhere properly to fabrics, which enhances the durability and vibrancy of colors in textiles. These agents work by forming bonds with the dye molecules, effectively locking them into the fabric fibers and preventing them from washing out. The increased demand for robust and long-lasting colors in various textile applications is propelling the growth of this segment. Manufacturers are increasingly developing eco-friendly dye fixing agents that meet sustainability standards, further driving market expansion.
Printing Binders:
Printing binders are essential in textile printing as they help to secure pigments to the fabric, ensuring that prints remain intact even after multiple washes. The market for printing binders is driven by the rise in digital textile printing, where high-quality binders are necessary to achieve the desired print effects. As the demand for intricate and colorful designs in fashion and home décor continues to grow, manufacturers are innovating with advanced binder formulations to provide better adhesion, flexibility, and durability.
Washing Agents:
Washing agents play a vital role in the textile finishing process, as they help remove excess dye and impurities from fabrics after dyeing or printing. The increasing emphasis on product quality and cleanliness in the textile industry is contributing to the demand for effective washing agents. These products are also evolving to be more environmentally friendly, with manufacturers focusing on developing biodegradable formulations that are safe for both users and the environment. The surge in regulations regarding wastewater treatment in the textile industry is also driving the growth of this segment.
Leveling Agents:
Leveling agents are used to promote uniform dyeing by controlling the distribution of dye on the fabric surface. This segment’s growth is closely linked to the rising complexity of textile designs and the need for consistent color application in mass production. With advancements in dyeing technology, leveling agents are becoming more sophisticated, enhancing the overall dyeing process. Manufacturers are investing in research and development to create leveling agents that can work effectively under various dyeing conditions, catering to diverse fabric types.
Others:
This category includes various auxiliary agents that support the dyeing and printing processes, such as thickening agents and anti-foaming agents. The growth of this segment is driven by the diverse applications of these products across different textile forms. As manufacturers strive for higher efficiency and lower production costs, the demand for specialized auxiliary chemicals that enhance operational speed and product quality is expected to rise. Innovations in this area will likely lead to the development of multifunctional agents that streamline processes and reduce the number of chemicals required.
By Application
Textile Printing:
Textile printing is one of the primary applications for printing and dyeing auxiliaries, driven by the rising demand for customized and vibrant fabric designs. The integration of digital printing technology has revolutionized this segment by enabling quicker turnaround times and more intricate designs. As the fashion industry increasingly trends towards short-run productions and personalized items, the need for effective printing auxiliaries that support high-quality outputs becomes ever more crucial. Innovations in inks and binders are also enhancing colorfastness and wash durability, further boosting this segment's growth.
Fabric Dyeing:
Fabric dyeing is a significant segment of the printing and dyeing auxiliary market, encompassing a wide range of techniques and fabrics. The growing preference for vibrant and long-lasting colors in apparel and home textiles drives the demand for high-performance dyeing auxiliaries. Furthermore, the rise of sustainable fashion, emphasizing eco-friendly dye processes, is pushing manufacturers to innovate and develop greener alternatives. This segment is witnessing technological advancements that improve dye uptake efficiency, minimize water usage, and reduce environmental impact.
Paper Printing:
The paper printing sector is experiencing growth due to the increasing demand for printed materials across various industries, including packaging, publishing, and advertising. The requirements for high-quality print finishes and colors necessitate the use of specialized printing auxiliaries. As digital printing becomes more prevalent in the paper industry, the demand for innovative printing aids is rising to ensure optimal print quality and consistency. This sector also benefits from advancements in eco-friendly inks and coatings, which are becoming increasingly popular among consumers and manufacturers alike.
Leather Dyeing:
Leather dyeing is a specialized process requiring unique auxiliaries to ensure effective color application and durability. The market for leather dyeing agents is driven by the luxury leather goods industry's growth, where quality and aesthetics are paramount. The demand for sustainable leather production processes is also increasing, prompting manufacturers to develop chromefree and biodegradable dyes. This segment is likely to experience growth as consumer interest in ethically sourced and environmentally friendly leather products rises.
