Mobile NAND Flash

Mobile NAND Flash Market Outlook

The global Mobile NAND Flash market is anticipated to reach a value of USD 50 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10% from 2025 to 2035. This robust growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for mobile devices, including smartphones and tablets, as well as the continual innovations in storage technology which enhance the performance and capacity of NAND Flash products. As more consumers and enterprises rely on mobile devices for various applications, the necessity for high-performance, high-capacity storage solutions is becoming critical. Furthermore, the trend towards cloud computing and data storage is driving the adoption of NAND Flash in various sectors, including automotive and IoT applications, thereby providing a much wider scope for this market. The shift towards faster, more efficient data processing in mobile technology is also expected to propel the demand for NAND Flash technology significantly.

Growth Factor of the Market

One of the primary growth factors for the Mobile NAND Flash market is the increasing adoption of smartphones and tablets worldwide. With the global smartphone penetration rate surpassing 80%, consumers are increasingly requiring devices with higher storage capacities to accommodate more applications, photos, videos, and other data. The rapid advancement of technology in the consumer electronics sector has also led to the introduction of devices with enhanced features, such as high-resolution cameras and augmented reality capabilities, demanding faster and more efficient storage solutions. Additionally, the rise of data-intensive applications, including gaming and streaming services, further contributes to the need for larger and faster storage options. Moreover, the proliferation of 5G technology is expected to create more opportunities for NAND Flash solutions as it enables faster data speeds and ultimately leads to a more data-centric mobile experience. Lastly, the growing trend of remote working and e-learning during the pandemic has increased the reliance on mobile devices, thereby driving the demand for mobile NAND Flash storage.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The Mobile NAND Flash market is anticipated to reach USD 50 billion by 2035.
• CAGR of 10% from 2025 to 2035 indicates strong growth potential.
• Increasing smartphone penetration and demand for higher storage capacities are primary drivers.
• Technological advancements in flash memory solutions are enhancing performance and efficiency.
• The rise of 5G technology is expected to further boost demand for NAND Flash solutions.

By Product Type

Embedded NAND:

Embedded NAND Flash is a type of storage that is integrated directly into devices such as smartphones and tablets. This integration allows for more compact designs and often results in better performance, as the storage is optimized for the specific requirements of the host device. The embedded NAND segment is witnessing significant growth due to the increasing demand for efficient, high-capacity storage solutions, particularly in consumer electronics. Additionally, the trend towards IoT devices is fueling the demand for embedded NAND, as these devices often require compact, reliable storage solutions that can be seamlessly integrated into their hardware. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on producing embedded NAND with higher densities and lower power consumption, further driving the growth of this segment. As technology continues to advance, the importance and market share of embedded NAND Flash are expected to expand significantly.

Removable NAND:

Removable NAND Flash, often found in memory cards and USB drives, allows users to easily transfer data between devices. This segment of the market is experiencing steady growth due to the increasing use of portable storage solutions, particularly among consumers who require additional storage capacity for their devices. The convenience and flexibility offered by removable NAND products make them popular choices for digital cameras, drones, and other portable electronic devices. Furthermore, as the demand for video recording and high-resolution photography increases, so does the need for high-capacity removable NAND solutions that can store large files. The growing popularity of content creation, such as vlogging and podcasting, is also contributing to the demand for removable NAND storage, as creators require reliable and high-capacity options to manage their data. The removable NAND Flash market is expected to continue to grow as consumers seek more flexible storage solutions for their mobile devices.

By Application

Smartphones:

Smartphones are currently the largest application segment for mobile NAND Flash, driven by the ubiquitous nature of these devices in modern society. The integration of advanced features, such as high-resolution cameras and immersive applications, necessitates the use of high-capacity NAND storage. As smartphone manufacturers continue to push the boundaries of technology, they are increasingly opting for NAND solutions that offer faster read/write speeds and higher data retention capabilities. The shift towards multimedia content consumption, including streaming services and mobile gaming, further drives the demand for larger storage capacities in smartphones. Additionally, with the trend of frequent software updates requiring more storage space, users are continually seeking devices with enhanced NAND Flash capacities. As the smartphone market continues to evolve, the demand for mobile NAND Flash is expected to remain robust.

Tablets:

Tablets represent another significant application for mobile NAND Flash, particularly in the education and business sectors. The demand for tablets has surged as they provide a balance between the functionality of a laptop and the portability of a smartphone. With the increasing use of tablets for content creation, digital learning, and entertainment, the need for efficient and high-capacity NAND storage is becoming paramount. Manufacturers are focusing on providing tablets equipped with advanced NAND technology that allows for faster performance and better multitasking capabilities. Additionally, the rise of remote work and e-learning has further accelerated the need for tablets that can store a large number of applications and files. The tablet segment is likely to continue expanding as more users recognize the versatility and capability of these devices, thereby sustaining the demand for mobile NAND Flash.

