Family Car

Family Car Market Outlook

The global family car market is anticipated to reach approximately USD 1 trillion by 2035, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5% from 2025 to 2035. This growth can be attributed to various factors, including the increasing number of families, rising disposable incomes, urbanization, and the growing trend of road trips and family outings. Additionally, the emphasis on safety features, fuel efficiency, and advanced technologies in family cars is also playing a significant role in boosting market demand. Consumers are increasingly looking for versatile vehicles that can accommodate their lifestyle needs, thereby driving innovations in the family car segment.

Growth Factor of the Market

Several key factors are driving growth in the family car market, particularly as family dynamics evolve and consumer preferences shift towards safety and comfort. The increasing urban population has led to a higher demand for family cars that are compact yet spacious enough for family outings and daily commutes. Moreover, the rising importance of eco-friendly vehicles is encouraging manufacturers to invest in electric and hybrid options, making them more appealing to environmentally conscious consumers. Additionally, advancements in automotive technology, such as infotainment systems, advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), and connectivity features, enhance the overall driving experience. Changes in global economic conditions, including fluctuating fuel prices and varying interest rates, also impact buying behaviors, encouraging families to opt for vehicles that provide both value and functionality.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The family car market is projected to experience a CAGR of 5% from 2025 to 2035.
• There is a significant shift towards eco-friendly vehicles, with electric and hybrid cars gaining popularity.
• The demand for SUVs is rising due to their spaciousness and versatility, making them ideal for families.
• Technological advancements in safety features are becoming a critical factor in purchase decisions.
• The growing trend of road trips and family vacations is boosting overall car sales.

By Vehicle Type

Sedan:

Sedans have long been a popular choice in the family car segment due to their sleek design, comfort, and fuel efficiency. Their relatively lower price point compared to other vehicle types makes them accessible to a broad demographic. The modern sedan is equipped with various safety features, including airbags, anti-lock braking systems, and stability control systems, which appeal to families prioritizing safety. Additionally, sedans often come with spacious interiors and trunk space, making them a suitable option for family outings. The steady demand for sedans is further supported by their fuel efficiency and lower emissions, catering to environmentally conscious consumers and regulations.

SUV:

Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs) have surged in popularity among families due to their spacious interiors and higher seating positions, offering better visibility on the road. With varying sizes available, from compact to full-sized, SUVs can cater to families of all sizes and preferences. Many models come with advanced safety features and entertainment systems, making long drives more enjoyable for passengers. The increasing trend of outdoor activities and road trips also supports the growth of the SUV market, as these vehicles provide ample storage for luggage and sports equipment. Additionally, the rise of fuel-efficient and eco-friendly SUV models is contributing to their appeal in the family car market.

Minivan:

Minivans are often recognized as the quintessential family vehicle, designed with family needs in mind. They offer maximum seating capacity and convenience features such as sliding doors for easy access, which is especially helpful in tight parking spaces. The interior space is often configurable, allowing families to adjust seating arrangements based on their needs, whether it be extra passengers or cargo. Most minivans come equipped with advanced multimedia systems to entertain children during travel, shifting the perception of family trips to enjoyable experiences. Despite facing increased competition from SUVs, minivans continue to retain a loyal customer base due to their practicality and comfort.

Hatchback:

Hatchbacks have gained traction in the family car market owing to their compact size combined with practical storage capabilities. Their design facilitates easy access to the rear cargo area, making them a convenient choice for families who frequently transport groceries, sports gear, or other items. While hatchbacks typically have a smaller seating capacity than minivans or SUVs, their versatility and affordability make them appealing to young families or those seeking budget-friendly options. Moreover, advancements in safety features and the inclusion of modern technology in hatchbacks continue to drive consumer interest, making them a strong contender in the family car segment.

