Molybdenum Trioxide Sales

Molybdenum Trioxide Sales Market Outlook

The global molybdenum trioxide market is projected to reach approximately USD 1.2 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for molybdenum trioxide across various industries, including metallurgy, electronics, and chemicals. The expansion of the automotive and aerospace sectors, along with the growing need for high-performance alloys, is expected to drive significant market growth. Furthermore, the rising application of molybdenum trioxide in catalysts and pigments is likely to enhance its demand further. The sustainability trend towards greener and more efficient manufacturing processes is also a crucial factor contributing to the market's expansion.

Growth Factor of the Market

The molybdenum trioxide market is experiencing growth due to several key factors. First, the increasing utilization of molybdenum in high-strength steel production is driving demand, as molybdenum enhances strength, hardness, and resistance to corrosion in metal alloys. Additionally, the expanding electronics industry, particularly in semiconductor manufacturing, is creating a surge in demand for molybdenum trioxide due to its excellent electrical conductivity properties. The rise in investments in infrastructure development globally is another contributing factor, as it necessitates the use of high-performance materials in construction. Moreover, technological advancements in molybdenum recovery and recycling processes are improving supply chain efficiency, thereby supporting market growth. Lastly, the burgeoning demand for specialized coatings and pigments in the automotive and aerospace industries is expected to propel the molybdenum trioxide market to new heights.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Projected global market size of approximately USD 1.2 billion by 2035 with a CAGR of 5.2%.
• Significant growth driven by the increasing demand in metallurgy and electronics sectors.
• Rising applications in catalysts and pigments enhancing molybdenum trioxide consumption.
• Technological advancements improving supply chain and recycling processes.
• Expanding infrastructure development fueling the demand for high-performance materials.

By Product Type

Powder :

Molybdenum trioxide in powder form is one of the most commonly utilized product types in the market due to its versatility and ease of use in various applications. This finely ground substance is favored in industries such as metallurgy, where it acts as a crucial raw material for producing high-performance alloys. The powder form allows for better blending and dispersion in metal matrix composites, which significantly enhances end-product properties. Furthermore, the molybdenum powder is widely used in the manufacturing of catalysts, particularly in the petroleum refining sector, where it serves as a key component in hydrocracking processes. The fine particle size of molybdenum trioxide powder helps in maximizing surface area, thereby increasing reactivity and efficiency in chemical reactions.

Granules :

The granulated form of molybdenum trioxide is increasingly being adopted in various industrial applications. Granules offer the advantage of reduced dust formation during handling and processing, making them safer and easier to manage in industrial settings. This form is particularly beneficial in applications where controlled release of the element is necessary, such as in fertilizers and soil amendments in agriculture. The granulated molybdenum trioxide also finds utility in certain metallurgical processes where the precise size and shape of the granules can influence the properties of the final alloy. Additionally, the granules are often used in the production of high-temperature resistant materials, further expanding their market appeal.

Pellets :

Molybdenum trioxide pellets are a less common but increasingly recognized form due to their specific applications in high-performance materials. The pelletized form is advantageous for certain chemical processes, where uniform size and shape can lead to improved reaction rates and consistency in product quality. These pellets are often utilized in the production of refractory materials that can withstand extreme temperatures, making them essential in industries such as aerospace and automotive. Furthermore, pellets can provide an alternative for chemical vapor deposition processes, where their size and density can enhance the quality of the deposited films. The market for molybdenum trioxide pellets is expected to grow as industries continue to seek innovative solutions for high-performance applications.

Flakes :

The flake form of molybdenum trioxide is primarily used in applications requiring specific size and surface area characteristics. These flakes are easier to integrate into various formulations, especially in pigments and coatings, where they serve as colorants and provide unique optical properties. The molybdenum trioxide flakes are also effective in certain types of lubricants and greases, offering enhanced performance in high-temperature environments. Their size and surface area allow for greater adherence and compatibility with other materials, which is vital in manufacturing processes. The demand for molybdenum trioxide flakes is anticipated to rise as industries continue to innovate in the field of advanced materials.

Nanoparticles :

The emergence of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles has opened up new avenues in the market, particularly in nanotechnology and advanced materials. These nanoparticles exhibit unique properties such as increased surface area and enhanced chemical reactivity, making them ideal for applications in catalysis and environmental remediation. The use of nanoparticles in coatings can significantly improve properties such as wear resistance and thermal stability, attracting attention from industries focused on high-performance applications. Furthermore, the biomedical sector is exploring the potential of molybdenum trioxide nanoparticles in drug delivery systems and cancer therapy, where their high surface-to-volume ratio can enable targeted delivery. As research and development in nanotechnology progress, the molybdenum trioxide nanoparticle segment is expected to witness substantial growth.