Others:
The “Others” application category encompasses various niche uses of printing and dyeing auxiliaries in industries such as automotive textiles, upholstery, and specialty fabrics. This segment's growth is supported by the need for high-performance products in specialized applications, which often demand unique formulations to achieve desired results. As industries evolve and new applications emerge, the demand for versatile and innovative auxiliaries that can cater to these requirements is expected to increase, providing opportunities for manufacturers to expand their product offerings.
By Distribution Channel
Direct Sales:
Direct sales remain a prominent distribution channel in the Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market, allowing manufacturers to establish close relationships with their clients. This approach facilitates better understanding of customer needs and preferences, enabling manufacturers to tailor products accordingly. Direct sales also provide opportunities for manufacturers to showcase their product innovations through demonstrations, leading to greater customer confidence and loyalty. As the market evolves, the importance of direct sales strategies is expected to grow, particularly for premium products that require detailed explanations and support.
Distributors:
Distributors play a vital role in the printing and dyeing auxiliary market by connecting manufacturers with end-users across various geographic regions. They leverage their local market knowledge and networks to provide valuable insights and facilitate the distribution of specialized products. The reliance on distributors allows manufacturers to expand their reach without incurring the costs associated with establishing a wide sales network. As the textile industry diversifies and evolves, the role of distributors in identifying emerging trends and demands will be critical for manufacturers looking to remain competitive.
Online Retail:
The rise of e-commerce has transformed the way printing and dyeing auxiliaries are marketed and sold, providing manufacturers with a global platform to reach potential customers. Online retail offers convenience and accessibility, allowing customers to compare products and make informed purchasing decisions from the comfort of their homes. This channel is particularly appealing to smaller businesses and independent manufacturers who may not have the resources for extensive distribution networks. The ongoing growth of online platforms presents significant opportunities for manufacturers to tap into new customer segments and markets, especially in the context of the growing trend toward direct-to-consumer sales.
Wholesalers:
Wholesalers serve as intermediaries between manufacturers and retailers, playing a crucial role in the distribution of printing and dyeing auxiliaries. They typically buy products in bulk and offer them at competitive prices to smaller retailers and businesses. The demand for wholesalers is likely to remain strong as they provide essential services such as inventory management and logistics support. Additionally, wholesalers are often key players in introducing new products to the market, helping manufacturers penetrate various segments effectively. The growth of specialized retail channels, including those focused on sustainable and eco-friendly products, will further enhance the role of wholesalers in the auxiliary market.
Others:
This category includes various alternative distribution channels such as trade shows, exhibitions, and direct partnerships with large textile manufacturers. While these channels may not dominate the market, they are essential for building brand awareness and showcasing new products to potential customers. Manufacturers often participate in industry events to network and engage with key stakeholders, facilitating valuable connections and collaboration opportunities. As the market landscape continues to evolve, these alternative distribution routes will play an important role in enhancing visibility and accessibility for printing and dyeing auxiliaries.
By Ingredient Type
Surfactants:
Surfactants are fundamental components in printing and dyeing auxiliaries, functioning to reduce surface tension and improve the wetting of fabrics during the dyeing process. The ability of surfactants to enhance dye penetration and distribution is vital for achieving consistent color application across various fabric types. As the textile industry increasingly seeks to optimize water usage and minimize environmental impact, the demand for biodegradable and eco-friendly surfactants is on the rise. Consequently, manufacturers are focusing on the development of innovative surfactant formulations that offer high performance while adhering to sustainability standards.
Chelating Agents:
Chelating agents are important in capturing metal ions that may interfere with dyeing, ensuring that the dye colors remain vibrant and pure. By binding with unwanted metal ions, these agents enhance the quality of the dyeing process, resulting in better color brightness and consistency. The rising focus on high-quality textile production is driving demand for effective chelating agents that can work efficiently across various dyeing processes. Additionally, advancements in chelating agent formulations that are less harmful to the environment are becoming increasingly popular among manufacturers seeking to meet regulatory requirements.
Anti-foaming Agents:
Anti-foaming agents are essential in the printing and dyeing processes, as they help control and reduce foam formation during operations. Excessive foaming can negatively impact production efficiency and the quality of the final product. The demand for anti-foaming agents is growing as manufacturers strive for smoother operations and improved process control. Innovations in this area are leading to the development of more effective and environmentally friendly anti-foaming agents that cater to the needs of the textile industry. This segment is expected to grow as textile manufacturers continue to optimize their processes.
