Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Market Outlook

The global Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) vaccine market has been valued at approximately USD 600 million in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 1 billion by 2035, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period. The increasing incidence of Japanese Encephalitis in endemic regions, coupled with growing awareness regarding vaccination in high-risk populations, is a significant driver for this market. The rise in government initiatives to promote immunization and the development of innovative vaccine technologies have further fueled growth. Additionally, advancements in vaccine storage and distribution, alongside increasing funding for research and development in virology, are expected to positively impact the market's expansion. This favorable landscape is anticipated to enhance vaccine accessibility and affordability, thereby encouraging a larger uptake in both developed and developing countries.

Growth Factor of the Market

Several factors are contributing to the growth of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus vaccine market. Firstly, the increasing prevalence of JEV in rural and agricultural areas in Asia Pacific, especially in countries like India, Indonesia, and the Philippines, has generated a pressing need for effective vaccination programs. Secondly, the rising awareness about the importance of vaccination against vector-borne diseases has led to higher immunization rates among at-risk populations. Thirdly, the proactive measures taken by governments and health organizations to implement vaccination campaigns and improve healthcare infrastructure are pivotal in the market's expansion. Furthermore, innovations in vaccine formulation, such as the development of mRNA and recombinant vaccines, offer improved efficacy and safety profiles, encouraging their use. Lastly, the growing investment in public health initiatives to combat infectious diseases ensures sustained market growth.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The JEV vaccine market is projected to experience a CAGR of 6.5% from 2023 to 2035.
• Increasing prevalence of JEV in endemic regions is driving demand for vaccines.
• Government initiatives for vaccination are enhancing market growth and accessibility.
• Innovative vaccine technologies such as mRNA and recombinant vaccines are emerging.
• Rising public awareness and healthcare improvements are key factors influencing market dynamics.

By Product Type

Live Attenuated Vaccine:

Live attenuated vaccines have been a cornerstone in the prevention of Japanese Encephalitis. These vaccines contain weakened forms of the virus, which stimulate an immune response without causing the disease. This type of vaccine is particularly effective in providing long-lasting immunity, often requiring fewer doses for complete immunization. The market for live attenuated vaccines is robust, primarily due to their established efficacy and safety profile. However, challenges such as the need for cold chain storage and potential side effects may limit their usage in certain demographics, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Nonetheless, their widespread use in endemic areas continues to promote market demand.

Inactivated Vaccine:

Inactivated vaccines, which contain virus particles that have been killed, are another significant segment within the Japanese Encephalitis vaccine market. These vaccines provide a stable and safe option for immunization, as they do not pose a risk of causing the disease. Inactivated vaccines are particularly well-suited for use in populations with varying health conditions, providing broad immunization coverage. The demand for inactivated vaccines is bolstered by their ability to be stored at room temperature, which simplifies distribution in remote areas. As healthcare systems increasingly focus on accessibility, the role of inactivated vaccines in national immunization programs continues to grow.

Recombinant Vaccine:

Recombinant vaccines are gaining traction in the JEV market due to their innovative formulation methods that enhance safety and efficacy. These vaccines are produced by inserting JEV genes into another virus or bacteria, which then stimulates an immune response without using live viruses. The appeal of recombinant vaccines lies in their potential to be manufactured more rapidly and in a more controlled manner than traditional vaccines. Their increased acceptance among healthcare providers and patients, alongside clinical advancements, positions recombinant vaccines as a promising option for future immunization efforts against JEV.

DNA Vaccine:

DNA vaccines are an emerging technology in the Japanese Encephalitis vaccine market. These vaccines utilize synthetic DNA to provoke an immune response, offering a novel approach to immunization. The primary advantages of DNA vaccines include their stability, ease of production, and the ability to generate robust immune responses. Ongoing research and trials are focused on enhancing the efficacy of DNA vaccines specifically for JEV. While this technology is still in its developmental stages, its potential to revolutionize disease prevention strategies makes it an area worth monitoring for future growth.

mRNA Vaccine:

mRNA vaccines have recently gained significant attention following their success in combating global health crises. These vaccines work by introducing messenger RNA that instructs cells to produce a harmless piece of the virus, triggering an immune response. The development of mRNA vaccines for Japanese Encephalitis is in its infancy; however, their ability to be rapidly designed and manufactured presents a groundbreaking opportunity for future vaccinations. As mRNA technology continues to evolve, it is anticipated that these vaccines could play a crucial role in the prevention of JEV, particularly in response to emerging strains.

By Application

Hospitals:

Hospitals play a vital role in the administration of Japanese Encephalitis vaccines, serving as primary healthcare facilities for immunization. They are equipped with the necessary infrastructure and trained personnel to manage vaccination programs effectively. The demand for vaccines in hospitals is driven by the increasing number of patients seeking preventive healthcare services, particularly in regions with high JEV transmission. Hospitals not only provide vaccinations but also offer education and awareness programs, significantly contributing to public health initiatives. Moreover, collaborations between hospitals and government agencies further enhance immunization coverage within communities.

