Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components
Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market Segments - by Product Type (Resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Connectors, Diodes), Application (Automotive, Consumer Electronics, Industrial, Telecommunications, Aerospace & Defense), Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Distributors, Online Retailers, Others), Material Type (Ceramic, Polymer, Metal, Silicon, Glass), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components Market Outlook
The global Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market is projected to reach approximately USD 150 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of around 6% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This substantial growth can be attributed to several factors, including the increasing demand for electronics in automotive applications, the rise in consumer electronics usage, and the growing trend toward smart devices and IoT (Internet of Things) technologies. Furthermore, advancements in technology and miniaturization are pushing manufacturers to create more efficient and compact passive components, driving the market's expansion. Additionally, with the continuous evolution of telecommunication infrastructure and the need for high-frequency performance components, the demand for interconnecting electronic components is anticipated to surge. As industries increasingly rely on electronic systems for efficiency and functionality, the market is poised for significant growth, propelled by innovative applications and expanding industrial needs.
Growth Factor of the Market
The growth of the Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market can be largely attributed to the rapid advancements in technology across multiple sectors, particularly in the automotive and consumer electronics industries. The shift towards electric vehicles (EVs) and the integration of advanced electronic systems in automobiles are significantly increasing the demand for robust passive components that ensure reliability and efficiency. Additionally, the growing trend of miniaturization in electronics is driving manufacturers to develop smaller, more efficient components, fostering innovation in product design and performance. The rise of IoT applications has further accelerated demand for interconnecting components, as more devices require seamless connectivity to perform optimally. Furthermore, the expansion of telecommunications infrastructure, especially the rollout of 5G networks, is creating a pressing need for enhanced performance in passive components, thus presenting ample opportunities for market growth. Overall, the convergence of these trends is set to propel the market forward significantly.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The market is expected to reach approximately USD 150 billion by 2035.
- CAGR of around 6% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035.
- Rapid advancements in automotive electronics driving demand.
- Growing trend of miniaturization and efficient design in electronics.
- Expansion of telecommunications infrastructure, including 5G technology.
By Product Type
Resistors:
Resistors play a fundamental role in electronic circuits by controlling the flow of current and maintaining voltage levels. Their demand in the Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market is driven by the increasing use of electronic devices in various applications, including consumer electronics, automotive, and industrial sectors. The market for resistors is expanding due to advancements in technology, leading to the development of specialized resistors such as precision and high-power types. Furthermore, as components become more compact, the need for smaller, high-performance resistors is on the rise, driving innovation and production in the industry.
Capacitors:
Capacitors are essential components used to store electrical energy and are widely utilized in electronic circuits for filtering, smoothing, and energy storage applications. The growing demand for capacitors is largely influenced by the expanding consumer electronics market, where devices such as smartphones, laptops, and tablets require efficient energy management systems. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of renewable energy solutions, such as solar panels and wind turbines, is further propelling the need for capacitors in energy storage applications. Innovations in capacitor technology, such as the development of supercapacitors with superior energy storage capabilities, are also contributing to market growth.
Inductors:
Inductors are crucial for energy storage in magnetic fields and are commonly used in power supply applications, filtering, and signal processing. The demand for inductors is on the rise, primarily driven by advancements in automotive technology, where they are utilized for energy efficiency in electric and hybrid vehicles. Furthermore, the proliferation of wireless technology and communication devices has increased the need for high-frequency inductors capable of managing radio frequency signals. With the growing focus on efficient power management and electromagnetic interference reduction, inductors are becoming increasingly vital in various electronic applications.
Connectors:
Connectors serve as vital components for establishing electrical connections and facilitating communication between different electronic devices. The growing trend of interconnected devices, particularly in the context of IoT, smart homes, and automotive applications, is significantly driving the demand for connectors. Innovations in connector technology, such as miniaturization and enhanced durability, are leading to the development of more efficient and reliable connection solutions. Additionally, the expansion of telecommunications infrastructure, such as 5G networks, is creating a pressing need for high-performance connectors capable of handling increased data transmission rates, further propelling market growth.
Diodes:
Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in one direction, making them essential components in various electronic circuits for rectification, voltage regulation, and signal modulation. The demand for diodes is being driven by the increasing use of electronic devices across multiple industries, including automotive, telecommunications, and consumer electronics. As technology advances, the need for specialized diodes, such as Schottky diodes and Zener diodes, is growing due to their superior performance in specific applications. Additionally, the rise of renewable energy systems and electric vehicles is further enhancing the demand for diodes, as they are critical for energy control and management in these technologies.
