Macrolide Antibiotics

Macrolide Antibiotics Market Outlook

The Macrolide Antibiotics Market is projected to reach USD 8.6 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 4.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily fueled by the rising incidence of bacterial infections globally, coupled with an increasing preference for macrolide antibiotics due to their effectiveness and safety profile. Additionally, the expanding geriatric population, which is more susceptible to infections, is expected to drive market demand. The growing awareness about antimicrobial resistance has also led healthcare providers to favor macrolides as alternatives to traditional antibiotics, which further bolsters market growth. Furthermore, advancements in pharmaceutical research and development are paving the way for novel macrolide formulations, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy.

Growth Factor of the Market

A multitude of factors are propelling the growth of the Macrolide Antibiotics Market. Firstly, the increase in respiratory and skin infections worldwide has heightened the demand for effective antibiotic treatments, with macrolides frequently being a first-line option due to their broad-spectrum activity. The rise in healthcare expenditure and access to healthcare facilities, particularly in developing regions, is another significant factor as it enables better diagnosis and treatment of infections. Technological advancements in drug manufacturing and delivery systems have also improved the efficacy of macrolide antibiotics, making them more appealing to both healthcare professionals and patients. Additionally, ongoing research and development are resulting in new formulations and delivery methods, thus expanding the therapeutic applications of macrolides. Regulatory support and initiatives to develop guidelines for responsible antibiotic use further augment the market's growth potential.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The global Macrolide Antibiotics Market is expected to witness a growth of 4.2% CAGR from 2025 to 2035.
• Azithromycin remains the dominant product type due to its effectiveness in treating respiratory infections.
• Hospital pharmacies are the leading distribution channel, accounting for a significant market share.
• North America holds the largest market share, driven by advanced healthcare infrastructure.
• Rising drug resistance concerns are prompting healthcare providers to prefer macrolide antibiotics over traditional options.

By Product Type

Erythromycin:

Erythromycin, one of the earliest macrolide antibiotics discovered, is extensively used for the treatment of various bacterial infections. Its versatility allows it to be employed in treating respiratory infections, skin infections, and even some sexually transmitted infections. The drug's favorable safety profile makes it a preferred choice for patients who may be allergic to penicillin or those who require alternative treatment options. As a result, erythromycin continues to maintain a significant share in the macrolide antibiotics market, supported by its long-standing clinical use and established efficacy.

Azithromycin:

Azithromycin has emerged as one of the most widely prescribed macrolide antibiotics globally, primarily due to its effectiveness against a broad range of bacteria. Its unique half-life allows for shorter treatment courses, thus improving adherence among patients. Azithromycin is particularly effective in treating respiratory infections and is often used for conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis. The growing incidence of respiratory infections, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, has further solidified azithromycin's position in the market, making it a cornerstone of modern antibiotic therapy.

Clarithromycin:

Clarithromycin plays a pivotal role in the macrolide antibiotics market, primarily due to its efficacy against various bacterial pathogens, including those causing upper and lower respiratory infections. Its advantages over erythromycin—such as improved pharmacokinetics and fewer gastrointestinal side effects—have led to its increased utilization in clinical settings. Clarithromycin is also indicated for Helicobacter pylori eradication, contributing to its multifaceted therapeutic applications. Its growing usage in diverse patient populations is expected to drive its market demand in the coming years.

Spiramycin:

Spiramycin is particularly noted for its effectiveness in treating infections caused by Toxoplasma gondii, making it valuable in both therapeutic and prophylactic settings. Its use in pregnancy, especially for preventing congenital infections, has further established its relevance in specialized therapeutic applications. The antibiotic's unique composition allows for specific targeting of bacterial pathogens, thus enhancing its appeal in niche markets. While the overall market share is smaller compared to other macrolides, its specialized application ensures a steady demand.

Telithromycin:

Telithromycin, although not as widely prescribed as its counterparts, offers a unique mechanism of action that allows it to be effective against resistant strains of bacteria. It is primarily indicated for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and has shown favorable outcomes in clinical trials. However, its usage is limited due to the occurrence of severe side effects in some patients, restricting its market penetration. Nevertheless, telithromycin remains significant in discussions concerning antibiotic resistance and the need for effective treatment alternatives.

By Application

Respiratory Infections:

Respiratory infections represent a major application area for macrolide antibiotics, particularly given the rising incidence of conditions such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and sinusitis. The effectiveness of macrolides in treating both atypical and typical bacterial pathogens has made them a first-line choice for these infections. With ongoing public health challenges, including the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for effective treatment options has surged. This segment is projected to witness sustained growth as healthcare providers increasingly rely on macrolide antibiotics for respiratory infections.

