Lanthanum Target Sales
Lanthanum Target Market Segments - by Product Type (Purity 99.9%, Purity 99.99%, Purity 99.999%, Purity 99.9999%, Customized), Application (Semiconductors, Solar Cells, Display Panels, Optical Coatings, Research and Development), Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Distributors, Online Retailers, Specialty Stores, Others), Ingredient Type (Pure Lanthanum, Lanthanum Alloys, Lanthanum Compounds, Lanthanum Oxide, Others), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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- Table Of Content
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- Methodology
Lanthanum Target Sales Market Outlook
The global Lanthanum Target market is anticipated to reach a value of approximately USD 1.5 billion by 2035, growing at a robust CAGR of around 7.3% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth can largely be attributed to the increasing demand for high-purity materials in advanced applications such as semiconductors and solar energy technologies. Moreover, the rising trend of miniaturization in electronic devices is significantly boosting the requirement for high-quality lanthanum targets. The rapid technological advancements in display technologies and the growing focus on renewable energy solutions also contribute to the market's upward trajectory. Additionally, the expanding application of lanthanum in optical coatings and research and development sectors further underscores its pivotal role in various industries.
Growth Factor of the Market
The growth of the Lanthanum Target market is driven by several key factors, one of which is the escalating demand for lanthanum in the semiconductor industry. As electronic devices become more sophisticated, the necessity for advanced materials continues to rise. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy, has created substantial opportunities for lanthanum applications in solar cells. Additionally, the growing investment in research and development across various sectors is propelling the need for high-purity lanthanum compounds and materials. The introduction of innovative manufacturing techniques also enhances the efficiency and quality of lanthanum products, further stimulating market growth. Lastly, the expansion of the electronics sector globally is another critical factor driving the demand for lanthanum targets.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The global Lanthanum Target market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.3% from 2025 to 2035.
- High-purity lanthanum is increasingly sought after for semiconductor applications.
- The solar energy sector presents significant growth opportunities for lanthanum targets.
- Innovations in manufacturing processes are enhancing the quality of lanthanum products.
- The electronics industry's expansion is driving demand for lanthanum in various applications.
By Product Type
Purity 99.9%:
The segment of Lanthanum targets with 99.9% purity is primarily utilized in applications where high-quality material is required but not necessarily at the highest purity levels. This type finds significant usage in various industrial applications, including research and development, where the stringent specifications of higher purity materials may not be mandated. The relatively lower cost compared to higher purity grades also makes it a preferred choice for companies looking to balance quality and budget effectively. However, while 99.9% purity is suitable for many applications, it may not suffice for cutting-edge technologies where exceptional performance is critical.
Purity 99.99%:
Lanthanum targets with a purity of 99.99% serve a critical role in the semiconductor and electronics industries. This high level of purity is essential for applications that demand minimized contamination levels to ensure optimal performance and reliability. Industries such as photonics, optics, and telecommunications often require materials of this caliber to maintain the quality of their products. The growing emphasis on high-performance and miniaturized electronic components has spurred the demand for 99.99% purity lanthanum targets, making it an essential product type in the current market landscape.
Purity 99.999%:
Reaching even higher standards, 99.999% purity lanthanum targets are utilized in the most demanding applications within the semiconductor and optical industries. Such high-purity materials are crucial for specialized processes, including advanced photolithography and precision thin-film deposition. Industries that require absolute reliability and minimal defects in their final products prioritize this grade of lanthanum. As technologies evolve, the push for higher efficiencies and lower energy consumption in electronic devices further drives the need for these ultra-high purity materials, establishing a strong market position for 99.999% purity lanthanum targets.
Purity 99.9999%:
Lanthanum targets of 99.9999% purity are among the highest quality available and are primarily used in niche applications where the utmost purity is non-negotiable. These targets are key components in advanced electronic applications such as laser technology and critical semiconductor manufacturing processes. The stringent requirements in these sectors necessitate the use of materials that can ensure peak performance and minimize operational risks. As electronic systems continue to advance, the demand for such extraordinary purity levels is expected to increase, positioning 99.9999% purity lanthanum as a vital segment of the market.
Customized:
The customized segment of the lanthanum target market caters to specific client needs, allowing for tailored solutions that meet unique application requirements. This flexibility can include adjustments in purity levels, dimensions, or other material properties, making it particularly attractive to specialized industries. The growing trend of personalized solutions in manufacturing is fueling demand for customized lanthanum targets, as companies seek to optimize their processes and product performance. Such customization not only enhances operational efficiency but also fosters innovation in the design of electronic components and devices.
