Filler in Industrial and Construction Applications

Filler in Industrial and Construction Applications Market Outlook

The global market for fillers in industrial and construction applications is poised for significant growth, with an estimated market size reaching USD 18.5 billion by 2035, demonstrating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 7.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth can be attributed to an increasing demand for high-performance construction materials, the necessity for repairing and maintaining aging infrastructures, and the ongoing expansion of the construction industry in emerging economies. Moreover, technological advancements in filler formulations are leading to more efficient and sustainable products, further driving market growth. The increasing focus on eco-friendly construction practices and sustainable materials is also expected to contribute positively to the market landscape.

Growth Factor of the Market

One of the primary growth factors for the filler market in industrial and construction applications is the rising trend of urbanization and infrastructure development across various regions worldwide. As urban populations grow, the demand for residential, commercial, and industrial construction is surging, necessitating the use of fillers for various applications such as surface leveling, adhesive bonding, and concrete repair. Additionally, stringent regulations regarding building materials and environmental sustainability are propelling manufacturers to innovate and develop advanced fillers that not only comply with regulations but also enhance the durability and performance of construction materials. Furthermore, the increasing investments in renewable energy projects and green buildings are driving the demand for specialized fillers, thereby expanding the scope for market players. The ongoing advancements in technology, such as the introduction of smart fillers that can respond to environmental changes, are also expected to contribute positively to market growth.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The global filler market in industrial and construction applications is projected to reach USD 18.5 billion by 2035.
• Growth is driven by urbanization, infrastructure development, and repair and maintenance efforts.
• Technological advancements are leading to the creation of more efficient and sustainable filler products.
• Investment in renewable energy projects is expanding the market scope for specialized fillers.
• Innovations in smart fillers are expected to differentiate products in a competitive market.

By Product Type

Epoxy Fillers:

Epoxy fillers are widely acknowledged for their exceptional bonding strength and durability, making them a popular choice in industrial applications where robust performance is crucial. These fillers are ideal for repairing concrete, metal surfaces, and other materials that require a strong adhesive bond. The ability of epoxy fillers to withstand harsh environmental conditions and chemical exposure further enhances their appeal, particularly in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and construction. The ongoing advancements in epoxy formulations are leading to faster curing times and improved workability, which are expected to drive their adoption in a wide range of applications.

Polyester Fillers:

Polyester fillers are often utilized for their versatility and cost-effectiveness, making them a preferred option in various construction and repair applications. Known for their ease of application and superior finish, polyester fillers are commonly used in automotive refinishing and for filling imperfections in surfaces. Their excellent adhesion properties allow them to bond well with various substrates, including wood, metal, and concrete. As manufacturers continue to innovate and improve the performance of polyester fillers, their usage in both industrial and construction sectors is anticipated to grow, particularly in applications where aesthetic finishes are a priority.

Polyurethane Fillers:

Polyurethane fillers are gaining considerable traction due to their excellent flexibility and resilience, which makes them suitable for applications that require movement accommodation, such as joints and seams. Owing to their superior weather resistance and ability to withstand thermal expansion and contraction, these fillers are often chosen for outdoor applications, including roadway construction and industrial facilities. The increasing focus on sustainable construction practices is also driving the demand for polyurethane fillers, as manufacturers develop eco-friendly formulations that meet stringent environmental regulations, enhancing their market potential.

Acrylic Fillers:

Acrylic fillers are recognized for their quick-drying properties and ease of use, making them a popular choice for DIY projects as well as professional applications. Their ability to bond effectively with a variety of substrates while providing a smooth, paintable finish makes them ideal for surface leveling and adhesive bonding applications. The rise of home improvement projects, coupled with the growing trend of eco-friendly construction materials, is expected to bolster the demand for acrylic fillers. Manufacturers are also focusing on enhancing the performance and versatility of acrylic formulations, which further solidifies their position in the market.

Others:

In addition to the primary filler types, the market also encompasses a range of other specialized fillers tailored for specific applications and industries. These may include thermoplastic fillers, mineral-based fillers, and novel composite fillers that combine various materials to optimize performance. The increasing complexity of construction projects and the diverse requirements for repair and maintenance applications are driving innovation in this segment, allowing for the development of fillers that cater to niche markets. The continued expansion of research and development efforts is expected to yield new filler types that enhance functionality and address unique challenges faced by the construction and industrial sectors.

By Application

Concrete Repair:

Concrete repair applications dominate the filler market, accounting for a significant share due to the extensive use of concrete in construction. Concrete structures, whether in roads, bridges, or buildings, are prone to cracking and deterioration over time due to environmental factors and load stresses. Fillers designed specifically for concrete repair offer solutions to restore the structural integrity and aesthetics of these surfaces. The increasing need for infrastructure maintenance, particularly in urban areas, is fueling the demand for effective concrete fillers, which not only provide quick and durable repairs but also enhance the longevity of concrete structures.