Skin Infections:

Macrolide antibiotics are also extensively used in treating skin infections, including cellulitis and impetigo. Their ability to target common skin pathogens, including Staphylococcus aureus, has established their significance in dermatological therapies. As societal awareness about skin health continues to rise, and as the incidence of skin infections remains a concern, the application of macrolide antibiotics in this area is expected to grow. The ease of administration and favorable safety profile of these drugs further enhances their use in treating skin infections.

Sexually Transmitted Infections:

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to pose a significant public health challenge globally. Macrolide antibiotics, particularly azithromycin, have been extensively utilized in treating STIs such as Chlamydia and Gonorrhea. As antibiotic resistance becomes an increasing concern for STIs, the role of macrolides in effective treatment options is pivotal. The growing awareness around sexual health and increased screening efforts are driving the demand for effective antibiotics, thus propelling the growth of this application segment.

Dental Infections:

Dental infections, including periodontal disease and abscesses, are another critical application for macrolide antibiotics. The effectiveness of macrolides in managing these conditions, especially in patients allergic to penicillin, underscores their importance in dental care. With an increasing focus on oral health and hygiene, the demand for macrolide antibiotics in the dental field is expected to rise. Additionally, as dental procedures become more advanced, the reliance on effective antibiotic prophylaxis will further drive this market segment.

Others:

The 'Others' category encompasses various applications, such as gastrointestinal infections and infections in specific patient populations, including the immunocompromised. Macrolide antibiotics have shown efficacy against a range of bacteria responsible for these infections, making them versatile therapeutic agents. Moreover, the growing incidence of opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients necessitates the use of effective antibiotics, including macrolides. This segment is likely to witness growth as healthcare providers seek comprehensive antibiotic solutions for diverse patient needs.

By Distribution Channel

Hospital Pharmacies:

Hospital pharmacies are a pivotal distribution channel for macrolide antibiotics, primarily due to the critical role they play in inpatient care. In hospitals, patients often require immediate antibiotic therapy for serious infections, and macrolides are frequently included in the treatment regimens. The accessibility of macrolide antibiotics within hospital settings ensures that patients receive timely interventions, thus driving their demand in this channel. As hospitals continue to expand their services and improve patient care, the reliance on effective antibiotics, including macrolides, will only increase.

Retail Pharmacies:

Retail pharmacies serve as an essential distribution platform for macrolide antibiotics, providing patients with access to these medications for outpatient treatment. With growing illiteracy regarding infection management and antibiotic usage, retail pharmacies play a critical role in educating patients about the correct use of macrolides. The rise of chronic diseases and the need for long-term management of infections have also led to an increase in prescriptions filled at retail pharmacies. As consumers increasingly turn to their local pharmacies for health needs, the role of retail pharmacies in distributing macrolide antibiotics will continue to grow.

Online Pharmacies:

Online pharmacies have experienced significant growth, particularly in light of the COVID-19 pandemic, as patients seek convenient and accessible healthcare solutions. The rise of telemedicine and e-pharmacy platforms has made it easier for patients to obtain macrolide antibiotics without the need for in-person visits. This distribution channel allows for greater accessibility, especially in rural or underserved areas where pharmacy access may be limited. As the trend towards digital health continues, online pharmacies are expected to capture an increasingly larger share of the macrolide antibiotics market.

Drug Stores:

Drug stores act as a significant channel for the distribution of macrolide antibiotics, providing patients with ready access to essential medications. The presence of knowledgeable staff in drug stores aids in the dispensation of antibiotics and guides patients on their proper usage, which is critical for ensuring adherence to treatment regimens. As consumer awareness of drug stores as a health resource continues to rise, these establishments are likely to see increased sales of macrolide antibiotics, especially as they expand their ranges of healthcare products.

Others:

The 'Others' category includes various distribution channels, such as direct sales from manufacturers and institutional sales. These channels may cater to specialized healthcare settings, including clinics and long-term care facilities, where macrolide antibiotics are essential for managing infections. As the healthcare landscape evolves and new distribution methods emerge, the reliance on these alternative channels is expected to grow. Additionally, strategic partnerships between manufacturers and healthcare providers may enhance the availability of macrolide antibiotics through various non-traditional channels.

By Ingredient Type

Macrolactone Ring:

The macrolactone ring is a fundamental structural component of macrolide antibiotics, significantly influencing their pharmacological properties and effectiveness. This ingredient type is critical for the antibiotic's ability to bind to bacterial ribosomes and inhibit protein synthesis, thus preventing bacterial growth. The synthesis and optimization of macrolactone structures have been a focus of research, aimed at enhancing the efficacy and safety profile of macrolide antibiotics. As a result, advancements in macrolactone chemistry continue to play a vital role in the development of new macrolide formulations.

