Esketamine

Esketamine Market Outlook

The global Esketamine market size was valued at approximately USD 1.5 billion in 2021 and is projected to reach around USD 3.2 billion by 2031, exhibiting a CAGR of about 8.2% during the forecast period. The rising prevalence of treatment-resistant depression and the growing acknowledgment of Esketamine's efficacy in various mental health disorders are significant driving factors propelling market growth. Additionally, the increasing investments in mental health research and the development of innovative delivery mechanisms are enhancing the accessibility and adoption of Esketamine in clinical settings. As healthcare systems across the globe strive to address rising mental health concerns, Esketamine's unique properties and potential applications are finding favor with practitioners and patients alike. The market's growth trajectory is further supported by initiatives aimed at destigmatizing mental health treatment, allowing more individuals to seek necessary care.

Growth Factor of the Market

One of the most notable growth factors in the Esketamine market is the increasing global incidence of mental health disorders, particularly treatment-resistant depression and major depressive disorder. As conventional treatment options often fall short for a significant portion of patients, Esketamine provides a novel approach that has shown considerable promise in rapid symptom relief. Additionally, healthcare professionals are increasingly recognizing the urgent need for effective interventions in mental health, further expanding the market as they turn to Esketamine as a viable solution. Moreover, the product's favorable safety profile and the endorsement from regulatory bodies like the FDA have encouraged clinicians to adopt Esketamine in their treatment protocols. Another essential driver is the growing body of clinical research validating the efficacy of Esketamine not just for depression but also for other conditions such as PTSD and chronic pain. This expanded applicability is likely to attract more investment in the sector, further fueling market growth.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Rapid growth anticipated in the treatment-resistant depression segment, driven by rising prevalence rates.
• Regulatory approval and endorsement by healthcare authorities are boosting confidence in Esketamine's therapeutic benefits.
• Innovative delivery methods, such as nasal sprays, are enhancing patient compliance and ease of use.
• Growing awareness and destigmatization of mental health issues are leading to increased patient consultations.
• Expansion of distribution channels, including online pharmacies, is improving accessibility of Esketamine for patients.

By Product Type

Nasal Spray:

The Nasal Spray formulation of Esketamine has emerged as a groundbreaking delivery method, particularly because it allows for rapid absorption directly into the bloodstream through the nasal mucosa. This route of administration is especially beneficial for patients who require quick relief from depressive symptoms, making it a preferred option in emergency settings. The development of the nasal spray has been pivotal in the successful commercialization of Esketamine, as it minimizes the need for intravenous setups and potential complications associated with needle-based treatments. Moreover, the convenience and ease of use associated with Nasal Spray products enhance patient adherence to treatment regimens, thus supporting its dominance in the product segment.

Oral Solution:

Esketamine in oral solution form provides an alternative for patients who may be averse to or unable to use the nasal spray. This form is particularly advantageous in outpatient settings, where patients can administer the medication at home under the guidance of healthcare professionals. The oral solution is absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, although it may take longer to exhibit effects compared to the nasal spray. Nonetheless, its availability as an oral formulation expands treatment options and provides flexibility in patient management. This segment is expected to witness steady growth as more patients and healthcare providers seek alternative delivery methods that prioritize comfort and ease of administration.

Intravenous Injection:

Intravenous injection of Esketamine is typically reserved for acute treatment scenarios, especially in hospital environments. This method allows for the precise titration of doses and immediate monitoring of patient responses under medical supervision. The intravenous route can be particularly effective for patients experiencing severe depressive episodes or suicidal ideation, where rapid intervention is critical. While this segment may not experience the same growth as the nasal spray due to its more invasive nature, it remains an essential component of Esketamine's therapeutic arsenal, particularly in acute care settings.

Sublingual Tablet:

The development of sublingual tablets for Esketamine represents a significant advancement in delivering the medication effectively and conveniently. These tablets dissolve under the tongue, allowing for rapid absorption into the bloodstream, similar to the nasal spray. This delivery method is particularly appealing to patients who may have difficulty using a nasal spray or those who prefer oral routes of administration. The sublingual format may also enhance patient compliance due to its ease of use, thus contributing to the market's diversification. As manufacturers continue to innovate and improve these formulations, sublingual tablets may emerge as a favored choice among patients seeking effective treatment for depressive disorders.

Intranasal Powder:

The intranasal powder form of Esketamine is currently a niche segment but holds promise as a feasible alternative delivery system. This formulation allows for easy portability and self-administration, making it suitable for patients who prefer to manage their treatment independently. The intranasal powder may also offer a longer shelf-life compared to liquid formulations, which can be advantageous for storage and distribution. While still under development and facing regulatory hurdles, this product type may capture interest in the future as more research validates its efficacy and safety compared to existing forms.