By Application
Automotive:
The automotive sector is witnessing significant advancements in electronic systems, which is driving the demand for passive and interconnecting components. With the rise of electric vehicles (EVs) and autonomous driving technologies, the need for reliable and efficient electronic components is more critical than ever. Passive components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, are used for power management, signal processing, and control in automotive electronics. As manufacturers strive for enhanced performance and safety, the demand for high-quality passive components in automotive applications is expected to continue growing.
Consumer Electronics:
The consumer electronics market is one of the largest segments driving the demand for passive and interconnecting electronic components. Devices such as smartphones, tablets, laptops, and wearable technology require a vast array of components to function effectively. The increasing trend of smart devices and IoT applications is creating a greater need for compact, high-performance passive components that can enhance device functionality and efficiency. Additionally, the relentless innovation in consumer electronics is pushing manufacturers to develop new and improved passive components, further fueling market growth.
Industrial:
In the industrial sector, passive and interconnecting components are essential for automation, control systems, and machinery. The demand for these components in industrial applications is driven by the growing emphasis on efficiency, productivity, and safety. Industries are increasingly adopting advanced electronic systems to optimize operations, which has resulted in a higher requirement for reliable passive components. Furthermore, the implementation of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing practices is expected to further enhance the demand for passive components, as connectivity and integration become paramount in modern industrial environments.
Telecommunications:
The telecommunications sector is undergoing a transformation with the rollout of 5G technology, which is significantly increasing the demand for passive and interconnecting components. These components are crucial for maintaining the performance and reliability of communication networks, ensuring efficient signal transmission and reception. As the demand for faster and more reliable connectivity grows, so does the need for high-quality passive components that can support advanced telecommunications applications. The expansion of data centers and improvements in networking infrastructure will also drive the demand for interconnecting components, further strengthening this market segment.
Aerospace & Defense:
The aerospace and defense industries require high-performance passive and interconnecting components that can withstand extreme conditions and ensure reliability in mission-critical applications. The demand for these components is fueled by advancements in aerospace technology, including the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellite systems. Additionally, as defense systems become more sophisticated, the need for efficient energy management and signal processing components is increasing. The emphasis on safety, durability, and performance in aerospace and defense applications is driving manufacturers to develop specialized passive components tailored to meet the stringent requirements of these industries.
By Distribution Channel
Direct Sales:
Direct sales represent a significant distribution channel for passive and interconnecting electronic components, allowing manufacturers to establish a direct relationship with their customers. This channel often offers advantages such as customized solutions and direct support, which are crucial for clients with specific technical requirements. The ability to provide tailored solutions and prompt service enhances customer satisfaction and loyalty, contributing to overall market growth. Furthermore, manufacturers who engage in direct sales can better manage their inventory and gain insights into customer preferences, enabling them to optimize their product offerings.
Distributors:
Distributors play a vital role in the supply chain of passive and interconnecting electronic components, bridging the gap between manufacturers and end-users. They provide a wide range of products and facilitate access to various components for customers, significantly enhancing market reach. Distributors often offer value-added services such as technical support, inventory management, and logistics, which are essential for customers looking to streamline their procurement processes. As the demand for diverse components continues to grow, distributors are expected to play an increasingly important role in ensuring timely and efficient delivery of passive components to various industries.
Online Retailers:
The rise of online retailing has transformed the distribution landscape for passive and interconnecting electronic components. E-commerce platforms enable customers to easily access a wide variety of components from the comfort of their homes or offices. This shift towards online purchasing is driven by the convenience and accessibility offered by e-commerce, as well as the increasing reliance on digital transactions. Online retailers also provide valuable resources, such as customer reviews and product comparisons, which assist buyers in making informed decisions. As the trend towards online shopping continues, this distribution channel is expected to grow significantly within the passive components market.
Others:
Other distribution channels for passive and interconnecting electronic components include wholesalers, value-added resellers, and specialty retailers. These channels cater to specific market segments and help manufacturers reach diverse customer bases. Wholesalers often purchase large quantities of components and supply them to smaller retailers or manufacturers, ensuring that various market needs are met. Specialty retailers focus on niche markets, providing expert advice and tailored solutions to customers in specific industries. As the demand for specialized components grows, these alternative distribution channels will continue to gain importance in the overall market.
By Material Type
Ceramic:
Ceramic materials are widely used in the production of passive components such as capacitors and resistors due to their excellent electrical insulation properties and thermal stability. The demand for ceramic-based components is primarily driven by their ability to perform reliably in high-temperature environments, making them suitable for automotive, industrial, and telecommunications applications. The continuous advancement in ceramic manufacturing techniques is enhancing the performance and miniaturization of ceramic components, fueling their adoption across various sectors. As industries increasingly seek durable and reliable electronic solutions, the demand for ceramic materials is expected to grow steadily.
