Lead Scrap

Lead Scrap Market Outlook

The global lead scrap market is projected to reach approximately USD 10 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for lead in various industries, particularly in lead-acid batteries, which are widely used in automotive and industrial applications. The rising emphasis on recycling to minimize environmental impacts and conserve natural resources has led to an increased focus on lead scrap recovery and processing technologies. Additionally, regulatory policies aimed at promoting sustainable practices and reducing waste are bolstering market growth. The expansion of electric vehicles is also expected to create new opportunities for lead scrap utilization as manufacturers seek to optimize battery lifecycle management.

Growth Factor of the Market

Several factors are driving the growth of the lead scrap market, notably the increasing application of lead in batteries and the subsequent demand for recycled material. As the global automotive industry shifts towards electric vehicles, the need for efficient lead-acid batteries remains essential, prompting manufacturers to seek recycled lead sources. Furthermore, environmental regulations are compelling industries to adopt more sustainable practices, thereby fostering a market environment where lead recycling is not just favored but often required. The growing awareness around the health hazards associated with lead exposure is also catalyzing advancements in recycling technologies, ensuring safer and more efficient processes. In addition, the economic benefits of utilizing recycled lead versus newly mined lead are attractive for many industries, making lead scrap a more viable option in the long run. This convergence of environmental, economic, and regulatory factors is expected to sustain the market's momentum in the coming years.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The lead scrap market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2025 to 2035.
• Lead-acid batteries constitute the largest segment of lead scrap demand.
• North America is anticipated to dominate the market due to stringent recycling regulations.
• Recycling processes are increasingly incorporating advanced technologies for better yield.
• The automotive sector is the leading end-use industry driving lead scrap utilization.

By Type

Soft Lead Scrap:

Soft lead scrap is characterized by its malleability and ductility, making it a preferred choice for certain applications in the recycling process. This type of scrap often derives from manufacturing waste and is typically utilized in the production of new lead products. The soft lead scrap segment is particularly significant in battery manufacturing, where the quality of lead is paramount. Its processing involves melting, which can be done with relatively low energy requirements compared to harder types, thus making it a cost-effective option for recyclers. The increasing demand for high-purity lead in battery manufacturing is likely to bolster this segment further, as manufacturers seek to recover the soft scrap for reuse.

Hard Lead Scrap:

Hard lead scrap is generally more challenging to process due to its rigidity and alloy content, which can include various metals mixed with lead. This scrap type is often sourced from industrial machinery and construction activities, where lead is used in coatings and other applications. The recycling of hard lead is vital as it contributes to the overall lead supply chain, ensuring that valuable materials are not wasted. Advanced recycling techniques are required to effectively reclaim lead from hard scrap, which can involve higher costs and technology investments. However, the growth in end-use industries that require durable and strong lead products is likely to sustain demand for hard lead scrap.

Mixed Lead Scrap:

Mixed lead scrap consists of various types of lead scrap materials that are mixed together, often collected from multiple sources. This type of scrap poses unique challenges in recycling, as the quality and composition can vary significantly, leading to potential complications in processing. However, mixed lead scrap remains an important category, as it allows recyclers to consolidate different scrap types and maximize recovery rates. The recycling processes for mixed lead scrap typically involve sorting and refining to isolate pure lead from contaminants. As industries continue to prioritize recycling and sustainability, the demand for mixed lead scrap is expected to remain steady.

Lead Battery Scrap:

Lead battery scrap represents a significant portion of the lead scrap market, driven primarily by the widespread use of lead-acid batteries in automotive and industrial applications. This category includes discarded batteries and battery components that are recycled to recover lead and other valuable materials. The recycling of lead batteries is particularly important due to the environmental implications of improper disposal, which can release hazardous substances. Advanced recycling processes are employed to ensure that lead battery scrap is processed efficiently, allowing for high recovery rates of lead and extending the lifecycle of the materials. The growing emphasis on battery recycling in line with regulatory frameworks is likely to bolster this segment significantly.