Clinics:

Clinics, both private and public, are crucial in the distribution and administration of Japanese Encephalitis vaccines. They cater to a diverse population, including individuals seeking preventive care and families with children in endemic areas. The convenience and accessibility of clinics make them preferred locations for vaccination, thereby increasing the uptake of vaccines. Clinics often implement outreach programs to educate communities about the risks of JEV and the importance of immunization, further driving demand for vaccines. Additionally, the flexibility of clinic hours allows for greater patient access, especially for those unable to visit hospitals.

Government Institutions:

Government institutions are pivotal in orchestrating national immunization strategies against Japanese Encephalitis. These organizations are responsible for formulating policies, securing funding, and coordinating vaccination campaigns across various regions. Through collaboration with healthcare providers, government institutions ensure widespread access to JEV vaccines, particularly in rural and underserved areas. Their initiatives often include public awareness campaigns to inform communities about the risks associated with JEV and the necessity of vaccination. As a result, government institutions play a significant role in shaping the overall landscape of the JEV vaccine market.

Research Institutes:

Research institutes contribute significantly to the JEV vaccine market through their role in vaccine development and innovation. These institutions conduct studies on the efficacy and safety of existing vaccines while exploring new formulations and technologies. Their research efforts are essential for identifying emerging strains of JEV and developing vaccines that provide comprehensive protection. Collaborations between research institutes and pharmaceutical companies also facilitate the translation of scientific findings into commercially viable products. Consequently, research institutes are instrumental in ensuring the continued advancement of JEV vaccines and improving public health outcomes.

Others:

The 'Others' category encompasses various applications of Japanese Encephalitis vaccines, including non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community health programs, and international health agencies. These entities often implement vaccination drives in high-risk regions, providing vital immunization services to populations with limited access to healthcare. Their efforts are crucial in controlling outbreaks and preventing the spread of JEV. Additionally, partnerships with local governments and healthcare providers enhance the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns, further solidifying the importance of these organizations in the broader context of public health.

By Distribution Channel

Hospitals Pharmacies:

Hospital pharmacies serve as a critical distribution channel for Japanese Encephalitis vaccines, providing a reliable source of immunization within healthcare facilities. These pharmacies are responsible for managing vaccine inventories, ensuring proper storage conditions, and administering vaccinations to patients. The demand for vaccines through hospital pharmacies is driven by the high patient footfall in hospitals, especially during peak seasons of JEV transmission. Additionally, hospital pharmacies often collaborate with healthcare providers to offer vaccination education and outreach programs, further enhancing community engagement in preventive healthcare practices.

Retail Pharmacies:

Retail pharmacies play an essential role in the distribution of Japanese Encephalitis vaccines, particularly in urban and suburban areas. They provide convenient access to vaccines for the general public, making it easier for individuals to receive immunization without visiting a healthcare facility. The growing trend of preventive healthcare and increased awareness of JEV risk have led to greater demand for vaccines in retail settings. Moreover, many retail pharmacies offer extended hours and additional services, such as vaccination clinics, which further promote vaccine accessibility and uptake among various demographics.

Online Pharmacies:

Online pharmacies represent an emerging distribution channel for Japanese Encephalitis vaccines, utilizing digital platforms to reach a broader audience. The convenience of online shopping has gained popularity, particularly among individuals seeking to avoid crowded healthcare facilities. Online pharmacies can provide information on vaccine availability, pricing, and administration instructions, thereby enhancing consumer accessibility. However, the distribution of vaccines through online channels must adhere to strict regulatory guidelines to ensure safety and efficacy. As digital health solutions continue to evolve, online pharmacies are likely to play a more significant role in vaccine distribution.

By Ingredient Type

SA14-14-2:

The SA14-14-2 strain is a live attenuated vaccine that has shown significant efficacy in preventing Japanese Encephalitis. This strain has been widely used in several countries, particularly in Asia, and is known for its strong immunogenic response and long-lasting immunity. The continued use of SA14-14-2 is supported by its established safety profile and effectiveness in diverse populations. As a result, this strain remains a dominant player in the Japanese Encephalitis vaccine market, with ongoing research focusing on enhancing its formulation and delivery methods.

Nakayama:

The Nakayama strain is another live attenuated vaccine used to combat Japanese Encephalitis virus. This strain has a proven track record of safety and effectiveness, making it a preferred choice in many vaccination campaigns. Although its use may vary across regions, the Nakayama strain is recognized for inducing a robust immune response and is included in various immunization schedules worldwide. Ongoing evaluations of this strain continue to affirm its role in controlling JEV outbreaks, contributing positively to the overall market dynamics.