Polymer:
Polymer materials are increasingly being utilized in the production of passive components like capacitors and resistors, particularly due to their lightweight and flexible properties. The growing demand for compact and portable electronic devices is driving the shift towards polymer-based components, which can be easily integrated into various applications. Additionally, advancements in polymer technology are leading to the development of high-performance components that offer excellent electrical characteristics. As the market for consumer electronics continues to expand, the demand for polymer-based passive components is projected to rise significantly.
Metal:
Metal materials are crucial in the production of various passive components, particularly inductors and connectors, due to their excellent electrical conductivity and durability. The demand for metal-based components is primarily driven by their essential role in power management and signal integrity applications. Additionally, the robustness and reliability of metal components make them ideal for use in industrial, automotive, and telecommunications sectors. As industries continue to focus on developing efficient and reliable electronic systems, the demand for metal materials in passive components is expected to grow steadily.
Silicon:
Silicon materials are predominantly used in semiconductor devices, including diodes and transistors, which are essential for various electronic applications. The growing demand for high-performance electronic components is driving the need for advanced silicon-based solutions. The continuous advancements in silicon technology, such as the development of silicon carbide (SiC) and silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies, are further enhancing the performance and efficiency of these components. As the market for electronic devices continues to expand, the demand for silicon-based passive components is anticipated to rise significantly.
Glass:
Glass materials are utilized in the production of specialized passive components, particularly in high-frequency applications. The unique properties of glass, such as chemical resistance and thermal stability, make it suitable for use in demanding environments. The demand for glass-based components is driven by their ability to provide reliable performance in various applications, including telecommunications and aerospace. As industries increasingly require high-performance and specialized components, the use of glass materials in passive components is expected to grow, enhancing the overall market landscape.
By Region
In North America, the Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market is projected to hold a significant share, accounting for approximately 30% of the global market. The region's growth is driven by the presence of major manufacturers, robust technological advancements, and the increasing adoption of electronic devices across various industries. The automotive sector, in particular, is expected to see substantial growth, fueled by the rising demand for electric vehicles and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). Furthermore, the continuous investment in telecommunications infrastructure, especially with the rollout of 5G technology, is expected to further enhance the demand for passive components in North America.
Europe is also a key player in the Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market, with a projected share of around 25%. The region is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing focus on renewable energy solutions and the expansion of the automotive industry. Countries like Germany and the UK are leading this growth, driven by advancements in automotive electronics and the increasing demand for energy-efficient solutions. The telecommunications sector in Europe is also expanding, with the adoption of 5G technology creating new opportunities for passive component manufacturers. The CAGR for the European market is expected to be around 5.5% during the forecast period, reflecting the region's commitment to technological innovation and sustainability.
Opportunities
The Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market is poised for significant opportunities, particularly due to the ongoing technological advancements and the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs). As the automotive industry shifts towards electrification, manufacturers of passive components are presented with the opportunity to develop specialized products that cater to the unique requirements of EVs. This includes high-performance capacitors and inductors that can efficiently manage power in electric drivetrains, as well as durable connectors that ensure reliable connections in battery systems. Furthermore, the expansion of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, is driving the need for efficient energy storage solutions, creating additional opportunities for passive component manufacturers to innovate and expand their product offerings.
Another notable opportunity lies in the growing trend of IoT and smart devices, which is driving the demand for interconnected electronic components. As more devices become interconnected, the need for reliable connectors, filters, and other passive components is surging. Manufacturers can leverage this trend by focusing on developing compact, high-performance components that meet the technical demands of IoT applications. Additionally, the increasing reliance on automation across various industries offers significant opportunities for passive components as manufacturers seek to enhance operational efficiency and reduce costs through smart manufacturing practices. By investing in research and development, companies can capitalize on these growing segments and drive innovation in the passive and interconnecting electronic components market.
Threats
Despite the numerous opportunities present in the Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market, several threats could potentially hinder its growth. One of the significant threats is the increasing competition from low-cost manufacturers, particularly in emerging markets. These manufacturers often offer products at significantly lower prices, which can impact the market share of established players who focus on quality and innovation. The growing presence of counterfeit components in the market also poses a risk to the reputation of legitimate manufacturers, as consumers may mistakenly purchase inferior products that compromise performance and reliability. Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancements means that companies must continually innovate to stay ahead of the competition, which can strain resources and increase operational costs.
