Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales
Ethyl Ecetoacetate Market Segments - by Product Type (Industrial Grade, Pharmaceutical Grade, Food Grade, Cosmetic Grade, Others), Application (Chemical Intermediates, Pharmaceutical Intermediates, Flavor & Fragrance, Solvents, Others), Distribution Channel (Direct Sales, Indirect Sales), Ingredient Type (Ethyl Acetate, Ethyl Alcohol, Acetic Acid, Others), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
- Report Preview
- Table Of Content
- Segments
- Methodology
Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales Market Outlook
The global ethyl ecetoacetate market is poised for robust growth, projected to reach a value of approximately USD 1.2 billion by 2035, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for ethyl ecetoacetate in various applications, particularly within the pharmaceutical, flavor and fragrance, and chemical industries. The versatility of ethyl ecetoacetate as a solvent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis significantly enhances its market appeal. Additionally, the growing trend of industrial innovation and advancements in production technologies are further stimulating market growth, allowing manufacturers to meet the rising demand efficiently. Moreover, the expanding food and cosmetics sectors are increasingly utilizing ethyl ecetoacetate, thereby contributing to its market expansion.
Growth Factor of the Market
Key growth factors influencing the ethyl ecetoacetate market include the rising consumption of solvents across various industries, particularly in the manufacturing of coatings, adhesives, and specialty chemicals. Notably, the pharmaceutical sector's demand for high-purity solvents for drug formulation is surging, which is a critical factor boosting market growth. Furthermore, the increasing adoption of eco-friendly solvents, driven by stringent regulations on volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is propelling the market for ethyl ecetoacetate, as it is considered a relatively safer alternative. The flavor and fragrance industry is experiencing significant growth, particularly in emerging markets, which further elevates the demand for ethyl ecetoacetate. Additionally, the rise of biotechnological advancements and sustainable production processes is creating opportunities for manufacturers to innovate and expand their product lines, thus accelerating market growth.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The global ethyl ecetoacetate market is expected to witness a CAGR of around 5% from 2025 to 2035.
- Increased demand from the pharmaceutical and food industries is driving market growth.
- Rising preference for eco-friendly and sustainable chemical solutions is affecting market dynamics positively.
- The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to be a significant contributor to market revenue during the forecast period.
- Technological advancements in production techniques are expected to enhance product availability and reduce costs.
By Product Type
Industrial Grade:
Industrial grade ethyl ecetoacetate is a significant segment within the market due to its widespread applications in the manufacturing sector. This grade is primarily used as a solvent in the production of paints, coatings, and adhesives, where its high solvency power and low toxicity make it an ideal choice. The increase in manufacturing activities globally, particularly in developing regions, is expected to bolster the demand for industrial-grade ethyl ecetoacetate. Furthermore, as industries continuously seek effective alternatives to traditional solvents, the industrial-grade segment is forecasted to witness substantial growth driven by evolving industry standards and practices.
Pharmaceutical Grade:
The pharmaceutical grade ethyl ecetoacetate is crucial for the production of medicinal compounds, where purity and quality are paramount. This segment is experiencing growth due to the increasing investment in pharmaceutical research and development, as well as the rising demand for complex drug formulations. Pharmaceutical-grade solvents are required in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and ethyl ecetoacetate serves as an effective solvent for various pharmaceutical applications. With the global pharmaceutical market expanding, the demand for high-purity solvents will likely drive the growth of this segment significantly.
Food Grade:
Food grade ethyl ecetoacetate is gaining traction owing to the increasing consumer preference for natural flavors and fragrances in food products. This segment plays a vital role in the production of flavoring agents and food additives, where it is valued for its quality and safety. The rise in the global population and changing dietary patterns are fueling the demand for processed and flavored food products, which in turn is propelling the growth of food-grade ethyl ecetoacetate. Moreover, the trend towards healthier eating and the popularity of organic foods are also expected to enhance the demand for this segment, contributing to overall market growth.
Cosmetic Grade:
The cosmetic grade ethyl ecetoacetate is used extensively in personal care products for its solvent properties and ability to enhance product performance. This segment is witnessing growth due to the increasing demand for high-quality cosmetic products among consumers, who are now more inclined towards organic and natural ingredients. As the beauty industry continues to innovate and expand, the reliance on effective solvents like ethyl ecetoacetate becomes crucial. Moreover, the rise of e-commerce and the increasing popularity of skincare and grooming products among millennials is expected to further boost the market for cosmetic-grade ethyl ecetoacetate.