Lead Cable Scrap:

Lead cable scrap is another essential component of the lead scrap market, primarily sourced from decommissioned electrical cables that contain lead sheathing. This type of scrap is especially relevant in industries like construction and telecommunications, where lead cables have been historically used for their protective qualities. The recycling of lead cable scrap not only helps in reclaiming lead but also promotes the sustainable management of electronic waste. The processing of lead cable scrap involves specialized techniques to extract lead while minimizing environmental impacts. As regulatory measures tighten around the disposal of electronic waste, the lead cable scrap segment is likely to see increased activity, contributing to overall market growth.

By Use Industry

Automotive:

The automotive industry is one of the largest consumers of lead scrap, primarily due to the extensive use of lead-acid batteries in vehicles. These batteries are essential for starting engines and powering electrical systems in traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles. As electric vehicles gain popularity, the need for recycling used lead batteries will become even more crucial, ensuring that valuable lead is recovered and reused. The automotive sector is increasingly focusing on sustainability and recycling initiatives, driving demand for lead scrap. Moreover, the growing trend towards battery recycling partnerships among automobile manufacturers is expected to enhance the lead scrap market's growth in this sector.

Construction:

In the construction industry, lead is used for various applications, including roofing, cladding, and as a ballast for pipes. The generation of lead scrap in this sector often arises from construction debris and renovation activities. Recycling lead scrap from construction waste not only contributes to sustainability efforts but also ensures compliance with environmental regulations regarding waste management. The construction industry's increasing emphasis on green building practices is likely to boost the demand for recycled lead materials. As more construction projects adopt sustainable materials, the lead scrap generated from this sector is expected to become a critical component of recycled lead supplies.

Electronics:

The electronics industry also plays a significant role in the lead scrap market, where lead is commonly used in soldering and as a component in various electrical devices. The disposal of electronic waste often generates lead scrap, which can pose environmental challenges if not managed properly. The recycling of lead scrap from electronics is crucial for recovering valuable materials and mitigating the risks associated with hazardous waste. As technological advancements evolve and new materials are introduced, recycling processes for electronic lead scrap are becoming more efficient. Consequently, the electronics sector's commitment to sustainable practices will continue to drive demand for lead recycling.

Industrial Machinery:

The industrial machinery sector generates lead scrap from various applications, including manufacturing processes and equipment that use lead for shielding and other purposes. The recovery of lead from industrial sources is essential for maintaining the supply chain and ensuring the sustainability of lead usage. As industries increasingly adopt recycling practices and seek to reduce their carbon footprints, the demand for lead scrap in industrial machinery is expected to rise. Furthermore, innovations in recycling technologies are enabling more effective processing of lead scrap, leading to higher recovery rates and reduced environmental impact.

Others:

This category encompasses various other industries that produce lead scrap, including telecommunications, agriculture, and marine applications. These sectors may use lead in specialized applications, leading to the generation of scrap material that can be recycled. The diversity of sources for lead scrap in this segment adds complexity to the market, as different industries have varying requirements for lead quality and application. The growing awareness of the benefits of recycling across multiple sectors is likely to promote the recovery of lead scrap, enhancing overall market opportunities. As these industries continue to evolve, the demand for lead scrap will likely expand, contributing to market growth.

By Recycling Process

Pyrometallurgical Recycling:

Pyrometallurgical recycling is a prevalent method used in lead scrap processing, involving high-temperature treatments to melt lead and separate it from impurities. This method is particularly effective for recovering lead from battery and cable scrap, as it allows for the efficient extraction of high-purity lead. The process typically involves smelting, where lead scrap is heated in a furnace to form molten lead that can be cast into ingots for reuse. While this method is effective, it requires significant energy input, which can raise operational costs. Nonetheless, the efficiency of pyrometallurgical recycling makes it a cornerstone of the lead scrap industry, especially as demand for recycled lead continues to grow.