By Application
Semiconductors:
Semiconductors represent one of the largest application segments for lanthanum targets, driven by the rapid growth of the electronics sector. High-purity lanthanum is essential in various semiconductor manufacturing processes, including the fabrication of integrated circuits and advanced transistors. The ongoing advancements in technology, such as 5G and IoT, are pushing the demand for more efficient and powerful semiconductor devices, thereby increasing the consumption of lanthanum targets. As manufacturers seek to enhance the performance and reliability of their products, the demand for lanthanum in this application is expected to witness significant growth.
Solar Cells:
The application of lanthanum in solar cells is gaining momentum as the global shift towards renewable energy intensifies. Lanthanum compounds are utilized in the production of photovoltaic cells, enhancing their efficiency and longevity. As countries ramp up efforts to combat climate change, the investment in solar technology is surging, consequently driving the demand for lanthanum materials. The growing awareness of sustainable energy solutions will likely propel the lanthanum target market within the solar energy sector, making it a vital component of this application area.
Display Panels:
In the display panel industry, lanthanum targets play a crucial role in the production of high-quality screens, including those used in televisions and smartphones. Lanthanum is often used in phosphors for LED displays and plays a significant role in enhancing image quality and color accuracy. As the demand for high-definition and ultra-high-definition displays increases, the requirement for lanthanum targets in this sector is expected to rise correspondingly. The shift towards OLED and QLED technologies further amplifies the need for lanthanum, solidifying its importance in the display panel application.
Optical Coatings:
Lanthanum targets are extensively used in optical coatings, serving to improve the performance of various optical devices such as lenses and filters. The exceptional refractive properties of lanthanum compounds make them ideal for enhancing light transmission and reducing reflection. The increasing demand for high-performance optical devices in sectors such as telecommunications, defense, and consumer electronics is driving the growth of this application segment. As technological advancements continue to evolve in optics, the demand for lanthanum targets in coating applications is likely to see significant expansion.
Research and Development:
In research and development settings, lanthanum targets are utilized for various experimental purposes and to create new materials with unique properties. The adaptability and versatility of lanthanum in scientific research contribute to its value in academic and industrial R&D initiatives. As innovation accelerates across multiple sectors, the demand for high-quality lanthanum targets in research applications is expected to flourish. This growing trend highlights the importance of lanthanum in developing cutting-edge technologies and novel materials.
By Distribution Channel
Direct Sales:
Direct sales remain a significant channel for distributing lanthanum targets, allowing manufacturers to engage with customers directly. This approach facilitates better communication regarding product specifications and customer requirements, leading to customized solutions that enhance customer satisfaction. Direct sales also enable companies to establish strong relationships with key clients in the semiconductor and electronics sectors. The ability to offer tailored support and quick responses to inquiries makes direct sales a vital distribution channel in this market.
Distributors:
Distributors play a key role in the lanthanum target supply chain, bridging the gap between manufacturers and end-users. They are essential for reaching a broader clientele and ensuring that high-purity lanthanum products are accessible across various industries. Distributors often provide additional value through logistical support, technical expertise, and inventory management, which can alleviate some burdens from manufacturers. As the demand for lanthanum targets grows, the role of distributors in ensuring timely delivery and product availability becomes increasingly important.
Online Retailers:
The rise of e-commerce has transformed the distribution landscape for lanthanum targets, with online retailers gaining prominence as a distribution channel. This platform offers convenience and accessibility to a global customer base, allowing businesses to reach diverse markets effectively. Online retailing also provides customers with the ability to compare products easily, enabling informed purchasing decisions. As digital transformation continues to reshape buying behaviors, online retailers are expected to play a larger role in the lanthanum target market.
Specialty Stores:
Specialty stores focused on materials and electronic components are essential outlets for lanthanum targets, catering to niche markets and specific customer needs. These stores typically offer a curated selection of high-quality materials, including lanthanum products, ensuring that customers receive expert recommendations and guidance. The personalized service and specialized knowledge provided by specialty stores foster trust and loyalty among customers, making them an important distribution channel within the lanthanum target market. As the demand for specific product types increases, specialty stores are likely to see growth in their customer base.
Others:
Beyond the primary distribution channels, various other methods contribute to the distribution of lanthanum targets. These may include partnerships with research institutions, collaborations with industrial clients, and participation in trade shows and expos. Such methods not only help in showcasing products but also in establishing networks and collaborations that can drive sales. As the lanthanum target market evolves, these alternative distribution methods will likely gain prominence, providing valuable avenues for growth and customer engagement.
By Ingredient Type
Pure Lanthanum:
Pure lanthanum is a foundational material in the lanthanum target segment, primarily used for its exceptional electrical and thermal properties. This form of lanthanum is essential for high-precision applications, including semiconductor manufacturing and optical coatings. The purity of the lanthanum directly influences the performance and reliability of the end products, making this ingredient type a significant component in the target market. As industries increasingly prioritize quality and efficiency in their processes, the demand for pure lanthanum is likely to see sustained growth.