Dispersants:
Dispersants are crucial in maintaining the stability of dye solutions, preventing the aggregation of dye particles and ensuring even distribution across the fabric. This ingredient type is vital for achieving high-quality dyeing and printing results, especially in applications where precision is required. As the textile industry evolves with a focus on high-performance products, the demand for advanced dispersants that enhance dye solubility and stability is increasing. Manufacturers are investing in research to develop innovative dispersant formulations that cater to diverse textile applications and meet environmental regulations.
Others:
The “Others” category includes a variety of auxiliary ingredients that support dyeing and printing processes, such as thickening agents, leveling agents, and pH regulators. Each of these ingredients plays a critical role in optimizing the performance of printing and dyeing processes, contributing to the overall quality of the final textile product. The demand for these auxiliary ingredients is driven by the need for improved process efficiency and product performance, prompting manufacturers to innovate and develop specialized formulations. Additionally, as the textile market grows and diversifies, the need for a broader range of auxiliary ingredients tailored to specific applications is expected to rise.
By Region
The regional analysis of the Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market reveals distinct trends and dynamics influencing market growth across different areas. In North America, the market is projected to grow steadily, driven by the increasing demand for high-quality textiles and a shift towards sustainable production practices. The U.S. is a major contributor to the market, with its focus on eco-friendly and innovative textile processing solutions. The region is expected to witness a CAGR of 4.5% from 2025 to 2035, as manufacturers increasingly invest in advanced technologies and sustainable practices, aligning with consumer preferences for environmentally friendly products.
In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is anticipated to dominate the global Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market during the forecast period, accounting for over 40% of the total market share. Countries like China, India, and Bangladesh are at the forefront of textile production, leading to a heightened demand for dyeing and printing auxiliaries. The growing middle-class population and rising disposable incomes in these countries are driving consumer demand for fashion and home textiles, thereby boosting the market. Additionally, the region's increasing focus on technological advancements in textile processing will further propel market growth. The CAGR for the Asia Pacific region is projected to be around 6.0% between 2025 and 2035.
Opportunities
The Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market presents numerous opportunities for growth, particularly as consumer preferences shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly products. The increasing awareness of environmental issues has prompted manufacturers to innovate and develop sustainable formulations that minimize negative impacts on the environment. As regulations surrounding textile production become stricter, companies that can provide environmentally friendly solutions will be well-positioned to capture market share. Furthermore, the rising trend of digital printing in the textile industry offers a significant opportunity for growth, as it allows for greater customization and quick turnaround times. Companies that invest in research and development to create high-performance auxiliary products tailored to digital printing processes will likely benefit from this trend.
Additionally, emerging markets in Asia and Africa are presenting new avenues for expansion, as urbanization and rising middle-class incomes boost demand for textiles. This demographic shift is driving the need for innovative dyeing and printing solutions that meet the evolving preferences of consumers. Manufacturers are encouraged to establish strategic partnerships with local distributors in these regions to capitalize on market opportunities and increase their penetration in rapidly growing consumer markets. The development of tailored marketing strategies that resonate with local cultures and fashion trends will further enhance their competitive advantage in these regions.
Threats
Despite the promising outlook for the Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market, several threats could hinder growth. One of the primary concerns is the volatility in raw material prices, which can significantly impact manufacturing costs and profit margins. Fluctuations in the prices of chemicals and natural ingredients used in producing auxiliaries can create challenges for manufacturers who must balance cost-effectiveness with product quality. Moreover, the increasing awareness of environmental concerns among consumers and regulatory bodies may lead to stricter regulations on chemical usage in textile production, potentially limiting the availability of certain traditional auxiliaries or requiring costly reformulations. This scenario could compel manufacturers to invest heavily in research and development, slowing down profitability.
Another significant threat is the growing competition from alternative dyeing and printing technologies, such as waterless dyeing and advanced digital printing methods. These technologies often require fewer chemicals and less water, providing a more sustainable approach to textile production. As these alternatives gain traction, traditional printing and dyeing auxiliary products may face declining demand. Manufacturers must stay ahead of these trends by diversifying their product offerings and investing in innovative solutions that align with sustainability goals to remain competitive in this evolving landscape.
