Flexible Paper Battery FPB

Flexible Paper Battery FPB Market Outlook

The global Flexible Paper Battery (FPB) market is projected to reach a staggering USD 1.5 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20% during the forecast period of 2025-2035. This growth is driven by several factors, including the increasing demand for lightweight, portable energy solutions across various sectors such as consumer electronics and medical devices, as well as the rising adoption of smart packaging and wearable technology. Moreover, advancements in battery technology, which allow for thinner and more flexible battery designs, are enhancing the attractiveness of FPBs in numerous applications. The innovation in materials and the push for sustainable energy solutions are also contributing significantly to the expansion of the market. As the world becomes increasingly mobile and reliant on portable electronics, the demand for efficient, flexible, and environmentally friendly energy sources is anticipated to rise dramatically.

Growth Factor of the Market

The growth of the Flexible Paper Battery market can be attributed to a variety of factors that meet the evolving needs of consumers and industries. First and foremost, the shift toward green technologies and sustainable practices has elevated the demand for alternatives to traditional batteries that often rely on harmful materials. Flexible Paper Batteries offer a lightweight, portable, and environmentally friendly solution, which makes them increasingly popular among manufacturers and consumers alike. Additionally, the rise in the electric vehicle sector is spurring interest in versatile battery designs, as manufacturers seek lighter batteries that do not compromise performance. Moreover, the miniaturization trend in electronics necessitates compact energy sources that can fit into smaller devices without sacrificing power, further propelling the demand for FPBs. Lastly, ongoing research and development efforts are helping to enhance the performance and applications of FPBs, making them more attractive to various industries.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 20% from 2025 to 2035.
• Increased adoption in sectors such as consumer electronics and wearable devices is driving demand.
• Technological advancements are leading to improvements in battery performance and sustainability.
• Key regions contributing to market growth include North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific.
• Flexible Paper Batteries are emerging as a preferred solution for smart packaging applications.

By Product Type

Primary Batteries:

Primary batteries are non-rechargeable power sources that are designed for single-use applications. In the context of Flexible Paper Batteries, primary batteries have seen growing interest due to their lightweight and compact design, which fits well into various consumer electronics such as remote controls and low-power devices. They offer ease of disposal and are often cheaper than rechargeable alternatives, making them attractive for applications where frequent battery replacement is acceptable. The demand for primary FPBs is expected to grow as consumers increasingly seek portable energy solutions that are both efficient and effective in powering small devices.

Secondary Batteries:

Secondary batteries, or rechargeable batteries, are crucial in the Flexible Paper Battery market, particularly within applications that require sustained power over an extended period. These batteries are gaining popularity due to their ability to be reused multiple times, which is both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. In wearable devices and medical applications, secondary FPBs are particularly beneficial, as they can provide reliable power without frequent replacements. Additionally, advancements in battery chemistry are enhancing the rechargeability and lifespan of these batteries, making them a preferred choice for long-term applications.

Thin Film Batteries:

Thin film batteries are increasingly recognized for their ultra-thin design and ability to be integrated into a variety of applications, from consumer electronics to medical devices. These batteries are made using innovative printing techniques that allow for the deposition of active materials on flexible substrates, resulting in highly efficient energy storage solutions. The demand for thin film FPBs is expected to surge as industries increasingly leverage their unique attributes, such as flexibility and lightweight nature. Their potential application in smart packaging and IoT devices is particularly notable, as companies look for innovative ways to incorporate energy sources directly into their products.

Printed Batteries:

Printed batteries represent a revolutionary approach to energy storage, utilizing printing technology to create batteries that are not only flexible but also customizable. They offer unique advantages, such as the potential for mass production at a lower cost and the ability to create batteries of various shapes and sizes tailored to specific applications. The printed FPBs are gaining traction in sectors like smart packaging and consumer electronics, where the ability to integrate batteries into the product design is essential. As printing technology continues to advance, the potential applications for printed batteries are likely to expand, driving further growth in this segment of the market.

Micro Batteries:

Micro batteries are designed for ultra-portable applications, specifically targeting devices that require minimal power but have strict space limitations. These batteries are particularly relevant in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and miniaturized consumer electronics, where their compact size and lightweight nature are critical. Micro FPBs are being developed to meet the growing needs of applications like smart wearables and medical implants, where traditional batteries would be impractical. The continuous evolution of micro battery technologies is expected to drive their adoption, leading to significant growth in this sub-segment of the Flexible Paper Battery market.

By Application

Consumer Electronics:

The consumer electronics sector is one of the leading applications for Flexible Paper Batteries, driven by the increasing demand for portable and lightweight energy solutions. As gadgets become smaller and more multifunctional, the need for batteries that do not compromise on performance while remaining compact is paramount. FPBs offer a viable solution, as they can be easily integrated into devices such as smartphones, tablets, and wearables. Moreover, the trend toward wireless and smart devices is further propelling the adoption of FPBs, as consumers look for efficient energy storage without the bulkiness of traditional batteries.