Beijing-1:

The Beijing-1 strain is a relatively newer addition to the Japanese Encephalitis vaccine market, recognized for its safety and effectiveness. This inactivated vaccine has been developed to address the varying strains of JEV prevalent in different geographic regions. Its formulation allows for easier storage and handling compared to live vaccines. As the demand for more versatile vaccines increases, the Beijing-1 strain represents an important step towards the development of a comprehensive vaccination strategy against Japanese Encephalitis.

IC51:

The IC51 strain is part of a new generation of Japanese Encephalitis vaccines that utilizes innovative approaches to enhance immunogenicity. This vaccine is designed to provide broad protection against multiple strains of the virus, catering to a diverse population. Current research is focused on optimizing the delivery and efficacy of IC51, with promising results emerging from clinical trials. As the understanding of the virus and its transmission evolves, the IC51 strain has the potential to play an essential role in future vaccination efforts.

ChimeriVax-JE:

ChimeriVax-JE is a recombinant vaccine that leverages advanced genetic engineering techniques to offer protection against Japanese Encephalitis. This vaccine is designed to induce a robust immune response while minimizing the risk of adverse effects associated with traditional vaccines. ChimeriVax-JE represents a significant advancement in vaccine technology, combining safety and efficacy in its formulation. As more researchers and healthcare providers recognize the benefits of recombinant vaccines, the ChimeriVax-JE vaccine is expected to gain traction in the market, particularly in areas heavily affected by JEV.

By Region

The Japanese Encephalitis Virus vaccine market exhibits significant regional variance, with Asia Pacific being the dominant region, accounting for approximately 60% of the total market share. The high prevalence of JEV in countries like India, Indonesia, and Thailand has led to increased vaccination efforts and government initiatives to combat the disease. The Asia Pacific region is expected to witness a CAGR of 7.0% over the forecast period as vaccination campaigns continue to expand, and public health infrastructure improves. North America and Europe hold relatively smaller shares of the market, primarily due to lower incidence rates of JEV, yet they contribute to market growth through ongoing research and vaccine development efforts aimed at global health solutions.

North America, while currently representing a smaller market segment, is increasingly investing in Japanese Encephalitis vaccine development, with a notable focus on research institutions and pharmaceutical companies. The region is expected to experience a CAGR of around 4.5% through 2035, driven by technological advancements and global collaborations to address infectious diseases. Meanwhile, the Latin America and Middle East & Africa regions are gradually increasing their vaccination rates in response to rising awareness and efforts from health organizations. Ensuring availability and accessibility of vaccines in these regions is crucial for minimizing the risk of future outbreaks.

Opportunities

The Japanese Encephalitis Virus vaccine market presents several opportunities for expansion and innovation. One of the most significant opportunities lies in the growing emphasis on vector control and prevention measures in endemic regions. As governments invest in public health initiatives, the demand for effective vaccines is likely to increase. Additionally, the rise of novel vaccine technologies, such as mRNA and recombinant vaccines, opens new avenues for research and development, enabling the creation of more effective and versatile vaccines. Collaborations between pharmaceutical companies, research institutions, and governments can further enhance the accessibility and affordability of vaccines, resulting in higher immunization rates across diverse populations. Furthermore, the increasing trend of global travel raises concerns about the spread of vector-borne diseases, making the development of effective JEV vaccines a priority for public health agencies worldwide.

Another promising opportunity in the market is the potential for combination vaccines that protect against multiple diseases, including Japanese Encephalitis. Such vaccines could streamline vaccination campaigns, making it easier for healthcare providers to administer immunizations in areas where multiple diseases coexist. The integration of advanced data analytics and digital health technologies into vaccination programs can help optimize distribution strategies and improve patient outreach efforts. Furthermore, there is a growing recognition of the importance of community engagement and education in improving vaccination rates. By raising awareness about the risks of JEV and the benefits of vaccination, health organizations can foster greater public trust and encourage individuals to participate in immunization programs.

Threats

The Japanese Encephalitis Virus vaccine market faces various threats that could hinder its growth and effectiveness. One significant threat is the emergence of vaccine hesitancy among certain populations, fueled by misinformation and skepticism regarding vaccine safety and efficacy. This hesitancy can lead to lower immunization rates, increasing the risk of outbreaks and complications associated with JEV. Furthermore, logistical challenges related to vaccine distribution, particularly in rural or underserved areas, can complicate vaccination efforts and limit access to those who need it most. In addition, the potential for evolving strains of the JEV poses a constant challenge to vaccine developers, necessitating continuous monitoring and adaptation of vaccine formulations to ensure comprehensive protection. Given the nature of public health crises, funding cuts to vaccination programs or public health initiatives can also impede progress, underscoring the need for sustained investment and commitment from governments and health organizations.