Wearable Devices:

The wearable devices segment is rapidly growing, fueled by the increasing popularity of smartwatches, fitness trackers, and other wearable technology. These devices often require NAND Flash for storing user data, applications, and firmware, necessitating high-performance storage solutions despite their compact design. The growth in health and fitness consciousness among consumers has led to an uptick in demand for wearable devices that can track various health metrics, further driving the need for NAND storage. Manufacturers are innovating to produce NAND solutions that are not only energy-efficient but also capable of fast data processing to support real-time tracking features. As wearable technology continues to advance, the demand for efficient and compact NAND Flash solutions in this sector is expected to grow significantly.

Digital Cameras:

Digital cameras, particularly those used for professional photography, are significant consumers of mobile NAND Flash. As the demand for high-resolution imaging continues to rise, so does the need for high-capacity, high-speed memory cards that can handle large files and burst shooting capabilities. Photographers are increasingly seeking NAND Flash solutions that offer faster read/write speeds to ensure quick storage and retrieval of images, especially in fast-paced shooting environments. Furthermore, the growing trend of content creation for social media platforms is encouraging amateur photographers and videographers to invest in high-quality digital cameras, thus expanding the market for NAND Flash in this application. The digital camera segment is expected to maintain a robust demand for mobile NAND Flash as both professionals and hobbyists seek efficient storage solutions for their photography needs.

Others:

The "Others" segment includes a variety of applications for mobile NAND Flash, such as drones, automotive systems, and IoT devices. The rise of smart technologies and automation is driving the demand for NAND solutions in these applications, as they require reliable and high-speed storage for data management. Drones, for example, need substantial storage capabilities to handle high-definition video recording and complex flight data. Similarly, the automotive industry is increasingly adopting NAND Flash for infotainment systems and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), where reliable and fast data processing is crucial. Additionally, IoT devices must accommodate a growing amount of data generated, and NAND Flash provides an effective solution for storing this data. This segment is expected to see significant growth as technology continues to evolve and more applications integrate NAND Flash solutions.

By Distribution Channel

Online Stores:

Online stores have become a significant distribution channel for mobile NAND Flash products, driven by the increasing comfort of consumers with online shopping. The convenience of browsing vast selections from the comfort of home, coupled with the ability to easily compare prices and read reviews, makes online retailers an attractive option for customers. Additionally, the surge in e-commerce, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, has led to more consumers purchasing NAND Flash products online. Companies are now optimizing their online platforms to provide detailed product information, customer support, and fast shipping options to meet the growing demand. This trend is expected to continue, as consumers increasingly prefer the accessibility and convenience of purchasing electronic components through online channels.

Retail Stores:

Retail stores still play an important role in the distribution of mobile NAND Flash products, particularly for consumers who prefer to see and handle products before making a purchase. Major electronics retailers and department stores often provide a range of NAND Flash options, including memory cards and USB drives. The ability to obtain products immediately, along with the opportunity to consult with sales staff for advice and recommendations, makes retail stores a favored choice for many consumers. Moreover, promotional offers and in-store events can attract more customers, encouraging them to consider NAND Flash solutions for their devices. While online shopping continues to rise, retail stores will still remain relevant in the distribution of mobile NAND Flash products as they provide a tactile shopping experience.

Direct Sales:

Direct sales to consumers or businesses also constitute a significant distribution channel for mobile NAND Flash products. Manufacturers and wholesalers often engage in direct sales to retailers or enterprise customers, allowing for better price control and more tailored solutions for large-scale purchasers. This channel is particularly effective for bulk orders, as businesses can negotiate terms that suit their storage needs. Direct sales also facilitate a closer relationship between manufacturers and customers, enabling companies to gain valuable feedback on their products and services. As the demand for custom storage solutions grows, direct sales are expected to gain further traction, complementing other distribution channels.

By Technology

TLC NAND:

TLC (Triple-Level Cell) NAND technology is gaining popularity due to its high storage density and cost-effectiveness. It stores three bits of data per cell, allowing manufacturers to create high-capacity storage solutions without significantly increasing costs. The increasing demand for cost-efficient storage solutions for consumer electronics is propelling the adoption of TLC NAND. Many smartphones, tablets, and SSDs now utilize TLC NAND technology due to its balance between performance and price, making it an attractive option for manufacturers. Furthermore, advancements in TLC technology are enabling faster read/write speeds, further enhancing its appeal in the mobile NAND Flash market. As consumer expectations for storage continue to rise, TLC NAND is expected to remain a dominant technology in the segment.