Another considerable threat to the market is the fluctuation in raw material prices, which can adversely affect production costs and profit margins for manufacturers. The reliance on specific materials, such as metals and ceramics, makes the industry vulnerable to supply chain disruptions and geopolitical tensions. Additionally, the increasing focus on environmental regulations and sustainability practices may require manufacturers to adapt their processes, potentially leading to increased costs. These challenges necessitate strategic planning and adaptability in the market to mitigate risks and seize growth opportunities.
Competitor Outlook
- TE Connectivity
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
- Yageo Corporation
- AVX Corporation
- Vishay Intertechnology Inc.
- KEMET Corporation
- Panasonic Corporation
- NXP Semiconductors N.V.
- Texas Instruments Inc.
- TDK Corporation
- Analog Devices, Inc.
- Samsung Electro-Mechanics
- Infineon Technologies AG
- STMicroelectronics N.V.
- ROHM Semiconductor
The competitive landscape of the Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging manufacturers. Key players are continuously investing in research and development to enhance product offerings and meet the evolving needs of various industries. Additionally, strategic partnerships and collaborations are becoming increasingly common as companies seek to expand their market presence and leverage complementary strengths. The competition is fierce, with companies striving for innovation and differentiation in their product lines to capture market share. The focus on sustainability and environmentally friendly practices is also becoming a crucial factor in the competitive dynamics of the market.
TE Connectivity, a leading manufacturer of connectivity and sensor solutions, has established a strong presence in the market through its extensive product portfolio and commitment to innovation. The company is focused on developing high-performance passive components that cater to the growing demands of the automotive, industrial, and telecommunications sectors. Additionally, TE Connectivity’s global footprint and strong distribution network enable it to reach a wide customer base effectively.
Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is another prominent player in the Passive and Interconnecting Electronic Components Market, known for its advanced capacitor technology and innovative solutions. The company has made significant investments in research and development to enhance the performance and efficiency of its passive components, positioning itself as a leader in the market. Murata's strong focus on miniaturization and integration of components has enabled it to cater to the growing needs of the consumer electronics and automotive industries.
Vishay Intertechnology Inc. is recognized for its diverse range of passive and interconnecting components, including resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The company places a strong emphasis on quality and reliability, making it a preferred supplier for various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and telecommunications. Vishay's commitment to innovation and customer satisfaction has helped it maintain a competitive edge in the market, driving growth and expanding its global presence.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 AVX Corporation
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 TDK Corporation
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 TE Connectivity
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 KEMET Corporation
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Yageo Corporation
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 ROHM Semiconductor
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Analog Devices, Inc.
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 Panasonic Corporation
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 Texas Instruments Inc.
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 NXP Semiconductors N.V.
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 STMicroelectronics N.V.
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Infineon Technologies AG
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Samsung Electro-Mechanics
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Vishay Intertechnology Inc.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 AVX Corporation
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Automotive
- 6.1.2 Consumer Electronics
- 6.1.3 Industrial
- 6.1.4 Telecommunications
- 6.1.5 Aerospace & Defense
- 6.2 Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Resistors
- 6.2.2 Capacitors
- 6.2.3 Inductors
- 6.2.4 Connectors
- 6.2.5 Diodes
- 6.3 Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components Market, By Material Type
- 6.3.1 Ceramic
- 6.3.2 Polymer
- 6.3.3 Metal
- 6.3.4 Silicon
- 6.3.5 Glass
- 6.4 Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components Market, By Distribution Channel
- 6.4.1 Direct Sales
- 6.4.2 Distributors
- 6.4.3 Online Retailers
- 6.4.4 Others
- 6.1 Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Passive And Interconnecting Electronic Components market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Resistors
- Capacitors
- Inductors
- Connectors
- Diodes
By Application
- Automotive
- Consumer Electronics
- Industrial
- Telecommunications
- Aerospace & Defense
By Distribution Channel
- Direct Sales
- Distributors
- Online Retailers
- Others
By Material Type
- Ceramic
- Polymer
- Metal
- Silicon
- Glass
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- TE Connectivity
- Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
- Yageo Corporation
- AVX Corporation
- Vishay Intertechnology Inc.
- KEMET Corporation
- Panasonic Corporation
- NXP Semiconductors N.V.
- Texas Instruments Inc.
- TDK Corporation
- Analog Devices, Inc.
- Samsung Electro-Mechanics
- Infineon Technologies AG
- STMicroelectronics N.V.
- ROHM Semiconductor
- Publish Date : Jan 21 ,2025
- Report ID : EL-35629
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)
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