Lanthanum Alloys:
Lanthanum alloys are increasingly utilized in applications that require enhanced material properties, such as improved strength and corrosion resistance. These alloys are particularly valuable in specialized applications within the aerospace and automotive sectors, where performance under extreme conditions is critical. The versatility of lanthanum alloys contributes to their growing adoption, as manufacturers seek to develop more robust and efficient products. As industries continue to innovate, the demand for lanthanum alloys is expected to rise, reflecting the broader trend of utilizing advanced materials to meet evolving performance standards.
Lanthanum Compounds:
Lanthanum compounds, which include various chemical forms of lanthanum, are essential for numerous applications ranging from catalysts to phosphors. These compounds are particularly useful in the production of electronic devices, where they serve to enhance functionality and efficiency. The increasing complexity of modern technology necessitates the use of specialized compounds, driving the demand for lanthanum in this form. As the market for advanced electronic components continues to expand, the growth of lanthanum compounds will likely accompany this trend.
Lanthanum Oxide:
Lanthanum oxide is a vital ingredient in the production of high-performance ceramics and optical materials. Its unique properties, including high refractive index and low thermal conductivity, make it indispensable in applications such as optics, electronics, and energy storage. The growing emphasis on high-performance materials in various industries is expected to bolster the demand for lanthanum oxide. As technological advancements continue to evolve, the application of lanthanum oxide in cutting-edge products will play a crucial role in the overall growth of the lanthanum target market.
Others:
This category encompasses a variety of other lanthanum-based materials that find application in niche markets. These can include lanthanum salts and other derivatives that serve specific purposes in research and industrial applications. The diversity of lanthanum's chemical forms allows for tailored solutions that meet unique client requirements. As industries continue to explore innovative applications for lanthanum, the "others" segment is poised for growth, reflecting the material's versatility and adaptability across various fields.
By Region
The North American region is positioned as a significant player in the global lanthanum target market, driven by its robust semiconductor and electronics industry. The U.S. and Canada house numerous advanced technology companies that leverage high-purity lanthanum for manufacturing processes. The ongoing investments in renewable energy and green technologies further bolster the demand for lanthanum in solar energy applications. With a projected CAGR of 6.5% from 2025 to 2035, North America is expected to maintain its competitive edge in the market, underscoring its strategic importance in the lanthanum supply chain.
Europe follows closely, with a growing emphasis on sustainability and technological innovation propelling the demand for lanthanum targets. Countries such as Germany and France are at the forefront of developing advanced electronic components and renewable energy solutions, where lanthanum plays a critical role. The European market is anticipated to experience a CAGR of 7.1% during the forecast period, driven by increased production of high-performance displays and optical devices. As the region continues to embrace green technology initiatives, the demand for lanthanum in various applications is projected to grow, enhancing its market presence.
Opportunities
The lanthanum target market presents numerous opportunities, particularly within the renewable energy sector. With the global push towards sustainability, there is a significant demand for high-efficiency solar cells, where lanthanum plays a pivotal role. As countries invest heavily in solar infrastructure, companies producing lanthanum targets can benefit from this growing market. Furthermore, advancements in energy storage technologies, such as solid-state batteries, also create additional avenues for lanthanum applications. The increasing focus on reducing reliance on fossil fuels and transitioning to green technologies ensures that lanthanum remains a vital component in the renewable energy landscape.
Additionally, the rapid evolution of consumer electronics offers further opportunities for growth in the lanthanum target market. As devices become more sophisticated, the need for high-quality materials that enhance performance and reliability continues to rise. Companies that innovate and adapt their product offerings to meet the demands of next-generation electronics, such as foldable screens and wearable technology, will find themselves at the forefront of this evolving market. Establishing partnerships with key players in the electronics industry could provide significant competitive advantages, enabling access to new projects and applications that leverage lanthanum's unique properties.
Threats
The lanthanum target market faces several threats, primarily related to geopolitical uncertainties and trade policies. The global nature of the lanthanum supply chain means that changes in tariffs, export restrictions, or trade relations can significantly affect availability and pricing. Countries that heavily rely on imports for lanthanum products may experience disruptions, leading to increased production costs and potential delays in manufacturing. Additionally, competition from other materials that could serve as substitutes for lanthanum in various applications presents a threat to market stability. As new technologies evolve, companies must remain agile to adapt to shifting material preferences.
Another considerable threat comes from the fluctuating prices of raw materials. As demand for lanthanum grows, suppliers may face challenges in sourcing high-quality raw materials, leading to potential price volatility. This volatility can impact profit margins for companies within the lanthanum target market, particularly for those operating on thin margins. Moreover, environmental regulations and sustainability concerns surrounding rare earth element extraction may pose long-term challenges for companies that rely heavily on lanthanum. As awareness of sustainability increases, companies will need to implement responsible sourcing and production practices to remain competitive.