Others:
This category includes various grades of ethyl ecetoacetate that serve niche applications across several industries. These may include specialized uses in laboratories, research, and development sectors that require extremely pure solvents for analytical purposes. The versatility of ethyl ecetoacetate allows it to be employed in several auxiliary applications, and as industries seek to optimize their processes, this segment is likely to benefit from innovative applications and diversification trends. The ongoing emphasis on research and development activities across different sectors will likely pave the way for increased demand in the others category.
By Application
Chemical Intermediates:
Ethyl ecetoacetate serves as a critical chemical intermediate in various synthesis processes, making it an essential component in the production of other chemicals. Its role in the manufacturing of esters, amines, and other intermediates drives demand from sectors such as plastics, resins, and agricultural chemicals. The continuous need to produce these derivatives, coupled with the expanding chemical industry, is expected to fuel the growth of this application segment. As companies strive to improve efficiency and reduce costs, the reliance on versatile intermediates like ethyl ecetoacetate is anticipated to grow.
Pharmaceutical Intermediates:
The pharmaceutical intermediates segment utilizes ethyl ecetoacetate extensively, as it is essential for synthesizing various drugs and medications. Its effectiveness as a solvent and its ability to facilitate specific reactions make it invaluable in the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. The burgeoning pharmaceutical sector, driven by healthcare advancements and an aging population, signifies a promising outlook for this application. As the demand for innovative and effective medications rises, so will the need for reliable and efficient pharmaceutical intermediates such as ethyl ecetoacetate.
Flavor & Fragrance:
This application segment benefits significantly from the properties of ethyl ecetoacetate, which is widely used in the formulation of flavors and fragrances. The increasing consumer demand for natural and appealing scent profiles in food and cosmetic products is driving the growth of this segment. The flavor and fragrance industry is continuously evolving, with new trends emerging that emphasize quality and uniqueness. As brands strive to differentiate themselves, the importance of effective flavoring agents, including ethyl ecetoacetate, is expected to remain high, contributing to market growth.
Solvents:
As a solvent, ethyl ecetoacetate finds extensive use in various applications, including cleaning agents, paint thinners, and industrial processes. The growth of the solvents application segment is largely attributable to the expanding manufacturing and construction sectors, where solvents are integral to many processes. Additionally, the trend toward using eco-friendly solvents further bolsters the demand for ethyl ecetoacetate as it is regarded as a safer alternative to traditional solvents. The continuous expansion of industries that require effective solvent solutions will significantly impact the market dynamics in this segment.
Others:
This category encompasses various other applications of ethyl ecetoacetate that do not fit neatly into the preceding segments. These applications might include uses in research laboratories, educational institutions, and small-scale industries that utilize specialized solvents. As innovation drives new applications and markets emerge, the importance of ethyl ecetoacetate in these segments may increase. Moreover, as regulatory frameworks evolve, the versatility of ethyl ecetoacetate ensures its relevance across various sectors, promoting sustained growth in this application category.
By Distribution Channel
Direct Sales:
Direct sales channels play a pivotal role in the ethyl ecetoacetate market, as they facilitate direct interaction between manufacturers and customers. This method allows for better communication, personalized service, and the potential for cost savings. Manufacturers often prefer direct sales for large-volume orders, as they can provide customized solutions to meet specific customer needs. The direct sales approach also enables businesses to develop strong relationships with their clients, which can lead to repeat orders and enhanced customer loyalty. As manufacturers continue to optimize their sales strategies, the direct sales channel is expected to play a crucial role in market growth.
Indirect Sales:
Indirect sales channels, including distributors, wholesalers, and retailers, are vital for broadening the reach of ethyl ecetoacetate products across various markets. This distribution method allows for a wider geographical spread, reaching customers who may not have direct access to manufacturers. Indirect sales channels are essential for catering to diverse market needs, providing customers with a range of purchasing options. Furthermore, the involvement of distributors often includes value-added services such as inventory management and logistics, enhancing the overall customer experience. As the market continues to expand, the indirect sales channel is projected to play an important role in facilitating access to ethyl ecetoacetate for end-users across various sectors.
By Ingredient Type
Ethyl Acetate:
Ethyl acetate is one of the key ingredients in the formulation of ethyl ecetoacetate, providing essential solvent properties and enhancing the overall efficacy of the product. The demand for ethyl acetate is closely linked to the growing applications of ethyl ecetoacetate across various sectors, as it serves as a versatile component in numerous formulations. With the expanding chemical and pharmaceutical industries, the need for high-quality ethyl acetate is anticipated to rise, positively impacting the overall ethyl ecetoacetate market. As manufacturers focus on improving product formulations, the demand for this ingredient type will continue to grow.
