Industrial X ray Film for Non destructive Testing NDT

Industrial X-ray Film for Non-destructive Testing NDT Market Outlook

The global market for Industrial X-ray Film used in Non-destructive Testing (NDT) is expected to reach approximately USD 2.3 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5.8% from 2025 to 2035. This growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for quality assurance across various industries, the rising need for safety regulations in manufacturing processes, and advancements in X-ray technology that enhance film quality and performance. Additionally, the growing investment in infrastructure development and maintenance, especially in emerging economies, is expected to drive the demand for NDT solutions, thereby propelling the market for industrial X-ray films. Factors such as the rise in energy efficiency initiatives and the expansion of aerospace and automotive sectors are also contributing to the market's robust growth trajectory.

Growth Factor of the Market

The demand for Industrial X-ray Film in NDT is propelled by several key growth factors in the evolving industrial landscape. Firstly, the increasing focus on quality control and safety standards within industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction is leading to a significant rise in the utilization of NDT techniques. Industries are prioritizing the inspection of materials and products to prevent potential failures and enhance operational efficiency, thereby driving the adoption of X-ray films. Secondly, technological advancements in X-ray film production and processing are improving the sensitivity, clarity, and resolution of imaging, making it more appealing for various applications. Furthermore, the rising trend of automation and digitization in manufacturing processes is also important, as it encourages the integration of advanced NDT methods, including digital radiography, which often uses specialized films. Additionally, the expansion of industries in developing regions is fostering the growth of NDT applications, leading to increased demand for industrial X-ray films. Lastly, regulatory frameworks are emphasizing the need for non-destructive testing methodologies, promoting the growth of this market segment.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The market is projected to reach USD 2.3 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 5.8%.
• Growing focus on safety and quality assurance in manufacturing and construction.
• Advancements in X-ray technology enhancing film performance and quality.
• Increasing investment in infrastructure development globally.
• Rising awareness and adoption of NDT processes across various sectors.

By Product Type

Direct Exposure Film:

Direct exposure film is a traditional type of X-ray film that is directly exposed to radiation without any intermediate screens. This film type offers high image quality and is widely utilized in industries where precision and clarity are paramount, such as aerospace and automotive. The direct exposure film is known for its sensitivity to X-rays, which allows for detailed imaging of the internal structures of materials. As industries continue to prioritize non-destructive testing methods that require high-resolution imaging, the demand for direct exposure films is expected to remain strong. Furthermore, this film is often preferred for applications involving thick materials, where strong image contrast is necessary to identify any flaws or defects.

Indirect Exposure Film:

Indirect exposure film, commonly known as screen film, is used in conjunction with X-ray screens that convert X-rays into visible light, which then exposes the film. This film type provides enhanced sensitivity and requires less exposure to radiation compared to direct exposure films. The reduced radiation dosage makes indirect exposure films particularly appealing in sectors like healthcare and manufacturing, where safety and patient protection are crucial. As industries increasingly adopt safety regulations that limit radiation exposure, the market for indirect exposure films is projected to grow. Additionally, the ability to capture fine details with less radiation exposure makes this film type suitable for various applications, thereby expanding its market potential.

Computed Radiography Film:

Computed radiography film utilizes a photostimulable phosphor plate, which captures the X-ray image and later converts it into a digital format using a specialized reader. This technology offers the advantages of digital imaging while still leveraging the use of film for initial capture. The transition towards digital solutions in industrial NDT practices is a significant trend driving the growth of computed radiography films. Notably, the capability to store and manipulate digital images allows for enhanced analysis and reporting, which is particularly beneficial in quality assurance processes. As industries move towards digitization, the demand for computed radiography films is expected to increase, supported by ongoing advancements in imaging technologies.

Digital Radiography Film:

Digital radiography film represents the cutting-edge of X-ray imaging technology, utilizing electronic sensors to capture images directly without the need for traditional film. This method not only eliminates the development process associated with conventional films but also provides instant image availability, facilitating real-time assessment and decision-making. The growing emphasis on efficiency and speed in industrial processes has led to a surge in the adoption of digital radiography films across various sectors, including oil and gas, manufacturing, and construction. Moreover, the ability to enhance image quality and perform advanced image processing makes digital radiography an attractive option for industries requiring comprehensive analysis and documentation of inspections.

High-Speed Film:

High-speed film is designed to capture images at a greater speed than standard X-ray films, allowing for rapid imaging without compromising on quality. This feature is particularly advantageous in high-volume environments, such as automotive manufacturing and assembly lines, where quick inspections are essential to maintain production efficiency. The demand for high-speed films is driven by the need for faster testing processes and the increasing complexity of components that require thorough inspection. As industries seek to optimize their operations and reduce downtime during testing, the adoption of high-speed X-ray films is likely to grow, positioning it as a critical segment in the industrial X-ray film market.