By Application

Treatment-Resistant Depression:

Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is one of the most significant applications for Esketamine, as many patients struggle to find effective relief from conventional antidepressants. Esketamine is often used as a rapid intervention to alleviate symptoms in patients who have not responded to traditional therapies, making it a crucial treatment option. The rapid onset of action that Esketamine provides is especially beneficial in situations where immediate relief from debilitating symptoms is required. With rising awareness and ongoing research into TRD, this segment is poised for substantial growth as more clinicians seek effective alternatives for their patients.

Major Depressive Disorder:

Esketamine has also gained traction as an effective treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD), especially among those whose symptoms are severe or chronic. Studies indicate that Esketamine can produce significant improvements in depressive symptoms within days, offering hope to patients who have long endured the burden of MDD. The favorable response rate has led to increased incorporation of Esketamine in treatment protocols for MDD, with healthcare providers emphasizing the importance of early intervention. As more data emerges supporting its efficacy, the MDD application segment is expected to grow in tandem with broader acceptance in clinical practices.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:

The potential application of Esketamine in treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is garnering increasing attention from researchers and clinicians. Initial studies suggest that Esketamine may help mitigate the symptoms associated with PTSD by providing rapid relief from distressing memories and emotional responses. Its ability to act quickly and effectively is especially critical in the treatment of PTSD where traditional therapies may take significantly longer to yield results. As more clinical trials explore this application, Esketamine's role in PTSD management may expand, presenting new opportunities for growth in this sector.

Bipolar Depression:

As researchers continue to explore the efficacy of Esketamine in diverse mental health conditions, bipolar depression has emerged as another potential application. This disorder presents unique challenges, as treatment must carefully navigate episodes of mania and depression. Preliminary findings suggest that Esketamine may stabilize mood and offer relief from depressive episodes, making it a valuable addition to existing treatment options. Continued research into its effects on bipolar depression may lead to expanded indications and increased market penetration, particularly if supported by successful clinical outcomes.

Chronic Pain:

Esketamine is being investigated for its utility in managing chronic pain conditions, particularly those related to neuropathic and inflammatory sources. The connection between depression and chronic pain is well-documented, and Esketamine's mechanism of action may provide dual benefits in alleviating both symptoms. The ongoing exploration of Esketamine as a treatment option for chronic pain is part of a broader movement to integrate mental health management into chronic disease care, further expanding the market's reach and applicability. As more healthcare providers recognize the link between mental health and chronic pain, this segment is likely to grow significantly in the coming years.

By Distribution Channel

Hospitals:

Hospitals remain a primary distribution channel for Esketamine, particularly for patients requiring acute care or those undergoing comprehensive mental health treatment. In hospital settings, Esketamine is often administered under the supervision of healthcare professionals, ensuring immediate monitoring of patient responses and adjustments to treatment as necessary. This channel is essential for patients experiencing severe depressive episodes or other acute mental health crises, as rapid intervention is crucial. The robust infrastructure and resources available in hospitals contribute to the growth of this distribution channel, particularly as mental health services continue to expand within healthcare systems.

Specialty Clinics:

Specialty clinics focusing on mental health and addiction treatment are increasingly offering Esketamine as part of their therapeutic arsenal. These clinics often have the expertise and resources necessary to provide a comprehensive approach to treatment-resistant conditions, making them an attractive option for patients seeking specialized care. The integration of Esketamine into treatment protocols at specialty clinics allows for tailored therapies that address individual patient needs. Moreover, the growing trend of holistic mental health treatment in these settings is likely to support the continued growth of Esketamine in this distribution channel.

Retail Pharmacies:

Retail pharmacies play a significant role in the distribution of Esketamine, especially for patients requiring ongoing management of their treatment for depression or other related disorders. These pharmacies provide convenient access to Esketamine and often offer counseling services to help patients understand their medications better. Furthermore, as mental health awareness continues to rise, retail pharmacies are increasingly becoming a trusted resource for patients seeking information and support regarding their treatment options. The combination of accessibility and patient education offered by retail pharmacies will likely contribute to the growth of this distribution channel.

Online Pharmacies:

In recent years, online pharmacies have gained prominence in the distribution of pharmaceuticals, including Esketamine. The convenience of purchasing medications online appeals to a growing number of patients, particularly those seeking anonymity or facing barriers to in-person visits. Online pharmacies offer the advantage of discreet services and often provide comprehensive information regarding the medications. As regulatory frameworks evolve to support the safe distribution of controlled substances online, the online pharmacy channel is expected to see significant growth, catering to the demands of patients who prioritize convenience and accessibility in their mental health treatment.