Medical Devices:

Flexible Paper Batteries are gaining traction in the medical devices sector, where their lightweight and flexible nature is particularly beneficial for applications requiring wearable technology, portable diagnostic devices, and implantable medical devices. The need for reliable and compact power sources in medical applications is crucial, especially as technology advances and the demand for continuous monitoring and data collection increases. FPBs can provide a safe and efficient energy solution, minimizing the impact on patient comfort while ensuring device functionality. As healthcare technology continues to evolve, the role of FPBs in powering medical devices is expected to expand significantly.

Smart Packaging:

Smart packaging is an emerging application for Flexible Paper Batteries, combining energy storage with innovative packaging solutions to create interactive and informative packaging systems. In this application, FPBs can power sensors, indicators, and communication devices embedded in the packaging, enhancing the consumer experience and providing real-time information about the product’s condition. As e-commerce and the demand for efficient supply chain management increase, smart packaging solutions are becoming more critical, which is driving the growth of FPBs in this segment. The capability of FPBs to be lightweight and flexible makes them an ideal choice for integration into various packaging designs.

Wearable Devices:

The wearable device market is witnessing a significant shift towards the adoption of Flexible Paper Batteries, primarily driven by the growing interest in fitness trackers, smartwatches, and health monitoring devices. FPBs provide an ideal energy solution for wearables, as their lightweight and flexible characteristics allow for seamless integration without compromising comfort. Additionally, as consumer demand for longer battery life and performance in wearables increases, FPBs offer a competitive edge due to their innovative design and ability to deliver consistent power. The expansion of the wearables market is anticipated to drive the demand for FPBs as manufacturers seek efficient and versatile battery solutions.

Others:

Aside from the primary applications mentioned, there are numerous other sectors that are beginning to recognize the potential of Flexible Paper Batteries. These include automotive applications, where lightweight energy sources are crucial for vehicle efficiency, and the aerospace industry, where weight reduction is a priority. FPBs are also being explored for use in smart textiles, where the integration of power sources can enhance functionality. As industries continue to innovate and seek sustainable energy solutions, the potential applications for FPBs are likely to expand, contributing to overall market growth.

By Distribution Channel

Online Stores:

Online stores are becoming a prominent distribution channel for Flexible Paper Batteries, primarily due to the convenience they offer to consumers. The rapid growth of e-commerce has changed the way customers shop for products, allowing them to easily compare options and make purchases from the comfort of their homes. This trend is particularly beneficial for niche products like FPBs, which may not be as readily available in traditional brick-and-mortar stores. Online platforms also facilitate access to a broader audience, enabling manufacturers to reach consumers globally and create awareness about the benefits of FPBs. Enhanced digital marketing strategies and targeted advertising through online channels are expected to further propel sales in this segment.

Electronics Stores:

Electronics stores continue to be a vital distribution channel for Flexible Paper Batteries, especially given their focus on cutting-edge technology and gadgets. These retail outlets provide consumers with hands-on access to the product, helping them understand the benefits and applications of FPBs better. The presence of knowledgeable staff in electronics stores plays a crucial role in educating consumers about the advantages of using FPBs in various devices. As the demand for innovative energy solutions rises, electronics retailers are likely to expand their offerings of FPBs, which will contribute positively to market growth.

Specialty Stores:

Specialty stores that focus on batteries and energy solutions are becoming increasingly important as distribution channels for Flexible Paper Batteries. These stores cater to specific customer needs and often carry a curated selection of products tailored to various applications. The availability of FPBs in specialty stores allows consumers to explore options that may not be available in larger retail chains. Additionally, the personalized service offered in specialty stores can help consumers make informed decisions about which FPBs are best suited for their particular needs, thereby enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Hypermarkets/Supermarkets:

Hypermarkets and supermarkets are also emerging as relevant distribution channels for Flexible Paper Batteries, primarily due to their extensive reach and diverse customer base. As consumers increasingly look for one-stop shopping solutions, the inclusion of FPBs in these larger retail formats can drive awareness and sales. The convenience of purchasing FPBs alongside everyday items can lead to impulse purchases and increased overall sales. As the market for FPBs continues to grow, it is likely that hypermarkets and supermarkets will expand their inventory to include a variety of battery options to meet consumer demand.

Others:

Other distribution channels such as wholesale suppliers and distributors also play a significant role in the market for Flexible Paper Batteries. These channels help manufacturers reach a broader audience, ensuring that FPBs are available in various regions and application areas. Distributors often provide value-added services such as inventory management and logistics support, which can help streamline the supply chain and reduce costs for manufacturers. As FPBs gain traction in the market, the importance of these alternate distribution channels is expected to grow, further enhancing market accessibility.