By Application

Catalysts :

Molybdenum trioxide plays a pivotal role in various catalytic processes, particularly in the petroleum refining industry. It is widely used as a catalyst in hydrocracking and hydrotreating processes, where it aids in breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more valuable products. The rising demand for cleaner fuels and the regulatory push towards lower sulfur emissions are driving the growth of this application segment. Additionally, molybdenum trioxide is also utilized in the production of catalysts for chemical reactions in the manufacturing of fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Its effectiveness in catalyzing oxidation reactions further enhances its desirability in a variety of industrial applications, making it a critical component in the evolving landscape of catalytic technologies.

Pigments :

The pigment application of molybdenum trioxide is gaining traction, particularly in the coatings and plastics industries. Molybdenum trioxide is known for its excellent lightfastness and thermal stability, making it an ideal choice for high-performance pigments. These pigments are extensively used in automotive paints, industrial coatings, and plastic products, where durability and resistance to fading are paramount. The growing demand for eco-friendly and sustainable pigments is propelling the use of molybdenum trioxide-based pigments as they can provide vibrant colors while being environmentally benign. Furthermore, the ongoing trends towards customization and advanced aesthetics in products are also enhancing the growth prospects of this segment.

Metal Alloys :

The application of molybdenum trioxide in metal alloys is one of its most significant uses, particularly in the aerospace, automotive, and construction sectors. Molybdenum is an essential alloying agent that imparts strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance to steel and other metal alloys. The increasing demand for high-performance materials that can withstand extreme conditions is driving the growth of this application segment. Furthermore, as industries shift towards lightweight materials to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions, the demand for molybdenum-containing alloys is expected to rise. This trend is particularly evident in the aerospace industry, where stringent safety and performance requirements necessitate the use of high-quality materials.

Glass Manufacturing :

In glass manufacturing, molybdenum trioxide is utilized primarily as a colorant and to improve the thermal stability of glass products. Its unique properties allow it to impart specific shades and enhance the overall quality of the glass. Molybdenum trioxide is especially beneficial in the production of specialty glasses, including glass ceramics and high-performance glasses used in electronics and optics. The rising demand for innovative glass products in various applications, such as construction and automotive, is expected to bolster the growth of this segment. Additionally, the trend towards sustainable and energy-efficient glass manufacturing processes is likely to further propel the use of molybdenum trioxide in this industry.

Others :

The 'Others' category encompasses various niche applications of molybdenum trioxide that do not fall under the primary segments. These applications include its use in fertilizers, chemical intermediates, and certain pharmaceutical formulations. The agricultural sector is increasingly recognizing the importance of molybdenum as a micronutrient, leading to its incorporation into fertilizers to enhance soil health and crop yields. Moreover, molybdenum trioxide is also being explored in the field of electronics for potential applications in semiconductor materials. As innovation continues in various fields, the versatility of molybdenum trioxide is likely to uncover even more diverse applications in this market.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales :

Direct sales channels play a crucial role in the molybdenum trioxide market, allowing manufacturers to engage directly with customers and provide tailored solutions to meet their specific needs. This channel facilitates better communication, enabling manufacturers to understand the market demands and adjust their offerings accordingly. Direct sales often lead to enhanced customer relationships and loyalty, as buyers appreciate the direct interaction with the suppliers. Furthermore, this method allows for greater control over pricing and distribution, ensuring that customers receive high-quality products without middlemen markup. The direct sales strategy is particularly effective in industries requiring specialized products, as it can provide a more personalized service experience for clients.

Distributor Sales :

Distributor sales serve as a significant distribution channel for molybdenum trioxide, providing a broad reach to various market segments. Distributors play a vital role in bridging the gap between manufacturers and end-users, ensuring that molybdenum trioxide products are readily available across different regions. They typically have established networks and relationships within specific industries, which can facilitate quicker access to products for customers. This channel is particularly beneficial for manufacturers looking to expand their market presence without investing heavily in logistics and distribution infrastructure. Distributors often provide value-added services such as inventory management, technical support, and customer service, which can enhance the overall customer experience.

Online Retail :

The rise of e-commerce has led to the growing prominence of online retail as a distribution channel for molybdenum trioxide. This channel provides a convenient platform for customers to access a wide range of products and compare options without geographical limitations. Online retail allows manufacturers and distributors to reach a broader audience, including small-scale buyers and industries that may not have direct access to traditional distribution networks. The ease of purchasing through online platforms, combined with detailed product information and customer reviews, enhances buyer confidence and decision-making. As more companies adopt digital strategies, the online retail segment of the molybdenum trioxide market is expected to witness significant growth, catering to the evolving preferences of consumers.