By Ingredient Type

Esketamine Hydrochloride:

Esketamine hydrochloride is the most widely recognized formulation of Esketamine used in clinical practice. This ingredient has been extensively studied and is known for its rapid onset of action, making it an effective option for patients with severe depression. The hydrochloride formulation is designed for easy absorption and effective delivery, contributing to its popularity among healthcare providers. As a result, this ingredient type stands at the forefront of the market, playing a crucial role in the treatment of treatment-resistant depression and associated disorders.

Esketamine Tartrate:

Esketamine tartrate is another formulation that is gaining traction among healthcare providers. While it may not be as commonly used as the hydrochloride version, it offers similar therapeutic benefits and has shown promise in clinical studies. The tartrate formulation can provide an option for patients who may have specific needs or preferences in terms of their treatment. Ongoing research and clinical trials are expected to elucidate its efficacy further, potentially expanding its use in the market.

Esketamine Succinate:

Esketamine succinate is a less common derivative but is still significant within the market landscape. This formulation offers unique pharmacokinetic properties that may influence its therapeutic profile. As research continues, the potential advantages of succinate over other formulations may emerge, encouraging broader acceptance and use among healthcare professionals. The growing investment in research and clinical trials for this ingredient type may pave the way for increased market penetration in the years ahead.

Esketamine Citrate:

Esketamine citrate is an emerging formulation that is currently under investigation for its efficacy in various mental health disorders. While it has not yet gained the same level of recognition as other forms, it shows potential as researchers explore its unique properties and benefits. As with other ingredient types, ongoing research is critical to establishing its safety and effectiveness, and favorable outcomes could lead to increased adoption in clinical settings, thus contributing to the overall growth of the Esketamine market.

Esketamine Acetate:

Esketamine acetate is currently a niche segment within the broader market, primarily due to its limited use and availability. However, it is undergoing research to assess its therapeutic potential across various conditions. Should clinical trials yield positive results, Esketamine acetate could emerge as a viable alternative for patients intolerant to more common formulations. As the landscape of Esketamine formulations evolves, the acetate form may find its place in treatment protocols, contributing to the diversification and growth of the market.

By Region

The North American Esketamine market is currently the largest globally, accounting for approximately 45% of total sales. The high prevalence of mental health disorders, coupled with increasing acceptance of innovative treatments, has driven demand in this region. Moreover, regulatory agencies have accelerated the approval process for Esketamine products, further facilitating market growth. The CAGR for North America during the forecast period is estimated to be 9.1%, reflecting the robust healthcare infrastructure and continued investment in mental health solutions. As more clinicians adopt Esketamine into their treatment protocols, North America is likely to remain a leader in market share.

In Europe, the Esketamine market is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 7.5% through 2031, driven by rising awareness and the need for effective treatments for mental health conditions. The European region is witnessing an increasing number of clinical studies validating the efficacy of Esketamine for various applications, thereby expanding its acceptance among healthcare providers. The potential for market growth is also fueled by the increasing focus on mental health initiatives across the continent, which aim to improve access to innovative treatments. These developments position Europe as a significant player in the global Esketamine market.

Opportunities

The Esketamine market is poised to capture numerous opportunities in the coming years, primarily stemming from the increasing recognition of mental health issues as a critical focus of healthcare systems worldwide. With the global prevalence of depression and associated disorders on the rise, there is a growing demand for innovative treatment options that can provide rapid relief from debilitating symptoms. As healthcare systems begin to prioritize mental health alongside physical health, Esketamine stands out as a breakthrough product that meets a critical need. This growing demand creates opportunities for pharmaceutical companies to further invest in research and development of Esketamine and expand its applications beyond existing indications, thereby capturing a larger share of the market and potentially improving patient outcomes.

Moreover, the evolution of telehealth and digital health solutions offers a unique opportunity for Esketamine's distribution and administration. With the increasing acceptance of remote consultations and teletherapy, healthcare providers can monitor patients' responses to Esketamine through virtual platforms, ensuring continuity of care without requiring frequent in-person visits. This approach can be especially beneficial for patients living in remote areas or those who may be reluctant to seek treatment due to stigma associated with mental health conditions. As the landscape of healthcare delivery continues to evolve, integrating Esketamine into telehealth platforms could significantly enhance its accessibility and ultimately lead to increased adoption among patients, further propelling market growth.

Threats

Despite the promising outlook for the Esketamine market, several threats could impact its growth trajectory. One of the most significant threats arises from the regulatory landscape, as continued scrutiny and evolving regulations surrounding the use of controlled substances could pose challenges for manufacturers and healthcare providers. Increased regulations may lead to restrictions on prescribing practices or additional requirements for the administration of Esketamine, which could limit patient access and uptake. Furthermore, any adverse events or negative reports related to Esketamine use could lead to heightened concerns among healthcare practitioners, creating hesitancy in prescribing the medication. As providers navigate the complexities of mental health treatments, these regulatory challenges could hinder the continued expansion of the Esketamine market.