By Application

Aerospace:

The aerospace sector requires rigorous safety and quality assurance protocols, making non-destructive testing a critical aspect of manufacturing and maintenance processes within this industry. X-ray films are extensively used to inspect components such as aircraft wings, fuselage, and engine parts for any structural defects or material inconsistencies. The increasing demand for lightweight and high-performance materials in aerospace applications necessitates ongoing testing and inspection, which further drives the market for industrial X-ray films. Moreover, the push for compliance with stringent regulatory standards regarding aircraft safety and performance is expected to bolster the demand for effective NDT solutions, including the use of X-ray films.

Automotive:

In the automotive industry, non-destructive testing is essential for ensuring the safety and reliability of vehicles. X-ray films are utilized to inspect critical components like welds, castings, and assemblies, helping to identify any flaws that could compromise vehicle integrity. As consumer expectations for vehicle safety continue to rise, coupled with regulatory pressures for high-quality manufacturing processes, the automotive sector is increasingly relying on NDT solutions. The rapid evolution of electric and autonomous vehicles also introduces new challenges and requirements for quality assurance, further expanding the scope for industrial X-ray films in automotive applications. The continued innovation in automotive design will likely drive the growth of NDT practices, solidifying the role of X-ray films in the sector.

Oil & Gas:

The oil and gas industry operates in highly demanding environments where the integrity of equipment and infrastructure is crucial. Non-destructive testing methods, including the use of industrial X-ray films, play a vital role in inspecting pipelines, refineries, and drilling equipment to identify potential failures or structural weaknesses. The aging infrastructure in the oil and gas sector, combined with the need to comply with safety regulations, has heightened the emphasis on NDT practices. Additionally, the shift towards more sustainable and efficient extraction methods is driving the adoption of innovative inspection techniques, including advanced X-ray imaging. This trend is expected to enhance the demand for industrial X-ray films as companies look to maintain operational integrity and safety in their processes.

Manufacturing:

The manufacturing sector is a significant consumer of industrial X-ray films, as quality assurance is imperative for maintaining production standards and product reliability. X-ray films are widely used to inspect welded joints, castings, and other critical components to ensure they meet specified quality parameters. As manufacturing processes become more complex and materials become more advanced, the need for effective non-destructive testing methods becomes increasingly important. The rising trend of automation and the implementation of Industry 4.0 concepts in manufacturing are further promoting the use of X-ray films for real-time inspection and monitoring. As manufacturers strive for efficiency and quality, the market for industrial X-ray films is poised for growth in this application area.

Construction:

In the construction industry, non-destructive testing methods are employed to ensure the safety and stability of structures. Industrial X-ray films are used to inspect welds, concrete structures, and rebar to identify any potential flaws before they can lead to serious issues. As urbanization and infrastructure development continue to surge globally, there is a growing emphasis on building safety and quality assurance, which drives the adoption of NDT solutions. Furthermore, with the increasing complexity of modern construction projects, the need for reliable inspection methods becomes ever more critical. The rising awareness of safety regulations and standards in construction is expected to further enhance the demand for industrial X-ray films, positioning this segment for substantial growth.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales:

The direct sales channel for industrial X-ray films involves manufacturers selling their products directly to end-users, including industries and service providers. This method allows for a more personalized approach, enabling manufacturers to better understand their customers' needs and provide tailored solutions. Direct sales often involve technical support and training, which can enhance user experience and satisfaction. As industries increasingly require specialized X-ray films for specific applications, the direct sales channel is becoming more prominent. Manufacturers can build strong relationships with their clients, fostering loyalty in a competitive market. The growth of direct sales is likely to be driven by the increasing demand for customized solutions in the industrial X-ray film market.

Distributors:

Distributors play a crucial role in the distribution of industrial X-ray films, acting as intermediaries between manufacturers and end-users. They typically have established networks and relationships with various industries, allowing them to facilitate efficient distribution and offer a wide range of products. Distributors are particularly valuable in regions where direct sales may not be feasible due to logistical challenges or market reach limitations. By leveraging their expertise and industry knowledge, distributors can effectively promote and sell industrial X-ray films, aiding manufacturers in expanding their market presence. The growing reliance on distributors is expected to contribute positively to the industrial X-ray film market as more companies seek efficient supply chain solutions.

Online Retail:

Online retail has emerged as an increasingly important distribution channel for industrial X-ray films, providing convenience and accessibility for buyers. With the rise of e-commerce, industries are turning to online platforms to easily compare products, prices, and specifications, leading to informed purchasing decisions. This trend is particularly appealing for smaller businesses or those located in remote areas, as they can access a wide variety of X-ray films without the need for extensive travel or direct relationships with manufacturers. Additionally, online retail platforms often offer competitive pricing and promotional deals, which can attract buyers looking for cost-effective solutions. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, the online retail channel for industrial X-ray films is expected to grow rapidly.