Cladinose Sugar:

Cladinose sugar is another crucial ingredient in the structure of macrolide antibiotics, contributing to their bioactivity and pharmacokinetics. The presence of cladinose enhances the solubility and absorption of macrolides, making them more effective in treating infections. Research into the role of cladinose sugar in the efficacy of macrolide antibiotics is ongoing, as scientists look for ways to improve drug formulations and reduce potential side effects. Its significance in antibiotic activity ensures that cladinose sugar remains a vital component in the macrolide antibiotics market.

Desosamine Sugar:

Desosamine sugar is integral to the molecular structure of several macrolide antibiotics, influencing their binding affinity and therapeutic effects. Its role in enhancing the stability and activity of macrolides is well-documented, making it a key ingredient in the formulation of these drugs. Ongoing studies aim to better understand how variations in desosamine content can alter the pharmacological properties of macrolide antibiotics. As research progresses, the optimization of this sugar type could lead to the development of more potent macrolide formulations.

Neutral Sugar:

Neutral sugar components contribute to the overall stability and bioavailability of macrolide antibiotics. These sugars can enhance the solubility of the antibiotics in physiological conditions, thereby ensuring better absorption and distribution in the body. Their role in mitigating side effects and improving patient compliance cannot be underestimated as they create formulations that are easier for patients to tolerate. As the market for macrolide antibiotics evolves, the focus on optimizing neutral sugar content in formulations will continue to be important.

Glycoside Bond:

The glycoside bond is a crucial feature of macrolide antibiotics, affecting their solubility and interaction with bacterial cells. The stability and strength of these bonds can impact the overall effectiveness of the antibiotic, making it a focal point for research and development. Innovations aimed at enhancing the glycoside bond in macrolide formulations may lead to more effective treatment options against resistant bacterial strains. As such, the study of glycoside bonds is critical in the ongoing pursuit of new macrolide antibiotics that can meet evolving healthcare challenges.

By Region

The North American region holds a dominant position in the Macrolide Antibiotics Market, accounting for approximately 40% of the global share in 2025. Factors contributing to this dominance include advanced healthcare facilities, high rates of antibiotic prescriptions, and a focus on research and development in pharmaceuticals. The region has been proactive in addressing antibiotic resistance, leading to increased usage of macrolide antibiotics as alternative treatments. The projected CAGR for North America is estimated at 5.0% over the forecast period, reflecting its robust healthcare infrastructure and ongoing demand for effective antibiotics.

Europe follows North America closely, with a market share of around 30% in 2025. The increasing burden of infectious diseases and a well-established healthcare system contribute to the rising demand for macrolide antibiotics in this region. The European market is particularly influenced by stringent regulations regarding antibiotic prescriptions and a growing awareness of antibiotic stewardship programs. With a projected CAGR of 4.5%, Europe is expected to maintain a strong presence in the macrolide antibiotics market, driven by ongoing public health initiatives and active pharmaceutical research.

Opportunities

The Macrolide Antibiotics Market presents numerous opportunities, particularly in the research and development sectors. The rising incidence of antibiotic resistance highlights the need for new formulations and novel macrolide antibiotics that can effectively combat resistant strains. Research institutions and pharmaceutical companies are actively investing in the development of new macrolide derivatives that demonstrate enhanced activity against resistant pathogens. The growing focus on personalized medicine, which tailors treatments to individual patient needs, is another avenue for innovation and market expansion. Additionally, partnerships between academia and industry can lead to breakthroughs in macrolide formulations, further driving market growth.

Another significant opportunity lies in the expanding markets of Asia-Pacific and Latin America. As healthcare access improves in these regions and public health initiatives gain momentum, the demand for effective antibiotics, including macrolides, is expected to rise considerably. The increasing prevalence of infectious diseases, coupled with a growing awareness of treatment options, offers a fertile ground for market expansion. Furthermore, initiatives to address antimicrobial resistance through education and responsible prescribing practices will bolster the usage of macrolide antibiotics, ensuring their relevance in future healthcare frameworks.

Threats

Despite the promising outlook for the Macrolide Antibiotics Market, several threats could hinder growth. One of the primary threats is the rise of antibiotic resistance, which limits the effectiveness of macrolide antibiotics and poses a significant challenge for healthcare providers. As bacteria evolve and develop resistance mechanisms, the reliance on existing macrolides may diminish, necessitating the development of new antibiotics. Additionally, the increasing regulatory scrutiny surrounding antibiotic prescriptions can restrict the usage of macrolides, particularly in the face of public health campaigns aimed at reducing antibiotic overuse. These factors could ultimately stifle market growth and lead to an increased focus on alternative therapies.