Competitor Outlook
- China Minmetals Corporation
- Alkane Resources Ltd.
- Lynas Corporation Ltd.
- Rio Tinto Group
- MP Materials Corp.
- Rare Element Resources Ltd.
- Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.
- China Northern Rare Earth Group High-Tech Co., Ltd.
- Stellar Resources PLC
- Great Western Minerals Group Ltd.
- Avalon Advanced Materials Inc.
- Asian Rare Earths Sdn. Bhd.
- Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc.
- Greenland Minerals Ltd.
The competitive landscape of the lanthanum target market is characterized by a mix of established companies and emerging players. Major corporations such as China Minmetals Corporation and Lynas Corporation Ltd. hold significant market shares, leveraging their extensive production capabilities and established supply chains. These players often benefit from economies of scale, enabling them to offer competitive pricing while maintaining high-quality standards. Additionally, companies like Rio Tinto Group and MP Materials Corp. are investing in expanding their production capacities to meet the growing demand for lanthanum across various applications, particularly in electronics and renewable energy. The competitive dynamics are continually shifting as companies strive to innovate and differentiate their product offerings to capture market share.
Key players in the lanthanum target market are also focusing on strategic partnerships and collaborations to enhance their market positions. For instance, companies may collaborate with research institutions or technology firms to develop advanced lanthanum compounds that meet specific application needs. This collaborative approach not only fosters innovation but also enables companies to stay ahead of market trends and consumer demands. Furthermore, many organizations are investing in sustainable practices to address the growing concerns regarding environmental impact, positioning themselves as responsible suppliers in the market. Such initiatives not only enhance brand reputation but also appeal to environmentally-conscious consumers and businesses.
In summary, while the lanthanum target market presents numerous growth opportunities driven by advancements in technology and increasing demand across various applications, it also faces challenges related to competition, pricing volatility, and geopolitical uncertainties. Companies that can navigate these challenges while capitalizing on emerging trends within the renewables and electronics sectors are likely to emerge as leaders in this dynamic market. By leveraging innovation, strategic partnerships, and sustainable practices, players within the lanthanum target market can secure their positions and drive long-term growth.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 Rio Tinto Group
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 MP Materials Corp.
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Alkane Resources Ltd.
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Stellar Resources PLC
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Lynas Corporation Ltd.
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Greenland Minerals Ltd.
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Asian Rare Earths Sdn. Bhd.
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 China Minmetals Corporation
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 Rare Element Resources Ltd.
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 Avalon Advanced Materials Inc.
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Great Western Minerals Group Ltd.
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 China Northern Rare Earth Group High-Tech Co., Ltd.
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 Rio Tinto Group
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Lanthanum Target Sales Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Semiconductors
- 6.1.2 Solar Cells
- 6.1.3 Display Panels
- 6.1.4 Optical Coatings
- 6.1.5 Research and Development
- 6.2 Lanthanum Target Sales Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Purity 99.9%
- 6.2.2 Purity 99.99%
- 6.2.3 Purity 99.999%
- 6.2.4 Purity 99.9999%
- 6.2.5 Customized
- 6.3 Lanthanum Target Sales Market, By Ingredient Type
- 6.3.1 Pure Lanthanum
- 6.3.2 Lanthanum Alloys
- 6.3.3 Lanthanum Compounds
- 6.3.4 Lanthanum Oxide
- 6.3.5 Others
- 6.4 Lanthanum Target Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
- 6.4.1 Direct Sales
- 6.4.2 Distributors
- 6.4.3 Online Retailers
- 6.4.4 Specialty Stores
- 6.4.5 Others
- 6.1 Lanthanum Target Sales Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Lanthanum Target Sales Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Lanthanum Target Sales market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Purity 99.9%
- Purity 99.99%
- Purity 99.999%
- Purity 99.9999%
- Customized
By Application
- Semiconductors
- Solar Cells
- Display Panels
- Optical Coatings
- Research and Development
By Distribution Channel
- Direct Sales
- Distributors
- Online Retailers
- Specialty Stores
- Others
By Ingredient Type
- Pure Lanthanum
- Lanthanum Alloys
- Lanthanum Compounds
- Lanthanum Oxide
- Others
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- China Minmetals Corporation
- Alkane Resources Ltd.
- Lynas Corporation Ltd.
- Rio Tinto Group
- MP Materials Corp.
- Rare Element Resources Ltd.
- Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.
- China Northern Rare Earth Group High-Tech Co., Ltd.
- Stellar Resources PLC
- Great Western Minerals Group Ltd.
- Avalon Advanced Materials Inc.
- Asian Rare Earths Sdn. Bhd.
- Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc.
- Greenland Minerals Ltd.
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : CH-11473
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)