Crossover:

Crossover vehicles, which blend the characteristics of SUVs and cars, have become increasingly popular among families for their balanced performance, comfort, and versatility. They typically offer higher ride height and spacious interiors, making them suitable for family travels. Crossovers are often equipped with advanced safety features and modern technology, appealing to tech-savvy parents. Additionally, they tend to have better fuel efficiency than traditional SUVs, making them a more economical choice for families. As automakers continue to innovate in this segment, crossovers are poised to capture a significant share of the family car market.

By Fuel Type

Gasoline:

Gasoline-powered vehicles remain the most popular choice in the family car market, primarily due to their widespread availability, affordability, and established infrastructure for refueling. Families often prefer gasoline cars for their performance, as they typically provide better acceleration and driving dynamics compared to other fuel types. Moreover, advancements in engine technology have resulted in improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions, addressing environmental concerns. Additionally, the familiarity and reliability of gasoline vehicles make them a preferred option for many consumers when considering a family car.

Diesel:

Diesel vehicles have carved out a niche in the family car market, particularly in regions where diesel fuel is more economical. Diesel engines are known for their superior torque and fuel economy, making them an attractive option for families that frequently undertake long-distance travel. The longevity and durability of diesel engines often translate to lower maintenance costs over time, appealing to budget-conscious consumers. However, the rise of electric and hybrid vehicles is challenging the dominance of diesel in the family car market, as more families seek eco-friendly alternatives without compromising performance.

Electric:

The electric vehicle (EV) segment is rapidly expanding in the family car market, driven by increasing environmental awareness and government incentives promoting electric mobility. EVs offer families a sustainable alternative to traditional gasoline and diesel vehicles, with zero tailpipe emissions and lower operating costs. Many modern electric cars are equipped with advanced safety and infotainment features, enhancing the overall driving experience. As charging infrastructure continues to improve and battery technologies advance, the adoption of electric vehicles among families is expected to rise, potentially transforming the landscape of the family car market.

Hybrid:

Hybrid vehicles are gaining popularity in the family car segment as they combine the benefits of both gasoline and electric propulsion. Families are drawn to hybrids for their improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions compared to conventional gasoline vehicles. Additionally, hybrid cars provide the flexibility of a traditional fuel source while incorporating electric power for city driving, which can significantly lower fuel costs. The increasing availability of hybrid models with spacious interiors and advanced safety features is making them an attractive choice for environmentally conscious families who are not yet ready to switch to fully electric vehicles.

Hydrogen Fuel Cell:

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are an emerging segment within the family car market, offering an eco-friendly alternative that produces only water vapor as a byproduct. While still in the early stages of adoption, hydrogen fuel cell technology has the potential to provide longer driving ranges and quicker refueling times compared to battery electric vehicles. Families interested in reducing their carbon footprint may find hydrogen vehicles appealing, especially as infrastructure for hydrogen refueling expands. However, challenges related to production costs and limited availability may hinder their widespread adoption in the family car segment for the time being.

By Price Range

Budget-friendly:

Budget-friendly family cars are designed to cater to cost-conscious consumers seeking reliable transportation without breaking the bank. These vehicles typically offer essential features, decent fuel efficiency, and practicality, making them ideal for families on a budget. Manufacturers in this segment often focus on affordability while ensuring safety and comfort, providing families with value-for-money options. The popularity of budget-friendly cars is particularly high among first-time buyers and young families looking for economical solutions, resulting in a strong demand for competitively priced models in the family car market.

Mid-range:

Mid-range family cars strike a balance between affordability and advanced features, appealing to families who desire additional comfort and technology without a significant financial commitment. These vehicles often come equipped with enhanced safety features, infotainment systems, and more spacious interiors compared to budget options. The mid-range segment is increasingly characterized by a focus on fuel efficiency and eco-friendliness, as well as versatility for daily commutes and family outings. As consumers become more discerning and seek value-added features, the mid-range family car segment is expected to grow significantly.