Hydrometallurgical Recycling:

Hydrometallurgical recycling is another important process used in lead scrap recovery, utilizing aqueous solutions to extract lead from scrap materials. This method often involves leaching, where lead is dissolved from the scrap and then recovered through various chemical processes. Hydrometallurgical recycling is typically more environmentally friendly than pyrometallurgical methods, as it operates at lower temperatures and utilizes less energy. The efficiency and lower environmental footprint of hydrometallurgical recycling make it increasingly attractive to recyclers, especially as regulations become stricter. As technology advances, this method is expected to play a more significant role in the lead scrap market.

Electrolysis:

Electrolysis is an emerging method in lead recycling that employs electrical currents to separate lead from scrap materials. This process is particularly beneficial for high-purity lead recovery, as it can effectively remove impurities without the need for high temperatures. Electrolysis offers several advantages, including lower energy consumption and reduced emissions compared to traditional methods. However, the technology is still developing, and its adoption in the lead scrap market is limited. As advancements are made and the process becomes more cost-effective, electrolysis could become a vital component of lead recycling, particularly for industries focusing on sustainability and environmental responsibility.

Others:

This category encompasses various other recycling methods that may be employed in lead scrap recovery, including mechanical processes and innovative techniques that are still in developmental stages. These methods can vary widely in terms of efficiency and environmental impact, depending on the specific technology utilized. The ongoing research and development in recycling processes are aimed at improving lead recovery rates and reducing costs associated with lead scrap processing. As the market evolves and the importance of recycling increases, new methods under this category are likely to emerge, contributing to an expanded and more efficient lead recycling landscape.

By Source

Manufacturing Waste:

Manufacturing waste is a significant source of lead scrap, generated from various industrial processes that utilize lead in their production. This type of scrap often includes off-cuts, defective products, and other byproducts containing lead. The recycling of manufacturing waste is crucial for recovering valuable materials and minimizing environmental impacts. Industries are increasingly adopting sustainable practices that emphasize the recycling of manufacturing waste, which not only helps to reduce lead consumption but also contributes to waste management goals. As the demand for recycled lead grows, the recovery of manufacturing waste is expected to become an increasingly important aspect of the lead scrap market.

Demolition Waste:

Demolition waste represents another vital source of lead scrap, arising from the deconstruction of buildings and infrastructure that may contain lead-based materials. This type of scrap is often associated with older structures, where lead was commonly used in paint, plumbing, and electrical installations. The recycling of lead from demolition waste is essential for environmental safety, as improper disposal can lead to hazardous contamination. The growing awareness of the environmental risks associated with lead exposure has led to stricter regulations surrounding the demolition of old buildings, promoting the recovery of lead scrap. As urban renewal and renovation projects increase, the amount of lead scrap generated from demolition activities is likely to rise, providing significant opportunities for recyclers.

Recycled Products:

Recycled products, which include previously used lead materials that have been reprocessed and made available for reuse, represent an essential source of lead scrap. The recovery of lead from recycled products ensures that valuable materials are not wasted, contributing to a circular economy framework. The increasing emphasis on sustainability and responsible consumption is driving demand for recycled lead products across various industries, including automotive and construction. As more companies adopt practices focused on using recycled materials, the lead scrap market will benefit significantly from the growth in the availability of recycled products. This segment is expected to expand as industries continue to prioritize sustainability initiatives.

Others:

This category captures various other sources of lead scrap that fall outside the primary classifications mentioned earlier. These sources may include lead scrap generated from specific niche industries, such as telecommunications or specialized manufacturing processes. The diversification of sources for lead scrap creates both opportunities and challenges for recyclers, as they must adapt to varying material qualities and processing requirements. The increasing awareness of recycling's importance across multiple sectors is likely to enhance the recovery of lead from these lesser-known sources. As industries evolve and focus more on sustainability, the demand for lead scrap from miscellaneous sources will also likely rise.