Competitor Outlook
- Huntsman Corporation
- Archroma
- BASF SE
- Dystar
- Clariant AG
- Lanxess AG
- Solvay S.A.
- BYK-Chemie GmbH
- Fabrics & Faux
- Kraton Corporation
- Textile Chemical Solutions
- Chromaflo Technologies
- Evonik Industries AG
- Kraton Polymers
- Yunyu Chemical Co., Ltd.
The competitive landscape of the Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market is characterized by a diverse range of players, with both established chemical companies and specialized manufacturers competing for market share. Many of the leading companies, such as Huntsman Corporation and BASF SE, have extensive product portfolios that cater to various segments within the textile industry. These companies invest heavily in research and development to create innovative, high-performance auxiliaries that meet evolving market demands. Their global presence and established distribution networks give them a significant advantage in reaching a wide customer base and addressing regional preferences for textile processing solutions.
Additionally, companies like Archroma and Clariant AG are focusing on sustainability initiatives to align their product offerings with the growing consumer demand for eco-friendly solutions. By developing innovative formulations that minimize environmental impact, these companies are positioning themselves as leaders in the sustainable textile auxiliary market. Collaborations with textile manufacturers to develop tailored solutions further enhance their competitiveness, allowing them to respond quickly to market trends and customer needs. The increasing emphasis on sustainability is expected to create opportunities for these companies to expand their market share while setting industry standards for environmentally responsible practices.
Smaller specialized manufacturers, such as Textile Chemical Solutions and Yunyu Chemical Co., Ltd., are also gaining traction in the market by offering niche products and customized solutions that cater to specific needs within the textile industry. These companies often focus on regional markets or specific application areas, allowing them to build strong relationships with local customers. Their agility and ability to quickly adapt to market changes enable them to compete effectively against larger players. Overall, the competitive landscape is dynamic, with companies continually seeking to innovate and differentiate their product offerings in response to the rapidly evolving demands of the textile industry.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 Dystar
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 BASF SE
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Archroma
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Lanxess AG
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Clariant AG
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Solvay S.A.
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Fabrics & Faux
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 BYK-Chemie GmbH
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 Kraton Polymers
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Kraton Corporation
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 Evonik Industries AG
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Huntsman Corporation
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Chromaflo Technologies
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Yunyu Chemical Co., Ltd.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Textile Chemical Solutions
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 Dystar
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Textile Printing
- 6.1.2 Fabric Dyeing
- 6.1.3 Paper Printing
- 6.1.4 Leather Dyeing
- 6.1.5 Others
- 6.2 Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Dye Fixing Agents
- 6.2.2 Printing Binders
- 6.2.3 Washing Agents
- 6.2.4 Leveling Agents
- 6.2.5 Others
- 6.3 Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary Market, By Ingredient Type
- 6.3.1 Surfactants
- 6.3.2 Chelating Agents
- 6.3.3 Anti-foaming Agents
- 6.3.4 Dispersants
- 6.3.5 Others
- 6.4 Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary Market, By Distribution Channel
- 6.4.1 Direct Sales
- 6.4.2 Distributors
- 6.4.3 Online Retail
- 6.4.4 Wholesalers
- 6.4.5 Others
- 6.1 Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Printing and Dyeing Auxiliary market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Dye Fixing Agents
- Printing Binders
- Washing Agents
- Leveling Agents
- Others
By Application
- Textile Printing
- Fabric Dyeing
- Paper Printing
- Leather Dyeing
- Others
By Distribution Channel
- Direct Sales
- Distributors
- Online Retail
- Wholesalers
- Others
By Ingredient Type
- Surfactants
- Chelating Agents
- Anti-foaming Agents
- Dispersants
- Others
By Region
- Asia Pacific
- North America
- Europe
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Huntsman Corporation
- Archroma
- BASF SE
- Dystar
- Clariant AG
- Lanxess AG
- Solvay S.A.
- BYK-Chemie GmbH
- Fabrics & Faux
- Kraton Corporation
- Textile Chemical Solutions
- Chromaflo Technologies
- Evonik Industries AG
- Kraton Polymers
- Yunyu Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : CH-5811
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)