Another challenge is the regulatory landscape surrounding vaccines, which can vary significantly between countries. Regulatory hurdles and lengthy approval processes can delay the introduction of new vaccines, limiting options available to healthcare providers and patients. Additionally, competition within the vaccine market can lead to price pressures, impacting the profitability of vaccine manufacturers and potentially affecting funding for research and development. It is imperative for stakeholders in the JEV vaccine market to stay vigilant and adaptable, addressing these threats proactively to ensure the ongoing effectiveness of vaccination programs and public health strategies.

Competitor Outlook

• Sanofi Pasteur
• Merck & Co., Inc.
• Valneva SE
• Pfizer Inc.
• GlaxoSmithKline plc
• Novartis AG
• Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
• Indian Immunologicals Ltd.
• Bharat Biotech International Limited
• AstraZeneca plc
• Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
• Vaxart, Inc.
• Viva Biotech Holdings
• Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• Biovac Ltd.

The competitive landscape of the Japanese Encephalitis Virus vaccine market is characterized by a mix of established pharmaceutical companies and emerging biotech firms. Prominent players such as Sanofi Pasteur and Merck & Co., Inc. are known for their extensive product portfolios and significant market presence. These companies are actively involved in vaccine research and development, often collaborating with research institutes to enhance their offerings. The competition is intensifying as newer entrants, such as Valneva SE and Indian Immunologicals Ltd., introduce innovative vaccine solutions, aiming to capture market share in both endemic and non-endemic regions. The presence of these varied competitors fosters an environment conducive to technological advancements and improved vaccine formulations, ultimately benefiting public health.

Sanofi Pasteur, for instance, is a leading manufacturer of vaccines and has a robust portfolio that includes various products aimed at preventing infectious diseases, including Japanese Encephalitis. The company invests heavily in research and development to maintain its competitive edge and address emerging health threats. Similarly, Merck & Co., Inc. leverages its extensive experience in vaccine production and distribution to enhance accessibility and affordability, particularly in regions where JEV is prevalent. The commitment of these major players to innovation and public health has resulted in significant advancements in vaccine technology, contributing to the overall growth of the market.

Emerging companies like Bharat Biotech International Limited and Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd. are notable for their focus on manufacturing affordable vaccines tailored for developing countries. By prioritizing cost-effectiveness, these companies not only enhance vaccine accessibility but also contribute to global health initiatives aimed at eradicating diseases like Japanese Encephalitis. Their commitment to scalable production and partnerships with governmental and international organizations positions them as key players in the evolving vaccine market. As the landscape continues to change, collaboration and strategic alliances among these companies are expected to further drive innovation and ensure the availability of effective vaccines for those in need.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Valneva SE
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Biovac Ltd.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Novartis AG
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Pfizer Inc.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Vaxart, Inc.
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Sanofi Pasteur
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 AstraZeneca plc
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Merck & Co., Inc.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 GlaxoSmithKline plc
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Viva Biotech Holdings
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Indian Immunologicals Ltd.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Bharat Biotech International Limited
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Hospitals
    • 6.1.2 Clinics
    • 6.1.3 Government Institutions
    • 6.1.4 Research Institutes
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Live Attenuated Vaccine
    • 6.2.2 Inactivated Vaccine
    • 6.2.3 Recombinant Vaccine
    • 6.2.4 DNA Vaccine
    • 6.2.5 mRNA Vaccine
  • 6.3 Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 SA14-14-2
    • 6.3.2 Nakayama
    • 6.3.3 Beijing-1
    • 6.3.4 IC51
    • 6.3.5 ChimeriVax-JE
  • 6.4 Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Hospitals Pharmacies
    • 6.4.2 Retail Pharmacies
    • 6.4.3 Online Pharmacies

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Live Attenuated Vaccine
• Inactivated Vaccine
• Recombinant Vaccine
• DNA Vaccine
• mRNA Vaccine

By Application

• Hospitals
• Clinics
• Government Institutions
• Research Institutes
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Hospitals Pharmacies
• Retail Pharmacies
• Online Pharmacies

By Ingredient Type

• SA14-14-2
• Nakayama
• Beijing-1
• IC51
• ChimeriVax-JE

By Region

• Asia Pacific
• North America
• Latin America
• Europe
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Sanofi Pasteur
• Merck & Co., Inc.
• Valneva SE
• Pfizer Inc.
• GlaxoSmithKline plc
• Novartis AG
• Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited
• Indian Immunologicals Ltd.
• Bharat Biotech International Limited
• AstraZeneca plc
• Serum Institute of India Pvt. Ltd.
• Vaxart, Inc.
• Viva Biotech Holdings
• Inovio Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
• Biovac Ltd.