Joint Fillers:

Joint fillers are crucial in construction applications where movement and expansion are anticipated, such as in pavements and buildings. The growing emphasis on durable and resilient structures has led to increased usage of joint fillers, which can accommodate thermal expansion and contraction, preventing damage to adjacent materials. These fillers are designed to provide flexibility while ensuring a watertight seal, which is essential for protecting structures from moisture infiltration. As building designs evolve and become more complex, the demand for high-performance joint fillers is expected to rise significantly, particularly in regions with extreme weather conditions.

Surface Leveling:

Surface leveling fillers are utilized to create smooth, even surfaces before the application of flooring materials or coatings. The increasing popularity of polished concrete and decorative flooring solutions is driving the demand for high-quality surface leveling fillers. These products are designed to fill imperfections in substrates and provide a flat surface that enhances aesthetic appeal and durability. As the construction industry continues to prioritize aesthetics and functionality, the market for surface leveling fillers is expected to grow, particularly in commercial and residential construction projects.

Adhesive Bonding:

Adhesive bonding applications utilize fillers to enhance the strength and durability of joints and connections in various materials. The versatility of fillers allows them to be used in bonding applications across multiple industries, including automotive, construction, and consumer goods. As manufacturers seek materials that provide strong and reliable adhesion while also being cost-effective, the demand for high-performance adhesive bonding fillers is expected to increase. Innovations in adhesive formulations, including the development of eco-friendly options, are further propelling market growth in this segment, ensuring that products meet evolving customer preferences and regulatory requirements.

Others:

The "Others" segment encompasses a variety of applications for fillers that do not fall into the primary categories mentioned above. These applications can include specialty uses in sectors like marine construction, aerospace, and electrical insulation, where specific filler properties are required to meet unique challenges. The ongoing advancements in materials science are allowing for the development of multi-functional fillers that can serve various purposes, catering to the needs of diverse industries. The demand for these specialized fillers is expected to grow as industries increasingly seek innovative solutions to enhance product performance and operational efficiency.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales:

Direct sales are a key distribution channel in the fillers market, allowing manufacturers to establish a direct relationship with their customers. This channel provides manufacturers with better control over product pricing, distribution strategies, and customer service. Companies often leverage direct sales to educate customers about the benefits and applications of their products, leading to enhanced customer satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, manufacturers are increasingly utilizing online platforms to facilitate direct sales, expanding their reach to a wider audience and streamlining purchasing processes for customers.

Distributors:

Distributors play a vital role in the supply chain for fillers, acting as intermediaries between manufacturers and end-users. They typically possess extensive networks and market knowledge, enabling them to efficiently distribute products across various regions and sectors. Distributors often provide value-added services such as inventory management, technical support, and product training, which can enhance the overall customer experience. As the market continues to grow, the role of distributors is expected to remain significant, particularly in regions where manufacturers may not have a direct presence.

Retail Stores:

Retail stores are an essential distribution channel for fillers, especially for products aimed at DIY enthusiasts and contractors working on smaller projects. These stores offer a wide range of filler products that cater to varying customer needs, allowing consumers to purchase fillers conveniently along with other construction materials. The growing trend of home improvement and renovation projects is boosting the demand for fillers in retail environments, as consumers seek accessible options for their projects. Retailers are also expanding their product offerings to include eco-friendly and innovative filler solutions in response to changing consumer preferences.

E-commerce:

E-commerce has emerged as a significant distribution channel for fillers, providing manufacturers and retailers with an effective platform to reach a broader audience. Online shopping allows customers to browse a variety of filler products, compare prices, and make informed purchasing decisions from the comfort of their homes. The convenience of e-commerce, combined with the growing trend of digitalization, is driving the demand for online purchasing options in the fillers market. Manufacturers are increasingly investing in their online presence and digital marketing strategies to capitalize on this trend and attract more customers.

Others:

The "Others" category includes various distribution channels that may not be as prominent but still play a role in the fillers market. This could encompass sales through specialty contractors, trade shows, and industry-specific events where manufacturers showcase their products directly to potential buyers. Additionally, some companies may explore unique distribution partnerships or collaborations to penetrate niche markets or reach specific customer segments. The diversification of distribution channels is expected to enhance product availability and ultimately contribute to market growth.

By Ingredient Type

Silica Fillers:

Silica fillers are commonly used in various industrial and construction applications due to their excellent properties, such as high thermal stability and strength. These fillers enhance the mechanical performance of construction materials, making them suitable for use in high-stress environments. Silica fillers are particularly popular in applications involving concrete and asphalt, where they contribute to improved durability and resistance to cracking. As the construction industry grows and seeks materials that can withstand extreme conditions, the demand for silica fillers is expected to increase significantly.