Ethyl Alcohol:
Ethyl alcohol serves as another critical ingredient that contributes to the effectiveness of ethyl ecetoacetate in various applications. The increasing demand for alcohol-based products across several industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food, is expected to drive the growth of this ingredient type. Ethyl alcohol’s role as a solvent and preservative in formulations enhances the overall product performance and safety. As consumer preferences shift toward products that utilize high-quality ingredients, the reliance on ethyl alcohol in the formulation of ethyl ecetoacetate will likely grow, further propelling market demand.
Acetic Acid:
Acetic acid is instrumental in the production process of ethyl ecetoacetate and contributes to its unique properties. As this ingredient type is essential for various chemical reactions and formulations, the demand for acetic acid is expected to remain steady. The growth in the production of ethyl ecetoacetate is directly correlated with the availability and pricing of acetic acid, making it an important factor for manufacturers. With the continuous expansion of the chemical industry seeking efficient production methods, the role of acetic acid in the formulation of ethyl ecetoacetate will be crucial in the coming years.
Others:
This category includes other raw materials and ingredients that may be used in the production of ethyl ecetoacetate, catering to specific formulations and applications. The diversity of this segment highlights the adaptability of ethyl ecetoacetate across various industries and its relevance in niche markets. As manufacturers explore innovative formulations and seek to optimize their production processes, the demand for alternative ingredient types may rise. This dynamic landscape ensures that the overall growth potential of the ethyl ecetoacetate market remains robust as new applications and ingredient types emerge.
By Region
North America is anticipated to hold a significant share of the ethyl ecetoacetate market due to the established presence of key manufacturers and a strong demand for solvents in various industries. The region's advanced pharmaceutical and chemical industries are likely to drive the demand for ethyl ecetoacetate, contributing to a projected growth rate of around 4.5% CAGR from 2025 to 2035. Furthermore, the rising emphasis on environmental regulations and the transition toward eco-friendly solvents are expected to positively impact the market landscape in North America. The U.S. remains a prominent player in the market, with substantial investments directed towards research and development activities aimed at enhancing product formulations.
In Europe, the ethyl ecetoacetate market is poised to grow at a steady rate, driven by increased consumption in the flavor and fragrance sectors. The region's stringent regulations surrounding VOCs and the growing trend toward sustainable products are propelling the shift toward bio-based solvents, including ethyl ecetoacetate. The European market is expected to witness a CAGR of approximately 4% during the forecast period, with significant contributions from countries such as Germany and France, where there is a strong focus on innovation in the cosmetic and food industries. As consumer awareness regarding product safety and quality rises, the demand for food-grade and cosmetic-grade ethyl ecetoacetate will likely continue to increase.
Opportunities
The ethyl ecetoacetate market is rife with opportunities, particularly in emerging economies where industrialization is rapidly advancing. As countries in Asia Pacific and Latin America continue to expand their manufacturing capabilities, the demand for solvent solutions like ethyl ecetoacetate is expected to surge. The rising middle-class population and consumer spending in these regions create a favorable environment for the growth of the flavor and fragrance industries, presenting a significant opportunity for market players to enhance their product offerings. Furthermore, the increasing focus on sustainable practices and the development of bio-based solvents provides manufacturers with the opportunity to innovate and capture a larger market share. Companies investing in R&D to create eco-friendly alternatives will likely gain a competitive advantage and attract a broader customer base, thus positioning themselves favorably in the market.
Another promising opportunity lies in the pharmaceutical sector, where the demand for high-quality solvents continues to rise. With the increasing focus on personalized medicine and complex drug formulations, ethyl ecetoacetate’s role as a pharmaceutical intermediate presents ample growth potential. Collaborations with research institutions and pharmaceutical companies to develop innovative applications could unlock new revenue streams for manufacturers. Additionally, the growing trend of online sales and e-commerce across various industries can enhance distribution channels, allowing companies to reach a larger audience and streamline their operations. Embracing these opportunities can significantly bolster the growth trajectory of the ethyl ecetoacetate market in the coming years.
Threats
Despite the positive outlook for the ethyl ecetoacetate market, several threats could impede its growth trajectory. A primary concern is the volatility of raw material prices, which can significantly impact production costs and profit margins for manufacturers. Fluctuations in the prices of key inputs, such as acetic acid and ethyl alcohol, may pose a challenge for companies aiming to maintain competitive pricing in the market. Moreover, stringent regulations surrounding solvent emissions and environmental compliance could also restrict market expansion. As governments worldwide impose stricter environmental laws and policies, manufacturers may face increased compliance costs and operational constraints. These factors may lead to a slowdown in production and impede the overall growth of the ethyl ecetoacetate market.