By Region

The lead scrap market is experiencing varied growth across different regions, with North America anticipated to dominate the market share, driven by stringent recycling regulations and a robust automotive sector. The region is projected to hold approximately 35% of the global market share by 2035, with a CAGR of around 5.5% during the forecast period. The legal frameworks in place in North America promote recycling activities, ensuring that lead scrap is recovered efficiently and responsibly. Additionally, the increasing adoption of lead-acid batteries in electric vehicles further stimulates the demand for recycled lead sources, contributing to the region's market growth.

In Europe, the lead scrap market is also anticipated to witness significant growth, primarily fueled by the European Union's strong emphasis on sustainability and waste reduction. The region is expected to capture about 25% of the global market by 2035. The implementation of the Circular Economy Action Plan is driving industries to adopt recycling practices effectively, leading to higher recovery rates of lead from various sources. As awareness of environmental issues continues to rise, the lead scrap market in Europe is likely to benefit from increased investments in recycling technologies and infrastructure to support the recovery of lead.

Opportunities

The lead scrap market presents numerous opportunities, particularly driven by the growing shift towards a circular economy. As industries worldwide increasingly prioritize sustainable practices and waste reduction, the need for effective lead recycling solutions is becoming more pronounced. Emerging technologies in the recycling sector, such as hydrometallurgical and electrolysis processes, are gaining traction and offer improved efficiency and lower environmental impact compared to traditional methods. This shift not only enhances the recovery rates of lead but also opens avenues for innovation in the recycling processes, creating opportunities for companies to invest in advanced technologies. Additionally, partnerships and collaborations among manufacturers, recyclers, and regulatory bodies are likely to yield synergistic benefits, leading to improved lead recovery and sustainable growth in the market.

Furthermore, the rise of electric vehicles and renewable energy systems is creating a burgeoning demand for lead-acid batteries, which are crucial for energy storage applications. This demand presents considerable opportunities for the lead scrap market, as manufacturers increasingly look towards recycling to meet their lead needs. The potential for recovering lead from decommissioned batteries will be a significant growth driver, prompting companies to expand their recycling capabilities and invest in infrastructure to handle increased volumes of scrap material. As the focus on sustainability continues to shape consumer and industrial behavior, the lead scrap market is well-positioned to capitalize on these trends and drive sustainable growth.

Threats

Despite its growth potential, the lead scrap market faces several threats that could hinder its progress. One significant concern is the fluctuating prices of lead in the global commodity market, which can impact the profitability of recycling operations. When lead prices are low, recyclers may find it challenging to compete with newly mined lead, potentially leading to reduced investment in recycling technologies and infrastructure. Additionally, increased competition from alternative battery technologies, such as lithium-ion batteries, poses a threat to the lead-acid battery market, which directly affects the demand for lead scrap. As more manufacturers shift towards these alternatives, the reliance on traditional lead sources may diminish, impacting the overall lead scrap market.

Moreover, regulatory challenges in handling lead scrap can also act as a restrainer. Stricter environmental regulations, while promoting recycling, may also complicate the processing of lead scrap due to the stringent compliance requirements that recyclers must adhere to. The high costs associated with meeting regulatory standards can pose a barrier to entry for smaller recycling firms, limiting competition and innovation in the sector. Furthermore, public perception of lead exposure and its environmental implications can deter certain industries from utilizing recycled lead, thereby impacting demand. These combined factors represent significant threats that the lead scrap market must navigate to achieve sustainable growth.

Competitor Outlook

• Johnson Controls International plc
• Exide Technologies
• Enersys
• Lead Scrap Recycling Ltd.
• RSR Corporation
• American Zinc Recycling Corp.
• EcoBat Technologies Ltd.
• Umicore SA
• Battery Solutions Inc.
• Hawkeswood Metal Ltd.
• Call2Recycle, Inc.
• Reciprocal LLC
• Lead Recovery Technologies, LLC
• G & P Batteries
• Savannah Recycling LLC

The competitive landscape of the lead scrap market is characterized by the presence of several key players that contribute to its growth through innovative recycling technologies and strategic partnerships. Major companies are increasingly focusing on expanding their capabilities to process lead scrap efficiently while complying with environmental regulations. The market is witnessing a trend towards consolidation, as larger players acquire smaller firms to diversify their service offerings and enhance their market presence. This dynamic is leading to increased competition and innovation, driving the development of advanced recycling solutions and technologies.