By Ingredient Type

Silver Halide:

Silver halide is a key ingredient used in traditional X-ray films, known for its excellent sensitivity and high resolution. This ingredient enables the film to capture detailed images based on the exposure to X-rays, making it highly suitable for various non-destructive testing applications. Silver halide films are widely utilized due to their proven reliability and performance in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction. The ongoing demand for high-quality imaging and safety assurance is likely to sustain the market for silver halide-based X-ray films, despite the emergence of digital alternatives. Furthermore, advancements in silver halide technology may enhance the overall effectiveness of these films, keeping them relevant in the evolving industrial landscape.

Photopolymer:

Photopolymer films are increasingly gaining traction as an alternative to traditional silver halide films, offering several advantages, including faster processing times and enhanced image quality. These films utilize a polymer-based emulsion that responds to radiation exposure, allowing for the creation of high-resolution images. Photopolymer films are particularly favored in industries where quick turnaround times are crucial, and their adaptability makes them suitable for a variety of applications. As industries prioritize efficiency and productivity, the demand for photopolymer films is anticipated to rise. Additionally, the ongoing development of environmentally friendly photopolymer solutions further supports the growth of this ingredient type in the industrial X-ray film market.

Amorphous Selenium:

Amorphous selenium is a semiconductor material used in some advanced digital radiography films, offering remarkable sensitivity and image quality. This ingredient enables the direct capture of X-ray images without the need for traditional film, contributing to real-time imaging capabilities. The demand for amorphous selenium films is driven by the growing trend of digital solutions in the NDT sector, as industries seek to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of their inspection processes. With the advantages of lower radiation exposure and immediate image availability, the market for amorphous selenium-based films is expected to expand as industries adopt more innovative technologies to meet their quality assurance needs.

By Region

The regional analysis of the Industrial X-ray Film market indicates significant variations in market dynamics and growth potential. North America remains a leading market for industrial X-ray films, driven by the presence of numerous industrial sectors that prioritize stringent quality control and safety standards. The increasing investments in infrastructure and the aerospace industry further fuel market growth in this region. According to estimates, the North American market is projected to account for approximately 35% of the global industrial X-ray film market by 2035. The CAGR for North America is forecasted at 5.2%, reflecting steady growth as industries continue to embrace advanced NDT solutions.

In contrast, the Asia Pacific region is witnessing rapid growth, attributed to the burgeoning manufacturing sector and the rising demand for quality assurance in emerging economies. Countries like China and India are ramping up their industrial production capabilities, leading to a heightened need for non-destructive testing methodologies. The Asia Pacific market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5%, reflecting the increasing investments in infrastructure development and the adoption of advanced manufacturing processes. By 2035, the Asia Pacific region is expected to capture approximately 30% of the global market share for industrial X-ray films, highlighting its potential as a major growth driver in the future.

Opportunities

The Industrial X-ray Film market presents numerous opportunities for growth, particularly as industries increasingly prioritize safety and quality assurance in their operations. One significant opportunity lies in the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning into X-ray imaging processes. The incorporation of these technologies can enhance image analysis, leading to more accurate defect detection and improved reporting capabilities. Additionally, with the ongoing trend toward automation in manufacturing processes, there is potential for the development of automated X-ray film inspection systems that can streamline operations and reduce labor costs. These advancements can help attract new clients seeking efficient and reliable NDT solutions, thereby expanding the market for industrial X-ray films.

Another opportunity arises from the growing focus on sustainable practices across various industries. As companies increasingly adopt environmentally friendly initiatives, there is a rising demand for non-toxic and biodegradable X-ray films. Manufacturers that invest in research and development to create eco-friendly film solutions can position themselves competitively in the market. Furthermore, emerging markets in regions such as Asia Pacific and Latin America present untapped potential for growth. As these regions continue to develop their industrial capabilities and invest in infrastructure, the demand for non-destructive testing methods, including industrial X-ray films, is expected to soar, opening doors for new business opportunities and collaborations.

Threats

While the Industrial X-ray Film market holds significant potential for growth, it also faces various threats that could impact its trajectory. One major threat is the increasing adoption of digital radiography technologies, which offer advantages such as immediate image availability and enhanced image processing capabilities. As industries shift towards digital solutions, the reliance on traditional X-ray films may decline, potentially affecting market demand. Additionally, the high initial costs associated with transitioning to digital systems could deter some companies from making the change, leading to potential stagnation in the traditional film segment. Manufacturers may need to adapt their strategies and offerings to address these shifts in demand to remain competitive in the evolving landscape.