Additionally, the presence of alternative solvents that are perceived to be more eco-friendly could pose a threat to ethyl ecetoacetate's market share. As consumers become more environmentally conscious and regulatory agencies encourage the adoption of sustainable products, there is a growing tendency to shift towards bio-based solvents. This trend could lead to increased competition from alternative products, which may affect demand for ethyl ecetoacetate. Companies that fail to adapt to changing consumer preferences or to innovate their product offerings may find it challenging to sustain their market position. Thus, staying ahead of these threats will be crucial for manufacturers in preserving their competitive edge.
Competitor Outlook
- Eastman Chemical Company
- Oxea GmbH
- Merck KGaA
- Huntsman Corporation
- Chemours Company
- BASF SE
- Solvay S.A.
- Lanxess AG
- UNIVAR Solutions
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Alfa Aesar
- Fisher Scientific
- Aceto Corporation
- Hawkins, Inc.
- Shandong Jinling Chemical Co., Ltd.
The competitive landscape of the ethyl ecetoacetate market is characterized by a mix of established global players and regional manufacturers. Companies such as Eastman Chemical Company and BASF SE dominate the market due to their extensive product portfolios and strong distribution networks. These key players are investing significantly in research and development to innovate and enhance their product offerings. Furthermore, strategic mergers and acquisitions are prevalent in this market, allowing companies to expand their reach and capabilities, thereby increasing their competitive advantage. Collaborative research partnerships with universities and industry stakeholders are also being pursued to develop sustainable solutions that align with evolving consumer demands.
Emerging players like Shandong Jinling Chemical Co., Ltd. and Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. are making significant strides in this market by focusing on cost-effective production methods and niche applications. These companies leverage local resources and expertise to cater to regional demand, providing them with a competitive edge. The dynamic nature of the market encourages continuous innovation, prompting all players to adapt swiftly to market changes and technological advancements. The increasing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly practices further shapes the competitive landscape, prompting companies to re-evaluate their product lines and manufacturing processes to remain relevant in this evolving market.
Major companies such as Merck KGaA and Huntsman Corporation are focusing on expanding their presence in developing regions, recognizing the potential for significant market growth. These companies are not only enhancing their production capabilities but also establishing strategic partnerships with local distributors to ensure effective market penetration. The launch of new products tailored to meet specific industry requirements is a focal point for these players, enabling them to capture a larger share of the market. Additionally, sustainability initiatives are becoming a priority for many of these companies, driving them to invest in greener production methods and eco-friendly alternatives to traditional solvents, ensuring their long-term viability in the market.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 BASF SE
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 Oxea GmbH
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Alfa Aesar
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Lanxess AG
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Merck KGaA
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Solvay S.A.
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Hawkins, Inc.
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 Chemours Company
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 UNIVAR Solutions
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Aceto Corporation
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 Fisher Scientific
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Huntsman Corporation
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Eastman Chemical Company
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Shandong Jinling Chemical Co., Ltd.
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 BASF SE
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Chemical Intermediates
- 6.1.2 Pharmaceutical Intermediates
- 6.1.3 Flavor & Fragrance
- 6.1.4 Solvents
- 6.1.5 Others
- 6.2 Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Industrial Grade
- 6.2.2 Pharmaceutical Grade
- 6.2.3 Food Grade
- 6.2.4 Cosmetic Grade
- 6.2.5 Others
- 6.3 Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales Market, By Ingredient Type
- 6.3.1 Ethyl Acetate
- 6.3.2 Ethyl Alcohol
- 6.3.3 Acetic Acid
- 6.3.4 Others
- 6.4 Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
- 6.4.1 Direct Sales
- 6.4.2 Indirect Sales
- 6.1 Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Ethyl Ecetoacetate CAS 141 97 9 Sales market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Industrial Grade
- Pharmaceutical Grade
- Food Grade
- Cosmetic Grade
- Others
By Application
- Chemical Intermediates
- Pharmaceutical Intermediates
- Flavor & Fragrance
- Solvents
- Others
By Distribution Channel
- Direct Sales
- Indirect Sales
By Ingredient Type
- Ethyl Acetate
- Ethyl Alcohol
- Acetic Acid
- Others
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Eastman Chemical Company
- Oxea GmbH
- Merck KGaA
- Huntsman Corporation
- Chemours Company
- BASF SE
- Solvay S.A.
- Lanxess AG
- UNIVAR Solutions
- Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
- Alfa Aesar
- Fisher Scientific
- Aceto Corporation
- Hawkins, Inc.
- Shandong Jinling Chemical Co., Ltd.
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : CH-15325
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)