By Ingredient Type

Lithium:

Lithium is one of the most commonly used materials in the production of Flexible Paper Batteries, given its high energy density and lightweight properties. Lithium-based FPBs offer significant advantages over traditional battery technologies, making them ideal for applications that require efficient power delivery in a compact form. The growing demand for lithium-ion batteries in consumer electronics and electric vehicles is driving research into alternative lithium-based solutions, including FPBs. The ongoing advancements in lithium battery technology are expected to enhance the performance and safety of FPBs, making them a reliable choice for various applications.

Zinc:

Zinc is gaining popularity as an ingredient in the development of Flexible Paper Batteries due to its low toxicity and abundance. Zinc-based batteries are considered safer and more environmentally friendly compared to conventional lithium batteries, making them an attractive alternative for various applications. The use of zinc in FPBs allows for the production of batteries that maintain reliable performance while adhering to sustainability practices. With increasing consumer awareness regarding environmental issues, the demand for zinc-based FPBs is expected to grow, positioning them as a viable option in the market.

Nickel:

Nickel is another essential ingredient in the formulation of Flexible Paper Batteries, primarily due to its excellent electrochemical properties. Nickel-based batteries are known for their durability and ability to withstand a range of temperatures, making them suitable for various applications. In the context of FPBs, nickel serves to enhance the overall efficiency and lifespan of the battery. As industries continue to seek reliable and efficient energy solutions, the demand for nickel-based FPBs is anticipated to rise, particularly in sectors such as automotive and consumer electronics.

Lead:

Lead is traditionally associated with conventional battery technologies, yet its role in the market for Flexible Paper Batteries cannot be overlooked. While lead-based batteries face criticism due to environmental concerns, ongoing innovations are being explored to create lead compounds that can be used in more environmentally friendly ways. The development of lead-based FPBs may provide a cost-effective solution for specific applications where performance and affordability are critical. As regulations surrounding lead usage evolve, the market for lead-based FPBs will require careful navigation to ensure compliance with environmental standards.

Others:

In addition to the primary ingredients mentioned, there are various other materials being explored for use in Flexible Paper Batteries. These alternatives may include organic compounds and emerging innovative materials that can provide a sustainable and effective energy solution. The research and development efforts focusing on alternative ingredients are expanding, creating opportunities for the development of new battery technologies that can meet the diverse needs of consumers. As industries continue to innovate, the potential for alternative ingredient types in FPBs is likely to grow, contributing to the overall expansion of the market.

By Region

The regional analysis of the Flexible Paper Battery market reveals diverse growth patterns across different parts of the globe, influenced by varying consumer demands, technological advancements, and regulatory frameworks. North America is poised to dominate the market, driven by a robust consumer electronics industry and increasing investments in research and development. The region's focus on sustainability and innovation is expected to propel the adoption of FPBs, with a projected CAGR of 22% during the forecast period. Europe is also witnessing substantial growth, largely attributed to the rising demand for eco-friendly batteries and the increasing penetration of wearable devices and smart packaging solutions.

Asia Pacific is emerging as a significant player in the Flexible Paper Battery market, fueled by rapid industrialization, technological advancements, and a growing consumer base for electronics and wearable devices. Countries such as China and Japan are leading the charge, focusing on developing cutting-edge battery technologies. The region collectively is expected to witness a CAGR of 19% from 2025 to 2035 as manufacturers and consumers alike are increasingly inclined toward sustainable energy solutions. Meanwhile, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are also expected to contribute to market growth, albeit at a slower pace compared to the leading regions, as they gradually adopt innovative battery technologies in various sectors.

Opportunities

The Flexible Paper Battery market presents several lucrative opportunities for manufacturers and investors, primarily driven by the increasing demand for portable and lightweight energy solutions across various sectors. With the rise of smart wearable devices and the Internet of Things (IoT), there is a pressing need for batteries that can seamlessly integrate into these products while offering reliable performance. As consumers gravitate toward health and fitness monitoring technologies, FPBs are well-positioned to meet the energy demands of these devices. The expansion of smart packaging is another area ripe with potential, as companies look to enhance consumer engagement while ensuring product safety and quality through integrated energy solutions.

Furthermore, the emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendly practices opens up additional avenues for growth in the Flexible Paper Battery market. As governments and organizations worldwide focus on reducing carbon footprints and promoting renewable energy, FPBs can serve as an alternative to traditional batteries that often rely on harmful materials. The potential for innovation in battery chemistry and manufacturing processes will also allow for the development of more efficient and sustainable FPBs. Manufacturers who invest in R&D to create superior battery technologies can gain a competitive edge, driving further adoption across various industries and ultimately enhancing market growth.