Luxury:

Luxury family cars cater to affluent consumers who prioritize quality, comfort, and advanced technology in their vehicles. These cars typically offer premium interiors, high-end safety features, and state-of-the-art infotainment systems, providing a superior driving experience for families. The luxury family car market is also witnessing an increasing trend towards eco-friendly options, such as luxury hybrids and electric vehicles, as environmentally conscious consumers seek high-end models that align with their values. This segment is characterized by strong brand loyalty and a focus on exceptional customer service, further driving growth in the luxury family car market.

Premium:

Premium family cars offer a higher level of sophistication and features compared to both mid-range and luxury segments. These vehicles often include advanced driver assistance systems, lavish interiors, and superior performance capabilities. Families that prioritize a blend of luxury and practicality may gravitate towards premium models, which cater to their desires for both style and functionality. Many premium family cars also focus on eco-friendly designs, further appealing to consumers who are willing to invest in vehicles that provide an elevated driving experience while being environmentally responsible. The premium segment is expected to see continued growth as manufacturers innovate to meet the evolving needs of discerning family buyers.

Ultra-premium:

The ultra-premium family car segment targets an exclusive market segment, offering high-end luxury vehicles that provide exceptional comfort, performance, and cutting-edge technology. These cars often come with bespoke options and tailored features, making them a status symbol for affluent families. The demand for ultra-premium family cars may be influenced by lifestyle choices, as families increasingly seek vehicles that reflect their social standing and personal tastes. This segment is characterized by a small but affluent customer base that values craftsmanship, advanced technologies, and exclusive ownership experiences, making it a unique and lucrative market within the broader family car landscape.

By Seating Capacity

5-seater:

5-seater family cars are among the most popular choices for small to medium-sized families, offering an ideal balance of space and maneuverability. These cars provide comfortable seating for five passengers, making them suitable for daily commuting, running errands, or short family trips. With various body styles available, including sedans and hatchbacks, families can select vehicles that fit their aesthetic and practical preferences. The compact size of 5-seater cars often results in better fuel efficiency and ease of parking in urban settings, appealing to families who prioritize convenience and affordability in their vehicle choices.

7-seater:

7-seater family cars have gained popularity among larger families or those who frequently transport additional passengers. These vehicles often come with multiple seating configurations, allowing for versatile use of space based on family needs. Many 7-seater models feature advanced safety technologies and entertainment systems to enhance comfort during long journeys. The extra seating capacity provides families with the flexibility to accommodate friends and relatives, making them an ideal option for road trips or outings. The increasing demand for 7-seater vehicles reflects changing family dynamics and the need for adaptable transportation solutions.

8-seater:

8-seater family cars are designed for families that require significant passenger capacity without compromising comfort. These vehicles typically offer spacious interiors, ample legroom, and a variety of seating configurations to enhance family convenience. Often seen in minivans and larger SUVs, 8-seater cars provide an ideal solution for families who enjoy traveling together or have multiple children. The inclusion of advanced safety features and entertainment amenities makes 8-seater family cars attractive for parents who wish to create enjoyable travel experiences for their children. As the market evolves, manufacturers are increasingly focusing on enhancing the functionality and comfort of 8-seater models.

9-seater:

9-seater family cars are less common but cater specifically to larger families or groups needing extensive seating capacity. These vehicles often fall into the category of full-sized SUVs or vans, providing a roomy interior designed for maximum comfort. Families opting for 9-seater cars prioritize space and practicality, making them ideal for long journeys or family outings. The enhanced legroom and cargo space often found in these models allow families to travel without sacrificing comfort or convenience. As the demand for larger family vehicles continues to grow, manufacturers are increasingly developing versatile options to meet the needs of this segment.

10-seater:

10-seater family cars are designed for those who require extreme passenger capacity, often utilized in scenarios such as family reunions, group travel, or shuttle services. These vehicles typically feature spacious interiors and multiple seating arrangements to accommodate large groups comfortably. They are frequently seen in the form of large vans or buses, specifically tailored for maximum capacity and versatility. Although less common for everyday family use, 10-seater options are ideal for families that frequently partake in large gatherings or activities. The focus on safety features and durability in these vehicles is vital, ensuring they handle the demands of transporting multiple passengers effectively.