By Grade Type

Technical Grade :

Technical grade molybdenum trioxide is primarily used in industrial applications that require high-performing materials without stringent specifications. This grade is suitable for applications such as metal alloys and catalysts, where the chemical purity and specific properties are essential but not necessarily at the most demanding levels. The technical grade serves a diverse range of industries, including construction and automotive, where molybdenum's unique properties can enhance the performance of products without the need for higher-grade specifications. As industries continue to seek cost-effective solutions, technical-grade molybdenum trioxide is likely to retain a significant share of the market.

Industrial Grade :

Industrial grade molybdenum trioxide is designed for applications requiring a higher level of purity and performance compared to technical grade. This grade is widely used in sectors such as electronic components and advanced coatings, where the material's properties directly impact end-product quality. The industrial grade typically meets stringent quality standards set by regulatory bodies, ensuring that it performs effectively in demanding applications. With the growing emphasis on quality and performance in manufacturing processes, the demand for industrial-grade molybdenum trioxide is expected to increase, particularly in industries focused on high-tech applications and advanced materials.

Reagent Grade :

Reagent grade molybdenum trioxide is essential for laboratory and research applications, where the highest level of purity is required for accurate results. This grade is commonly used in chemical analysis, reagent formulation, and in the synthesis of specialized compounds. The stringent quality control measures associated with reagent-grade materials ensure that they meet the rigorous standards necessary for scientific and industrial research. As research and development activities expand across various fields, including pharmaceuticals and materials science, the demand for reagent-grade molybdenum trioxide is anticipated to grow, driven by the need for high-quality raw materials in innovative research.

Electronic Grade :

Electronic grade molybdenum trioxide is specifically tailored for applications in the electronics industry, including semiconductor fabrication and electronic component manufacturing. This grade is characterized by its ultra-high purity and carefully controlled particle size, allowing for optimal performance in sensitive electronic applications. The increasing adoption of advanced technologies such as 5G and IoT is driving demand for high-quality electronic materials, including molybdenum trioxide. As the electronics sector continues to evolve towards miniaturization and improved performance, the requirement for electronic grade molybdenum trioxide is expected to rise, making this segment pivotal in the overall market landscape.

By Region

The North American molybdenum trioxide market is poised for significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for high-performance alloys in the aerospace and automotive sectors. The region is projected to witness a CAGR of 4.8% from 2025 to 2035, primarily due to advancements in technology and the expansion of manufacturing capabilities. The presence of key players in the region, coupled with a robust supply chain infrastructure, supports the growth of the molybdenum trioxide market. Additionally, the rising focus on sustainable manufacturing practices and the demand for environmentally friendly materials is further propelling growth in North America, solidifying its position in the global market.

Europe is another critical region for the molybdenum trioxide market, characterized by a well-established industrial base and a strong emphasis on innovation. The European market is expected to grow steadily, fueled by the demand for high-quality pigments and catalysts. Countries such as Germany, France, and the UK are leading the charge in terms of market share, driven by their advanced chemical manufacturing sectors. The increasing adoption of molybdenum trioxide in glass manufacturing and specialty coatings also contributes to the market's growth in this region. The trend towards greener technologies and sustainable materials is further expected to elevate the significance of molybdenum trioxide in European industries.

Opportunities

The molybdenum trioxide market is rife with opportunities, particularly within emerging markets where industrialization is on the rise. As developing nations invest in infrastructure and manufacturing capabilities, the demand for high-performance materials, including molybdenum trioxide, is likely to increase. This presents a unique opportunity for manufacturers to expand their market presence by establishing localized production facilities or partnerships with regional distributors. Additionally, the growing awareness of the importance of molybdenum as a micronutrient in agriculture opens up new avenues for market growth. By tailoring products to meet regional needs and promoting the benefits of molybdenum in fertilizers, companies can tap into this burgeoning market segment.

Furthermore, advancements in technology and materials science present additional opportunities for molybdenum trioxide manufacturers. The increasing focus on research and development in fields such as nanotechnology and advanced materials is leading to innovative applications of molybdenum trioxide in various sectors. Companies that invest in research and innovation to develop new products or enhance existing ones will likely gain a competitive edge in the market. Collaborations with research institutions and universities can facilitate the exploration of new applications and technologies, paving the way for sustainable growth in the molybdenum trioxide market.

Threats

The molybdenum trioxide market faces several threats, primarily stemming from fluctuating raw material prices and supply chain disruptions. Volatility in the pricing of molybdenum, driven by geopolitical tensions or changes in mining regulations, can significantly impact production costs and, consequently, market pricing. Additionally, the reliance on a limited number of suppliers for raw materials can pose risks to manufacturers, especially during periods of increased demand or unexpected supply shortages. This uncertainty can deter investments and hinder growth in the market, as companies may be reluctant to commit to long-term contracts in an unstable economic environment.