Calcium Carbonate Fillers:

Calcium carbonate fillers are widely utilized for their cost-effectiveness and versatility across various applications. These fillers serve as a functional additive in construction materials, improving the bulk and thickness of products without compromising their performance. The use of calcium carbonate fillers in the production of paints, adhesives, and sealants is prevalent due to their ability to enhance properties such as opacity and color. The growing trend towards sustainable construction materials is also driving the demand for calcium carbonate fillers, as manufacturers seek alternatives that are both economical and environmentally friendly.

Glass Microspheres:

Glass microspheres are specialized fillers that offer unique properties, including low density and excellent thermal insulation characteristics. These fillers are commonly used in lightweight construction materials, coatings, and composites, providing enhanced performance without significantly adding weight. The increasing demand for lightweight materials in the aerospace and automotive sectors is propelling the use of glass microspheres, making them a valuable ingredient in high-performance construction applications. As industries strive for improved energy efficiency and sustainability, the demand for glass microspheres is expected to grow significantly.

Alumina Fillers:

Alumina fillers are characterized by their high strength and thermal stability, making them suitable for demanding industrial applications. These fillers are often used in applications that require resistance to high temperatures and chemical corrosion, such as in the manufacturing of refractory materials and ceramics. The rising demand for advanced materials that can withstand extreme conditions is driving the market for alumina fillers, particularly in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and energy. As manufacturers continue to innovate and develop new formulations, the use of alumina fillers is likely to expand further.

Others:

The "Others" segment includes a variety of specialized fillers that cater to niche markets and specific applications. This may encompass fillers derived from organic materials, innovative composite fillers, or fillers designed for particular performance characteristics. The growing focus on research and development in materials science is facilitating the creation of novel filler types that enhance product functionality and address unique challenges faced by the construction and industrial sectors. As manufacturers seek to differentiate their products in a competitive landscape, the diversity of filler ingredients is expected to play a significant role in market evolution.

By Region

The regional analysis of the filler market in industrial and construction applications reveals noteworthy trends and dynamics that contribute to overall growth. North America is presently one of the leading markets for fillers, driven by the robust construction industry and significant investments in infrastructure projects. The region's market is projected to grow at a CAGR of approximately 6.7% between 2025 and 2035, as demand for concrete repair and surface leveling applications continues to rise. Additionally, the increasing trend of home renovations and the adoption of sustainable building practices are expected to further bolster the market for fillers in North America.

Europe is another critical market for fillers, benefiting from stringent regulations that promote the use of environmentally friendly products in construction. The region's focus on sustainable construction practices and the renovation of aging infrastructure are key factors driving the demand for high-performance fillers. As countries across Europe invest in green building initiatives and push for energy-efficient solutions, the market for fillers is anticipated to experience steady growth. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is emerging as a significant market, supported by rapid urbanization and increased construction activities in countries such as China and India. The rising demand for housing and commercial properties is expected to propel the adoption of fillers, making Asia Pacific a focal point of growth in the filler market.

Opportunities

The filler market in industrial and construction applications presents a multitude of opportunities for growth, particularly in light of the ongoing trends toward sustainability and eco-friendly materials. As the construction industry increasingly emphasizes the importance of environmentally responsible practices, there is a growing demand for fillers that are made from sustainable sources or possess reduced environmental impact. Manufacturers that can innovate and provide green alternatives to traditional fillers will be well-positioned to capture market share. Additionally, the rising trend of smart construction materials—those that adapt to environmental changes—presents opportunities for filler manufacturers to develop advanced materials that enhance the performance and longevity of construction projects.

Another significant opportunity lies in the expansion of digital sales channels and e-commerce platforms. As consumers and businesses continue to shift towards online procurement, manufacturers that invest in robust digital marketing strategies and e-commerce capabilities can tap into a broader customer base and increase sales. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the move towards online shopping, and this trend is likely to persist, creating an ongoing opportunity for filler producers to reach new markets and enhance customer engagement through digital platforms. Furthermore, the ongoing infrastructure development in emerging economies creates a vast landscape of opportunities for manufacturers looking to expand globally and provide high-quality filler products tailored to specific regional needs.

Threats

Despite the promising growth prospects, the filler market in industrial and construction applications faces potential threats that could hinder progress. One of the primary threats is the volatility of raw material prices, which can impact manufacturing costs and, subsequently, product pricing. Fluctuations in the availability and cost of key ingredients, such as silica and calcium carbonate, can lead to increased operational challenges for manufacturers, ultimately affecting profitability. Additionally, the competitive landscape is intensifying, with numerous players vying for market share, leading to price wars and reduced margins. Companies must constantly innovate and differentiate their products to remain competitive, which can create additional pressure on resources and financial stability.