Additionally, the competitive landscape poses a potential threat, as pharmaceutical companies race to develop alternative treatments for depression and other mental health disorders. While Esketamine has established itself as an innovative solution, the introduction of new therapies could divert attention and resources away from Esketamine. Emerging treatments may offer similar or superior efficacy with fewer side effects, leading to potential market saturation. As healthcare providers continually seek the best options for their patients, it is crucial for Esketamine manufacturers to stay ahead of the competition by investing in ongoing research, clinical trials, and improving formulations to maintain market relevance.

Competitor Outlook

• Johnson & Johnson (Spravato)
• H Lundbeck A/S
• Alkermes Plc
• Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• AbbVie Inc.
• Pfizer Inc.
• Mylan N.V.
• Novartis AG
• Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• Indivior PLC
• NeuroRx, Inc.
• Intra-Cellular Therapies Inc.
• Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC
• Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

The overall competitive landscape of the Esketamine market is characterized by various pharmaceutical companies actively engaged in research and development to establish their foothold in this burgeoning sector. Major players are focusing on innovative formulations, enhanced delivery mechanisms, and strategic partnerships to bolster their market presence. Companies like Johnson & Johnson, with their Spravato product, have significantly influenced the market by demonstrating the clinical benefits of Esketamine for treatment-resistant depression. Their extensive experience in the pharmaceutical industry also allows them to leverage regulatory approvals more effectively than smaller players, providing them with a competitive edge.

In addition to established pharmaceutical giants, smaller biotech firms and startups are entering the market with unique formulations and potential indications for Esketamine. Their agility and niche focus can drive innovation in this space, potentially yielding new and effective treatment options. Collaborations between these smaller entities and larger pharmaceutical firms are increasingly common, enabling resource sharing, risk mitigation, and accelerated product development. As competition intensifies, the focus is likely to shift towards improving patient outcomes and enhancing the overall treatment experience for those suffering from mental health disorders.

Key companies such as H Lundbeck A/S and Alkermes Plc are also developing promising treatment options aimed at expanding the horizon for Esketamine. These companies have committed to robust clinical trial programs that explore a range of applications and formulations, thereby enhancing their portfolios and solidifying their presence in the market. Furthermore, firms like Teva Pharmaceutical Industries and Otsuka Pharmaceutical are investing in research that aims to optimize the pharmacological properties of Esketamine, ensuring that their products not only meet regulatory standards but also fulfill the therapeutic needs of patients effectively.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Mylan N.V.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 AbbVie Inc.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Novartis AG
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Pfizer Inc.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Alkermes Plc
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Indivior PLC
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 NeuroRx, Inc.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 H Lundbeck A/S
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Johnson & Johnson (Spravato)
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Intra-Cellular Therapies Inc.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Esketamine Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Treatment-Resistant Depression
    • 6.1.2 Major Depressive Disorder
    • 6.1.3 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
    • 6.1.4 Bipolar Depression
    • 6.1.5 Chronic Pain
  • 6.2 Esketamine Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Nasal Spray
    • 6.2.2 Oral Solution
    • 6.2.3 Intravenous Injection
    • 6.2.4 Sublingual Tablet
    • 6.2.5 Intranasal Powder
  • 6.3 Esketamine Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Esketamine Hydrochloride
    • 6.3.2 Esketamine Tartrate
    • 6.3.3 Esketamine Succinate
    • 6.3.4 Esketamine Citrate
    • 6.3.5 Esketamine Acetate
  • 6.4 Esketamine Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Hospitals
    • 6.4.2 Specialty Clinics
    • 6.4.3 Retail Pharmacies
    • 6.4.4 Online Pharmacies

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Esketamine Market by Region
  • 10.3 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 India
      • 10.3.1.2 China
      • 10.3.1.3 Japan
      • 10.3.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Esketamine market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Nasal Spray
• Oral Solution
• Intravenous Injection
• Sublingual Tablet
• Intranasal Powder

By Application

• Treatment-Resistant Depression
• Major Depressive Disorder
• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
• Bipolar Depression
• Chronic Pain

By Distribution Channel

• Hospitals
• Specialty Clinics
• Retail Pharmacies
• Online Pharmacies

By Ingredient Type

• Esketamine Hydrochloride
• Esketamine Tartrate
• Esketamine Succinate
• Esketamine Citrate
• Esketamine Acetate

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Johnson & Johnson (Spravato)
• H Lundbeck A/S
• Alkermes Plc
• Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.
• Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• AbbVie Inc.
• Pfizer Inc.
• Mylan N.V.
• Novartis AG
• Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.
• Indivior PLC
• NeuroRx, Inc.
• Intra-Cellular Therapies Inc.
• Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC
• Avanir Pharmaceuticals, Inc.