Another significant threat stems from the increasing emphasis on environmental sustainability and regulations aimed at reducing carbon emissions. As industries strive to meet stringent regulatory requirements, there may be a shift toward alternative materials and technologies that can offer similar performance at a lower environmental impact. This trend could lead to reduced demand for molybdenum trioxide in certain applications, particularly in sectors where substitutes are readily available. Companies operating in this market will need to adapt to these changes and invest in sustainable practices to remain competitive and mitigate the risks associated with shifting consumer preferences.

Competitor Outlook

• Freeport-McMoRan Inc.
• China Molybdenum Co., Ltd.
• Thyssenkrupp AG
• VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation
• Tru Group Inc.
• Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group Co., Ltd.
• RHI Magnesita N.V.
• Advanced Molybdenum Inc.
• Southern Copper Corporation
• Wolverine Tube, Inc.
• Rocca Group
• Molybdenum Corporation of America
• Metallurgical Corporation of China Ltd.
• H.C. Starck GmbH
• Amalgamated Molybdenum

The competitive landscape of the molybdenum trioxide market is characterized by a diverse range of players, including both established multinational corporations and specialized manufacturers. These companies are engaged in various strategies to enhance their market presence, such as mergers and acquisitions, partnerships, and product innovations. The market is witnessing a trend towards consolidation, where larger firms acquire smaller players to expand their product portfolios and market reach. This consolidation is expected to enhance competition and drive innovation, as companies strive to differentiate their offerings and provide value-added services to customers.

Key players like Freeport-McMoRan Inc. hold a significant share in the global molybdenum trioxide market, primarily due to their extensive mining operations and integrated supply chains. The company is known for its commitment to sustainable mining practices and has invested heavily in technology to improve efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Similarly, China Molybdenum Co., Ltd. is a major player, leveraging its vast resources and strong market position to cater to the growing demand in various sectors, including electronics and metallurgy. The company's strategic investments in research and development have enabled it to enhance product quality and expand its application scope, which is crucial for maintaining competitiveness in this evolving market.

Moreover, Thyssenkrupp AG is another notable competitor in the molybdenum trioxide market, known for its diversified product offerings and strong presence in Europe and North America. The company focuses on developing high-performance materials and has established strategic partnerships with key players across different industries. This collaboration allows Thyssenkrupp to align its product development with market trends and customer needs. As the molybdenum trioxide market continues to expand, companies that prioritize innovation, sustainability, and strategic collaboration will be better positioned to succeed and capture a larger share of the market.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Rocca Group
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Tru Group Inc.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Thyssenkrupp AG
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 H.C. Starck GmbH
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 RHI Magnesita N.V.
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Wolverine Tube, Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Freeport-McMoRan Inc.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Amalgamated Molybdenum
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Advanced Molybdenum Inc.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 China Molybdenum Co., Ltd.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Southern Copper Corporation
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Molybdenum Corporation of America
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group Co., Ltd.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Metallurgical Corporation of China Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Molybdenum Trioxide Sales Market, By Grade Type
    • 6.1.1 Technical Grade
    • 6.1.2 Industrial Grade
    • 6.1.3 Reagent Grade
    • 6.1.4 Electronic Grade
    • 6.1.5 Pharmaceutical Grade
  • 6.2 Molybdenum Trioxide Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.2.1 Catalysts
    • 6.2.2 Pigments
    • 6.2.3 Metal Alloys
    • 6.2.4 Glass Manufacturing
    • 6.2.5 Others
  • 6.3 Molybdenum Trioxide Sales Market, By Product Type
    • 6.3.1 Powder
    • 6.3.2 Granules
    • 6.3.3 Pellets
    • 6.3.4 Flakes
    • 6.3.5 Nanoparticles
  • 6.4 Molybdenum Trioxide Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.2 Distributor Sales
    • 6.4.3 Online Retail

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Molybdenum Trioxide Sales Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Molybdenum Trioxide Sales market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Powder
• Granules
• Pellets
• Flakes
• Nanoparticles

By Application

• Catalysts
• Pigments
• Metal Alloys
• Glass Manufacturing
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Distributor Sales
• Online Retail

By Grade Type

• Technical Grade
• Industrial Grade
• Reagent Grade
• Electronic Grade
• Pharmaceutical Grade

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Freeport-McMoRan Inc.
• China Molybdenum Co., Ltd.
• Thyssenkrupp AG
• VSMPO-AVISMA Corporation
• Tru Group Inc.
• Jinduicheng Molybdenum Group Co., Ltd.
• RHI Magnesita N.V.
• Advanced Molybdenum Inc.
• Southern Copper Corporation
• Wolverine Tube, Inc.
• Rocca Group
• Molybdenum Corporation of America
• Metallurgical Corporation of China Ltd.
• H.C. Starck GmbH
• Amalgamated Molybdenum