Threats

Despite the promising outlook for the Flexible Paper Battery market, several threats could hinder its growth trajectory. The volatility in raw material prices poses a significant risk, particularly as the market becomes increasingly reliant on specific materials for battery production. Fluctuations in the availability and cost of key ingredients such as lithium and nickel can affect production costs and profit margins, potentially leading to increased prices for end consumers. Additionally, competition from alternative energy storage solutions, such as solid-state batteries and traditional lithium-ion batteries, poses a challenge as these technologies continue to evolve and capture market share. Companies in the FPB space must be aware of these competitive pressures and continuously innovate to maintain their market position.

Moreover, the regulatory environment surrounding battery production and disposal is becoming increasingly stringent, with governments implementing stricter guidelines to address environmental concerns. Companies producing Flexible Paper Batteries may face challenges in adhering to these regulations, leading to potential fines or restrictions that could impede growth. It is crucial for manufacturers to stay compliant and proactively engage in sustainable practices to mitigate these risks. Overall, while there are significant opportunities for growth in the FPB market, stakeholders must navigate these threats carefully to ensure long-term success.

Competitor Outlook

• Enfucell
• Blue Spark Technologies
• Imprint Energy
• Samsung SDI
• Panasonic
• Excellatron Solid State
• Varta AG
• Apple Inc.
• Sony Corporation
• Custom Cells
• STMicroelectronics
• LG Chem
• Battery Ventures
• American Battery Technology Company
• FLEXcon

The competitive landscape of the Flexible Paper Battery market is characterized by a mixture of established players and emerging startups, all vying for a share of this rapidly growing sector. Major companies such as Samsung SDI and Panasonic are leveraging their extensive experience in battery technology to develop innovative Flexible Paper Battery solutions. These companies have the resources and expertise to invest in research and development, allowing them to stay ahead of technological trends and consumer demands. Additionally, the presence of established brands in the consumer electronics space, such as Apple and Sony, further underscores the importance of FPBs in the new generation of portable devices.

Emerging companies like Imprint Energy and Enfucell are also making significant strides in the FPB market by focusing on the development of unique technologies and applications. These companies are often more agile and can quickly adapt to changing market trends, giving them a competitive advantage. By targeting niche sectors like medical devices and smart packaging, these startups are carving out their own market share. Furthermore, their focus on sustainability and eco-friendly practices resonates with the growing consumer preference for environmentally friendly products, allowing them to attract a dedicated customer base.

As competition intensifies, collaboration and strategic partnerships will likely become a key strategy for companies looking to strengthen their positions in the Flexible Paper Battery market. Joint ventures between established players and innovative startups can lead to the sharing of resources, knowledge, and technology, ultimately benefiting both parties. This approach could accelerate the development and commercialization of new battery technologies, further driving market growth. In conclusion, while the Flexible Paper Battery market presents numerous opportunities, the competitive landscape will require companies to continuously innovate and adapt to remain relevant in this evolving industry.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 FLEXcon
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 LG Chem
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Enfucell
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Varta AG
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Panasonic
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Apple Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Samsung SDI
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Custom Cells
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Imprint Energy
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Battery Ventures
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Sony Corporation
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 STMicroelectronics
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Blue Spark Technologies
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Excellatron Solid State
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 American Battery Technology Company
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Flexible Paper Battery FPB Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Consumer Electronics
    • 6.1.2 Medical Devices
    • 6.1.3 Smart Packaging
    • 6.1.4 Wearable Devices
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Flexible Paper Battery FPB Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Primary Batteries
    • 6.2.2 Secondary Batteries
    • 6.2.3 Thin Film Batteries
    • 6.2.4 Printed Batteries
    • 6.2.5 Micro Batteries
  • 6.3 Flexible Paper Battery FPB Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Lithium
    • 6.3.2 Zinc
    • 6.3.3 Nickel
    • 6.3.4 Lead
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Flexible Paper Battery FPB Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Online Stores
    • 6.4.2 Electronics Stores
    • 6.4.3 Specialty Stores
    • 6.4.4 Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
    • 6.4.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Flexible Paper Battery FPB Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Flexible Paper Battery FPB market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Primary Batteries
• Secondary Batteries
• Thin Film Batteries
• Printed Batteries
• Micro Batteries

By Application

• Consumer Electronics
• Medical Devices
• Smart Packaging
• Wearable Devices
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Online Stores
• Electronics Stores
• Specialty Stores
• Hypermarkets/Supermarkets
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Lithium
• Zinc
• Nickel
• Lead
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Enfucell
• Blue Spark Technologies
• Imprint Energy
• Samsung SDI
• Panasonic
• Excellatron Solid State
• Varta AG
• Apple Inc.
• Sony Corporation
• Custom Cells
• STMicroelectronics
• LG Chem
• Battery Ventures
• American Battery Technology Company
• FLEXcon