Another significant threat to the filler market is the evolving regulatory landscape. Stricter regulations regarding environmental sustainability and product safety can impose additional compliance costs on manufacturers, particularly for those operating in multiple regions with varying regulations. Companies that fail to adapt quickly to these changes may face penalties or lose market access altogether. The emergence of alternative materials that compete with traditional fillers poses another challenge, as industries explore innovative solutions to enhance performance and reduce environmental impact. Manufacturers must remain vigilant and agile in their approach to ensure they can navigate these threats effectively and maintain their market position.

Competitor Outlook

• BASF SE
• DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
• 3M Company
• Ferro Corporation
• Evonik Industries AG
• Kraton Corporation
• Sika AG
• Dow Inc.
• Huntsman Corporation
• Wacker Chemie AG
• Arkema S.A.
• Saint-Gobain S.A.
• Celanese Corporation
• Royal DSM N.V.
• Momentive Performance Materials Inc.

The competitive landscape of the filler market in industrial and construction applications is characterized by a diverse array of players, ranging from large multinational corporations to specialized manufacturers. Leading companies are leveraging their extensive research and development capabilities to innovate and introduce advanced filler products that meet the unique demands of various sectors. The emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendly materials has prompted many competitors to invest in green technologies and formulations, allowing them to differentiate themselves in a crowded market. Collaborations, partnerships, and mergers and acquisitions are also prevalent strategies employed by companies to enhance their market presence and expand product offerings.

Major companies such as BASF SE and DuPont de Nemours, Inc. are at the forefront of the filler market, known for their comprehensive portfolios and commitment to innovation. BASF, with its robust research and development pipeline, focuses on producing high-performance fillers that cater to the evolving needs of the construction industry. The company's emphasis on sustainability is evident in its initiatives aimed at reducing carbon footprints and developing eco-friendly products. Similarly, DuPont leverages its expertise in advanced materials to create fillers that enhance performance while adhering to stringent environmental regulations. The company's dedication to sustainability and innovation positions it as a leader in the market.

Another key player, Sika AG, is renowned for its extensive range of construction chemicals, including specialized fillers designed for specific applications. The company's strong global presence and focus on customer-centric solutions enable it to cater to diverse market needs effectively. Sika's investments in research and development ensure that it remains at the cutting edge of innovation, providing high-quality fillers that align with contemporary construction practices. Additionally, companies like 3M and Huntsman Corporation are also significant players in the market, continuously exploring new avenues for growth and expanding their product lines to meet the demands of a competitive landscape.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 BASF SE
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Sika AG
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Dow Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 3M Company
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Arkema S.A.
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Royal DSM N.V.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Wacker Chemie AG
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Ferro Corporation
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Saint-Gobain S.A.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Kraton Corporation
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Celanese Corporation
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Evonik Industries AG
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Huntsman Corporation
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Momentive Performance Materials Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Filler in Industrial and Construction Applications Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Concrete Repair
    • 6.1.2 Joint Fillers
    • 6.1.3 Surface Leveling
    • 6.1.4 Adhesive Bonding
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Filler in Industrial and Construction Applications Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Epoxy Fillers
    • 6.2.2 Polyester Fillers
    • 6.2.3 Polyurethane Fillers
    • 6.2.4 Acrylic Fillers
    • 6.2.5 Others
  • 6.3 Filler in Industrial and Construction Applications Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Silica Fillers
    • 6.3.2 Calcium Carbonate Fillers
    • 6.3.3 Glass Microspheres
    • 6.3.4 Alumina Fillers
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Filler in Industrial and Construction Applications Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.2 Distributors
    • 6.4.3 Retail Stores
    • 6.4.4 E-commerce
    • 6.4.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Filler in Industrial and Construction Applications Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Filler in Industrial and Construction Applications market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Epoxy Fillers
• Polyester Fillers
• Polyurethane Fillers
• Acrylic Fillers
• Others

By Application

• Concrete Repair
• Joint Fillers
• Surface Leveling
• Adhesive Bonding
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Distributors
• Retail Stores
• E-commerce
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Silica Fillers
• Calcium Carbonate Fillers
• Glass Microspheres
• Alumina Fillers
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• BASF SE
• DuPont de Nemours, Inc.
• 3M Company
• Ferro Corporation
• Evonik Industries AG
• Kraton Corporation
• Sika AG
• Dow Inc.
• Huntsman Corporation
• Wacker Chemie AG
• Arkema S.A.
• Saint-Gobain S.A.
• Celanese Corporation
• Royal DSM N.V.
• Momentive Performance Materials Inc.