Another critical threat to the market is the potential for adverse side effects and drug interactions associated with macrolide antibiotics. Some patients may experience gastrointestinal discomfort or other adverse reactions that can lead to non-compliance with treatment regimens. Furthermore, the presence of alternative antibiotics with similar efficacy but fewer side effects can divert clinicians' preference away from macrolides, particularly in outpatient scenarios. These challenges necessitate ongoing research to improve the safety profiles of macrolide antibiotics and ensure their continued use in clinical settings.

Competitor Outlook

• Pfizer Inc.
• AbbVie Inc.
• Merck & Co., Inc.
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• Hoffmann-La Roche AG
• Novartis AG
• Sanofi S.A.
• Amgen Inc.
• Gilead Sciences, Inc.
• GlaxoSmithKline plc
• Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• Mylan N.V.
• Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC
• Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.

The competitive landscape of the Macrolide Antibiotics Market is marked by the presence of several established pharmaceutical companies focusing on the development, manufacturing, and distribution of macrolide antibiotics. These companies strive to maintain their market share through strategic partnerships, mergers, and acquisitions, as well as investments in research and development. Pfizer Inc., for instance, has been a significant player in the market and continues to innovate by developing new formulations of existing macrolides to address antibiotic resistance. Similarly, Merck & Co. and AbbVie Inc. are actively engaged in expanding their product portfolios to include novel macrolide options, catering to the increasing demand for effective antibiotics.

Furthermore, firms such as Teva Pharmaceutical Industries and Mylan N.V. are focusing on the generic segment of macrolide antibiotics, providing cost-effective alternatives to branded medications. This strategy allows them to capture a substantial share of the market while offering affordable options for patients. The increasing competition in the generic drug market has led to price reductions, thereby benefiting patients while ensuring companies remain profitable. The ongoing efforts to enhance manufacturing processes and improve product quality will shape the competitive dynamics within the macrolide antibiotics sector moving forward.

In the context of global health challenges, companies like Gilead Sciences and Novartis are also exploring collaborations with public health organizations to address the pressing issue of antibiotic resistance. Such collaborations enable these companies to leverage their expertise in drug development and distribution while contributing to public health initiatives aimed at promoting the responsible use of antibiotics. By aligning their research priorities with global health objectives, these companies not only enhance their market positioning but also make a significant impact in combating infectious diseases worldwide.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Amgen Inc.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Mylan N.V.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 AbbVie Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Novartis AG
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Pfizer Inc.
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Sanofi S.A.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Merck & Co., Inc.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 GlaxoSmithKline plc
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Hoffmann-La Roche AG
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Gilead Sciences, Inc.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Macrolide Antibiotics Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Respiratory Infections
    • 6.1.2 Skin Infections
    • 6.1.3 Sexually Transmitted Infections
    • 6.1.4 Dental Infections
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Macrolide Antibiotics Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Erythromycin
    • 6.2.2 Azithromycin
    • 6.2.3 Clarithromycin
    • 6.2.4 Spiramycin
    • 6.2.5 Telithromycin
  • 6.3 Macrolide Antibiotics Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Macrolactone Ring
    • 6.3.2 Cladinose Sugar
    • 6.3.3 Desosamine Sugar
    • 6.3.4 Neutral Sugar
    • 6.3.5 Glycoside Bond
  • 6.4 Macrolide Antibiotics Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Hospital Pharmacies
    • 6.4.2 Retail Pharmacies
    • 6.4.3 Online Pharmacies
    • 6.4.4 Drug Stores
    • 6.4.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Macrolide Antibiotics Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Macrolide Antibiotics market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Erythromycin
• Azithromycin
• Clarithromycin
• Spiramycin
• Telithromycin

By Application

• Respiratory Infections
• Skin Infections
• Sexually Transmitted Infections
• Dental Infections
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Hospital Pharmacies
• Retail Pharmacies
• Online Pharmacies
• Drug Stores
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Macrolactone Ring
• Cladinose Sugar
• Desosamine Sugar
• Neutral Sugar
• Glycoside Bond

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Pfizer Inc.
• AbbVie Inc.
• Merck & Co., Inc.
• Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• Hoffmann-La Roche AG
• Novartis AG
• Sanofi S.A.
• Amgen Inc.
• Gilead Sciences, Inc.
• GlaxoSmithKline plc
• Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• Mylan N.V.
• Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC
• Aurobindo Pharma Ltd.