By Region

The family car market showcases distinct regional dynamics, reflecting the unique preferences and purchasing behaviors of consumers across different geographical locations. In North America, the market is projected to grow significantly, with an estimated value of USD 300 billion by 2035, fueled by a preference for SUVs and crossovers. This region is also witnessing a robust trend towards electric and hybrid vehicles, driven by increasing environmental awareness and government incentives promoting cleaner transportation options. The CAGR for the North American family car market is expected to be around 4.5%, indicating a steady growth trajectory as manufacturers adapt to changing consumer demands.

In Europe, the family car market is anticipated to reach approximately USD 250 billion by 2035, driven by a strong emphasis on eco-friendly transportation solutions and advanced automotive technologies. European consumers are increasingly gravitating toward compact cars, hybrid models, and electric vehicles, reflecting both regulatory pressures and consumer preferences for sustainability. The European family car market is projected to expand at a CAGR of 5.2%, driven by innovations in design, safety features, and fuel efficiency. In Asia Pacific, the family car market is also expected to grow rapidly, with significant investments in electric vehicle infrastructure and rising middle-class incomes, further enhancing consumer purchasing power and demand for family-oriented vehicles.

Opportunities

The family car market presents numerous opportunities for growth, especially as consumer preferences evolve towards more sustainable and technologically advanced vehicles. The increasing demand for electric and hybrid vehicles provides manufacturers with a chance to innovate and capture a share of this growing market segment. As families become more environmentally conscious, automakers can develop models that prioritize fuel efficiency and reduced emissions. Furthermore, advancements in automotive technology, such as autonomous driving capabilities and enhanced connectivity features, offer additional avenues for differentiation and attracting tech-savvy consumers. Collaborations and partnerships with technology companies could also lead to the development of innovative solutions that enhance the driving experience and overall vehicle performance.

Another significant opportunity lies in the customization of family cars to cater to diverse family needs and preferences. Automakers can explore modular designs that allow families to personalize their vehicles based on their lifestyle, whether it be selecting seating configurations, storage solutions, or entertainment systems. Additionally, the trend of remote work and the growing importance of flexible travel options may lead families to seek vehicles that can function both as reliable transportation and mobile workspaces. By anticipating and responding to these emerging trends, manufacturers can effectively position themselves to capitalize on the evolving demands of the family car market.

Threats

The family car market is not without its challenges, as various threats could hinder growth and profitability. One notable threat is the increasing competition from alternative modes of transportation, such as ride-sharing services and public transport, which may deter potential family car buyers. As urbanization continues to rise, many families may opt for shared mobility options instead of investing in a personal vehicle. Additionally, the rapid advancement of technology has led to heightened consumer expectations, with families demanding vehicles that offer cutting-edge features and unparalleled comfort. Failure to meet these expectations could result in losing market share to competitors who successfully innovate. Moreover, supply chain disruptions and fluctuating raw material costs may impact production timelines and increase vehicle prices, further complicating the competitive landscape.

Furthermore, regulatory changes regarding emissions and fuel efficiency standards could pose challenges for automakers in the family car market. Manufacturers may need to invest significantly in research and development to comply with evolving regulations, which could impact profitability. The shift towards electrification also requires substantial investments in infrastructure and technology, placing additional strain on traditional automakers. As new players enter the market, particularly those specializing in electric vehicles, established manufacturers may face increased competition. Overall, these threats necessitate strategic planning and adaptation to ensure long-term success in the family car market.