Johnson Controls International plc stands out as a prominent player in the lead scrap market, known for its leading position in the battery manufacturing sector. The company has invested significantly in recycling technologies, enabling it to recover high-purity lead from used batteries effectively. Their commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility further strengthens their market position. Similarly, Exide Technologies is a key competitor, specializing in lead-acid battery production and recycling. The company's extensive network of recycling facilities allows it to efficiently process lead scrap, ensuring a steady supply of materials for its manufacturing operations.

Another notable company, Umicore SA, has established a strong foothold in the lead recycling sector, focusing on environmentally responsible processes and sustainable practices. The company's commitment to innovation and technological advancements has positioned it as a leader in the recovery of lead from electronic waste and other materials. In addition, EcoBat Technologies Ltd. has emerged as a significant player, engaging in lead recycling and the manufacturing of lead products. Their strategic acquisitions and investments in recycling capabilities have enhanced their operational efficiency, allowing them to cater to the growing demand for recycled lead. The competitive environment remains dynamic, with ongoing developments shaping the lead scrap market's future.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Enersys
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Umicore SA
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Reciprocal LLC
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 G & P Batteries
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 RSR Corporation
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Call2Recycle, Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Exide Technologies
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Hawkeswood Metal Ltd.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Battery Solutions Inc.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Savannah Recycling LLC
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 EcoBat Technologies Ltd.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Lead Scrap Recycling Ltd.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 American Zinc Recycling Corp.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Lead Recovery Technologies, LLC
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Johnson Controls International plc
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Lead Scrap Market, By Type
    • 6.1.1 Soft Lead Scrap
    • 6.1.2 Hard Lead Scrap
    • 6.1.3 Mixed Lead Scrap
    • 6.1.4 Lead Battery Scrap
    • 6.1.5 Lead Cable Scrap
  • 6.2 Lead Scrap Market, By Source
    • 6.2.1 Manufacturing Waste
    • 6.2.2 Demolition Waste
    • 6.2.3 Recycled Products
    • 6.2.4 Others
  • 6.3 Lead Scrap Market, By Use Industry
    • 6.3.1 Automotive
    • 6.3.2 Construction
    • 6.3.3 Electronics
    • 6.3.4 Industrial Machinery
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Lead Scrap Market, By Recycling Process
    • 6.4.1 Pyrometallurgical Recycling
    • 6.4.2 Hydrometallurgical Recycling
    • 6.4.3 Electrolysis
    • 6.4.4 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Lead Scrap Market by Region
  • 10.3 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 India
      • 10.3.1.2 China
      • 10.3.1.3 Japan
      • 10.3.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Lead Scrap market is categorized based on

By Type

• Soft Lead Scrap
• Hard Lead Scrap
• Mixed Lead Scrap
• Lead Battery Scrap
• Lead Cable Scrap

By Use Industry

• Automotive
• Construction
• Electronics
• Industrial Machinery
• Others

By Recycling Process

• Pyrometallurgical Recycling
• Hydrometallurgical Recycling
• Electrolysis
• Others

By Source

• Manufacturing Waste
• Demolition Waste
• Recycled Products
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Johnson Controls International plc
• Exide Technologies
• Enersys
• Lead Scrap Recycling Ltd.
• RSR Corporation
• American Zinc Recycling Corp.
• EcoBat Technologies Ltd.
• Umicore SA
• Battery Solutions Inc.
• Hawkeswood Metal Ltd.
• Call2Recycle, Inc.
• Reciprocal LLC
• Lead Recovery Technologies, LLC
• G & P Batteries
• Savannah Recycling LLC