Another threat to the industrial X-ray film market stems from the stringent regulatory environment surrounding radiation safety and environmental standards. Compliance with these regulations can pose challenges for manufacturers, particularly if they require significant investments in research, development, and production processes. Moreover, the increasing focus on environmental sustainability may lead to stricter regulations on the use and disposal of traditional X-ray films, prompting manufacturers to adapt to changing standards. The pressure to comply with regulatory requirements may hinder growth opportunities for some companies, necessitating continuous innovation and adaptation to meet evolving market expectations.

Competitor Outlook

• Agfa-Gevaert Group
• Fujifilm Holdings Corporation
• Carestream Health
• Konica Minolta, Inc.
• Eastman Kodak Company
• GE Healthcare
• Siemens Healthineers
• NDT Systems, Inc.
• Varex Imaging Corporation
• Radiology Support Devices, Inc.
• MediRadiX
• ASSI (American Scientific & Surplus)
• Hologic, Inc.
• Imago Techmedia
• Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.

The competitive landscape of the Industrial X-ray Film market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies striving to capture market share. Key players like Agfa-Gevaert Group and Fujifilm Holdings Corporation dominate the market, leveraging their strong brand recognition, extensive distribution networks, and innovative product offerings. These companies are continually investing in research and development to enhance their film technologies and maintain their competitive edge. Furthermore, collaborations and partnerships with various industries enable these firms to expand their application reach and explore new market segments, ensuring sustained growth in the dynamic industrial X-ray film market.

Emerging companies in the industrial X-ray film market are also making significant strides by focusing on niche applications and specialized film products. Companies like NDT Systems, Inc. and Varex Imaging Corporation are positioning themselves as leaders in advanced non-destructive testing solutions, leveraging innovation to address specific industry needs. This competitive landscape fosters innovation and encourages companies to differentiate their offerings through improved performance, quality, and customer service. As industries increasingly adopt advanced X-ray technologies, maintaining a competitive advantage will depend on manufacturers' ability to deliver tailored solutions that meet evolving customer demands.

Notably, companies such as Carestream Health and GE Healthcare are making substantial contributions to the industrial X-ray film market by investing in the development of digital radiography solutions. Their focus on sustainability and eco-friendly practices aligns with the growing demand for environmentally responsible products in various industries. These companies are also enhancing their manufacturing processes to reduce environmental impacts and improve film performance. As sustainability becomes a critical consideration in purchasing decisions, manufacturers who prioritize eco-friendly initiatives will likely gain a competitive advantage in the market.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 MediRadiX
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 GE Healthcare
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Hologic, Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Imago Techmedia
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Carestream Health
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 NDT Systems, Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Agfa-Gevaert Group
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Konica Minolta, Inc.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Siemens Healthineers
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Eastman Kodak Company
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Varex Imaging Corporation
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Fujifilm Holdings Corporation
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Radiology Support Devices, Inc.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 ASSI (American Scientific & Surplus)
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Industrial X ray Film for Non destructive Testing NDT Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Aerospace
    • 6.1.2 Automotive
    • 6.1.3 Oil & Gas
    • 6.1.4 Manufacturing
    • 6.1.5 Construction
  • 6.2 Industrial X ray Film for Non destructive Testing NDT Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Direct Exposure Film
    • 6.2.2 Indirect Exposure Film
    • 6.2.3 Computed Radiography Film
    • 6.2.4 Digital Radiography Film
    • 6.2.5 High-Speed Film
  • 6.3 Industrial X ray Film for Non destructive Testing NDT Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Silver Halide
    • 6.3.2 Photopolymer
    • 6.3.3 Amorphous Selenium
  • 6.4 Industrial X ray Film for Non destructive Testing NDT Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.2 Distributors
    • 6.4.3 Online Retail

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Industrial X ray Film for Non destructive Testing NDT Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Industrial X ray Film for Non destructive Testing NDT market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Direct Exposure Film
• Indirect Exposure Film
• Computed Radiography Film
• Digital Radiography Film
• High-Speed Film

By Application

• Aerospace
• Automotive
• Oil & Gas
• Manufacturing
• Construction

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Distributors
• Online Retail

By Ingredient Type

• Silver Halide
• Photopolymer
• Amorphous Selenium

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Agfa-Gevaert Group
• Fujifilm Holdings Corporation
• Carestream Health
• Konica Minolta, Inc.
• Eastman Kodak Company
• GE Healthcare
• Siemens Healthineers
• NDT Systems, Inc.
• Varex Imaging Corporation
• Radiology Support Devices, Inc.
• MediRadiX
• ASSI (American Scientific & Surplus)
• Hologic, Inc.
• Imago Techmedia
• Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.