Competitor Outlook

• Toyota Motor Corporation
• Ford Motor Company
• Volkswagen AG
• Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
• General Motors Company
• Hyundai Motor Company
• Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
• BMW AG
• Mercedes-Benz AG
• Kia Corporation
• Subaru Corporation
• Mazda Motor Corporation
• Chrysler (Stellantis N.V.)
• Volvo Car Corporation
• Daimler AG

The competitive landscape of the family car market is characterized by a mix of established automotive giants and emerging players. Major companies like Toyota, Ford, and Volkswagen dominate the market due to their extensive product offerings and strong brand loyalty. These manufacturers continuously innovate to meet consumer demands for safety, comfort, and fuel efficiency. Additionally, the increasing focus on electric and hybrid vehicles has prompted these companies to invest heavily in research and development, ensuring they remain competitive in an evolving market. As consumer preferences shift towards sustainable options, traditional automakers are adapting their strategies to incorporate eco-friendly technologies and expand their electric vehicle lineups.

Emerging players in the family car market, particularly those specializing in electric vehicles, are also challenging established brands. Companies like Tesla have disrupted the industry by offering innovative electric vehicles that appeal to environmentally conscious consumers. These manufacturers focus on technology, performance, and unique features that differentiate their products from traditional family cars. As competition intensifies, established automakers must not only innovate but also collaborate with tech companies to enhance their product offerings. The emergence of start-ups and technology-driven companies is likely to reshape the competitive landscape, necessitating established players to rethink their strategies and positions in the market.

Furthermore, as the family car market evolves, manufacturers are increasingly recognizing the importance of customer-centric approaches. Companies that prioritize customer feedback, market research, and personalization are likely to gain a competitive edge. Investment in advanced technologies, such as connected car features and autonomous driving capabilities, is essential for remaining relevant in today's market. By understanding and adapting to the preferences and needs of modern consumers, automakers can successfully navigate the competitive landscape of the family car market while establishing strong brand loyalty and long-term success.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 BMW AG
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Daimler AG
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Volkswagen AG
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Kia Corporation
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Mercedes-Benz AG
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Ford Motor Company
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Subaru Corporation
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Hyundai Motor Company
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Volvo Car Corporation
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 General Motors Company
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Mazda Motor Corporation
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Toyota Motor Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Chrysler (Stellantis N.V.)
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Family Car Market, By Fuel Type
    • 6.1.1 Gasoline
    • 6.1.2 Diesel
    • 6.1.3 Electric
    • 6.1.4 Hybrid
    • 6.1.5 Hydrogen Fuel Cell
  • 6.2 Family Car Market, By Price Range
    • 6.2.1 Budget-friendly
    • 6.2.2 Mid-range
    • 6.2.3 Luxury
    • 6.2.4 Premium
    • 6.2.5 Ultra-premium
  • 6.3 Family Car Market, By Vehicle Type
    • 6.3.1 Sedan
    • 6.3.2 SUV
    • 6.3.3 Minivan
    • 6.3.4 Hatchback
    • 6.3.5 Crossover
  • 6.4 Family Car Market, By Seating Capacity
    • 6.4.1 5-seater
    • 6.4.2 7-seater
    • 6.4.3 8-seater
    • 6.4.4 9-seater
    • 6.4.5 10-seater

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Family Car Market by Region
  • 10.3 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 India
      • 10.3.1.2 China
      • 10.3.1.3 Japan
      • 10.3.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Family Car market is categorized based on

By Vehicle Type

• Sedan
• SUV
• Minivan
• Hatchback
• Crossover

By Fuel Type

• Gasoline
• Diesel
• Electric
• Hybrid
• Hydrogen Fuel Cell

By Price Range

• Budget-friendly
• Mid-range
• Luxury
• Premium
• Ultra-premium

By Seating Capacity

• 5-seater
• 7-seater
• 8-seater
• 9-seater
• 10-seater

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Toyota Motor Corporation
• Ford Motor Company
• Volkswagen AG
• Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
• General Motors Company
• Hyundai Motor Company
• Nissan Motor Co., Ltd.
• BMW AG
• Mercedes-Benz AG
• Kia Corporation
• Subaru Corporation
• Mazda Motor Corporation
• Chrysler (Stellantis N.V.)
• Volvo Car Corporation
• Daimler AG