MLC NAND:

MLC (Multi-Level Cell) NAND technology, which stores two bits of data per cell, is recognized for its improved performance and endurance compared to TLC NAND. This makes MLC NAND an attractive option for applications requiring higher reliability, such as in enterprise SSDs and high-performance consumer electronics. The growing need for fast, reliable storage solutions drives the demand for MLC NAND, particularly in environments where data integrity is vital. Manufacturers are increasingly integrating MLC technology into devices that handle heavy workloads, such as gaming consoles and high-end laptops. As the market for high-performance storage solutions expands, MLC NAND is expected to maintain a significant presence, catering to customers who prioritize speed and durability.

3D NAND:

3D NAND technology is revolutionizing the mobile NAND Flash market by stacking memory cells vertically, which enhances storage density while reducing interference between cells. This innovation allows for higher capacities within the same physical footprint, making it ideal for compact devices like smartphones and tablets. The increasing demand for high-capacity storage solutions is pushing manufacturers to adopt 3D NAND technology, as it provides a more efficient solution compared to traditional planar NAND. Additionally, 3D NAND typically offers improved performance and endurance, making it suitable for data-intensive applications. As consumer electronics evolve and demand for high storage capacities persists, 3D NAND technology is expected to dominate the landscape of mobile NAND Flash.

SLC NAND:

SLC (Single-Level Cell) NAND technology is known for its high performance and durability, storing only one bit of data per cell. While it is more expensive to produce, SLC NAND is preferred in applications where reliability and speed are top priorities, such as in enterprise environments and critical data applications. The robustness of SLC NAND makes it well-suited for high-end devices that demand superior performance and longevity. As businesses and industries increasingly prioritize high-performance storage solutions, the demand for SLC NAND technology is expected to grow. Manufacturers are focusing on developing SLC NAND products that meet the rigorous performance standards expected in enterprise applications, allowing it to sustain its relevance in the mobile NAND Flash market.

By Region

The regional analysis of the Mobile NAND Flash market reveals significant variations in demand and growth potential across different areas. In North America, the market is expected to reach approximately USD 18 billion by 2035, reflecting a CAGR of 9% from 2025 to 2035. The region's advanced technological infrastructure and high adoption rates of smartphones and tablets contribute to this robust growth. Moreover, the presence of major electronics manufacturers and a strong consumer base for high-tech devices further support the market's expansion. In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is projected to experience even more substantial growth, driven by the increasing production capabilities and demand for mobile devices. The region's market is expected to reach around USD 20 billion by 2035, characterized by a CAGR of 11%. The rapid urbanization and rising disposable income in countries like China and India are key factors driving this demand.

In Europe, the Mobile NAND Flash market is forecasted to grow steadily, reaching an estimated USD 10 billion by 2035. The region's focus on innovation and technology, alongside a significant consumer base for advanced electronic devices, will continue to propel market growth. Additionally, the growing trend of digitalization across various sectors is expected to further stimulate the demand for mobile NAND Flash solutions. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, while smaller markets, are also witnessing growth due to the increasing adoption of smartphones and wearable devices. The Latin America market is projected to reach approximately USD 2 billion by 2035, as more consumers in the region embrace mobile technology. Similarly, the Middle East & Africa market is expected to achieve USD 1 billion, reflecting a gradual increase in mobile device usage and demand for NAND Flash storage.

Opportunities

The Mobile NAND Flash market presents numerous opportunities for growth as technology continues to progress rapidly. One of the primary opportunities lies in the increasing demand for high-capacity storage solutions driven by emerging technologies such as 5G, IoT, and artificial intelligence. The integration of these technologies into consumer electronics creates a need for more robust and efficient storage solutions that can handle larger volumes of data. Manufacturers who are able to innovate and provide advanced NAND Flash products that meet these requirements will find significant opportunities in the expanding market. Additionally, as more industries adopt automation and digitalization, the requirement for reliable storage solutions in sectors such as automotive, healthcare, and smart cities will continue to grow, offering further avenues for growth and investment in mobile NAND Flash technologies.

Another area of opportunity lies in the burgeoning market for wearables and smart devices. As consumers increasingly prioritize health and fitness, the demand for advanced wearable technology continues to grow. These devices often require efficient and reliable NAND Flash storage for data handling and processing, providing a significant market opportunity for manufacturers. Furthermore, as the gaming industry evolves and demands higher performance from devices, there is an increasing need for mobile NAND Flash solutions that cater specifically to this market. Manufacturers who focus on developing storage solutions tailored for gaming consoles and high-performance mobile devices can capitalize on this growing demand. Overall, the Mobile NAND Flash market is poised for growth as new technologies emerge and consumer preferences shift, providing ample opportunities for manufacturers and stakeholders alike.

Threats

Despite the positive growth outlook, the Mobile NAND Flash market also faces several threats that could hinder its progress. One of the primary concerns revolves around the increasing competition among manufacturers, which can lead to price wars and reduced profit margins. As more companies enter the market, established players may find it challenging to maintain their market share without engaging in aggressive pricing strategies. This competitive environment can negatively impact profitability and slow down investment in research and development. Additionally, fluctuations in raw material prices and supply chain disruptions can pose significant threats to manufacturers, especially in a globalized market where many components are sourced internationally. These factors can lead to increased production costs and affect the ability to meet consumer demand efficiently.

Another potential threat is the rapid pace of technological change, which may render existing products obsolete. As consumer preferences evolve and new technologies emerge, manufacturers must continually innovate and adapt to keep pace with market demands. Failure to do so could result in loss of market share and diminished brand reputation. Furthermore, regulatory challenges and compliance issues related to environmental standards and data security are becoming more prominent in the tech industry. Companies that do not adhere to these regulations may face legal repercussions and damage to their public image. Therefore, vigilance in understanding and addressing these threats is critical for sustained success in the Mobile NAND Flash market.

Competitor Outlook

• Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
• Toshiba Memory Corporation
• Western Digital Corporation
• Micron Technology, Inc.
• Kioxia Holdings Corporation
• SK Hynix Inc.
• SanDisk Corporation
• Intel Corporation
• Transcend Information, Inc.
• ADATA Technology Co., Ltd.
• Lexar Media, Inc.
• Kingston Technology Corporation
• Crucial (Micron Technology, Inc.)
• PNY Technologies, Inc.
• Patriot Memory, LLC

The competitive landscape of the Mobile NAND Flash market is characterized by a diverse range of players, each vying for market share and innovation. Leading companies such as Samsung Electronics and Micron Technology continue to dominate the industry through relentless investment in research and development. These companies leverage their extensive manufacturing capabilities and technological expertise to produce high-performance NAND products that meet the evolving needs of consumers and businesses. Furthermore, strategic partnerships and collaborations among these firms are commonplace, enabling them to pool resources and accelerate technological advancements. The competitive dynamics are constantly shifting as new players emerge, particularly in regions like Asia Pacific, where demand is surging.

Samsung Electronics, a frontrunner in the NAND Flash market, has established itself through a robust portfolio of NAND Flash products designed for various applications, from smartphones to data centers. The company continues to innovate, focusing on 3D NAND technology to enhance storage performance while reducing costs. Meanwhile, Micron Technology is also a major player, known for its extensive range of NAND Flash solutions that cater to different market segments. Micron emphasizes sustainability and energy efficiency in its product offerings, aligning with the growing consumer preference for environmentally friendly technology. Both companies are positioned to capitalize on the rising demand for mobile NAND Flash, ensuring they stay at the forefront of the industry.

Additionally, SK Hynix and Kioxia are notable competitors in the mobile NAND Flash market, focusing primarily on R&D to enhance their product offerings. SK Hynix has made significant strides in 3D NAND technology, which has bolstered its presence in the consumer electronics and enterprise storage sectors. Kioxia, formerly known as Toshiba Memory, is also making waves in the industry, specializing in high-capacity memory solutions that are essential for modern computing applications. As competition intensifies, these companies are expected to invest heavily in innovation and new technologies to differentiate themselves from rivals and meet the growing needs of consumers.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 SK Hynix Inc.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Intel Corporation
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Lexar Media, Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Patriot Memory, LLC
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 SanDisk Corporation
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 PNY Technologies, Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Micron Technology, Inc.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 ADATA Technology Co., Ltd.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Toshiba Memory Corporation
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Kioxia Holdings Corporation
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Transcend Information, Inc.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Western Digital Corporation
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Kingston Technology Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Crucial (Micron Technology, Inc.)
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Mobile NAND Flash Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Smartphones
    • 6.1.2 Tablets
    • 6.1.3 Wearable Devices
    • 6.1.4 Digital Cameras
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Mobile NAND Flash Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Embedded NAND
    • 6.2.2 Removable NAND
  • 6.3 Mobile NAND Flash Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.1 Online Stores
    • 6.3.2 Retail Stores
    • 6.3.3 Direct Sales

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Mobile NAND Flash Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Mobile NAND Flash market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Embedded NAND
• Removable NAND

By Application

• Smartphones
• Tablets
• Wearable Devices
• Digital Cameras
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Online Stores
• Retail Stores
• Direct Sales

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd.
• Toshiba Memory Corporation
• Western Digital Corporation
• Micron Technology, Inc.
• Kioxia Holdings Corporation
• SK Hynix Inc.
• SanDisk Corporation
• Intel Corporation
• Transcend Information, Inc.
• ADATA Technology Co., Ltd.
• Lexar Media, Inc.
• Kingston Technology Corporation
• Crucial (Micron Technology, Inc.)
• PNY Technologies, Inc.
• Patriot Memory, LLC