Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether

Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Market Outlook

The global Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (DGMME) market is projected to reach a valuation of approximately USD 1.2 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of around 5.2% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for DGMME in various end-use industries such as paints and coatings, pharmaceuticals, and electronics. The expansion of the automotive and construction sectors, alongside a rise in manufacturing activities across emerging economies, serves as a key growth factor fueling the demand for high-performance solvents like DGMME. Additionally, the versatility of DGMME as a solvent with excellent solvency power and low toxicity has led to its widespread acceptance in the formulation of various applications. Furthermore, the growing emphasis on sustainable and eco-friendly products is also driving innovations in the formulation of DGMME, thereby enhancing its market potential.

Growth Factor of the Market

One of the primary growth factors in the Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market is the increasing focus on environmentally friendly chemicals. With the global push towards sustainability, industries are looking for alternatives to traditional solvents that are less harmful to the environment. DGMME, being low in VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds), appeals to manufacturers seeking to comply with stringent environmental regulations. Additionally, the booming construction and automotive sectors are contributing to the rising demand for paints and coatings, which utilize DGMME as a solvent and coalescing agent. The pharmaceutical industry's growth, particularly in the production of medications and formulations, further drives the market as DGMME finds applications in various pharmaceutical products. Moreover, advancements in electronic products and the need for high-purity solvents in the electronics industry are providing new avenues for market expansion. Lastly, the rapid urbanization and industrialization in emerging economies are expected to significantly boost the demand for DGMME as a key ingredient in multiple applications.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Projected growth of the market at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2025 to 2035.
• Increasing demand in sectors like paints, pharmaceuticals, and electronics.
• Growing focus on eco-friendly and low-VOC products.
• Rapid urbanization driving industrial growth in emerging markets.
• Technological advancements enhancing the efficiency of DGMME applications.

By Product Type

Industrial Grade:

Industrial-grade Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether is primarily used in various manufacturing processes. This grade is favored for its excellent solvency properties, which make it ideal for use in paints, coatings, and cleaning agents. Its application in the industrial sector is largely attributed to its ability to dissolve a wide range of substances, making it a versatile solvent in different formulations. Moreover, the industrial-grade variant is known for its cost-effectiveness, which attracts manufacturers looking to optimize their production processes while maintaining high-quality output. The increasing focus on durable and high-performance coatings in industrial applications continues to bolster the demand for this product type, thus driving the overall market growth.

Pharmaceutical Grade:

Pharmaceutical-grade Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether is characterized by its high purity and is utilized in the formulation of pharmaceuticals and personal care products. This grade meets stringent regulatory standards, making it suitable for use in applications where safety and efficacy are paramount. Its role as a solvent in drug formulations, particularly for injectable medications, has seen a significant increase in demand due to the rise of biopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, the pharmaceutical industry is continuously evolving, driving the need for high-purity solvents, which positions pharmaceutical-grade DGMME favorably within the market. The ongoing research and development activities in drug formulation are expected to further enhance the adoption of this grade.

Electronic Grade:

Electronic-grade Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether is tailored for the electronics industry, primarily used as a solvent in the manufacturing of electronic components. This grade is crucial in applications requiring high purity and low contamination risks, such as in semiconductor manufacturing and circuit board production. The increasing trend of miniaturization in electronic devices demands high-quality solvents that can meet the stringent requirements for cleanliness and performance. The growth of the electronics sector, driven by advancements in technology and the proliferation of consumer electronics, is a major factor propelling the demand for electronic-grade DGMME. Additionally, as the demand for high-performance electronic devices continues to rise, so does the need for specialized solvents like DGMME in the manufacturing process.

Others:

This segment encompasses various other grades of Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether that cater to niche applications across diverse industries. These applications may include specialty formulations in cosmetics, agriculture, and other emerging sectors that require effective solvent solutions. The growing awareness of the benefits of using DGMME in various formulations is expected to drive demand in these less conventional applications. Furthermore, the versatility of DGMME allows for its adaptation in different formulations, thereby expanding its reach across various industries. As manufacturers explore innovative applications for DGMME, this segment is anticipated to witness steady growth in the coming years.

By Application

Paints & Coatings:

The paints and coatings application segment holds a significant share of the Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market, owing to its excellent solvency properties and its role as a coalescing agent. DGMME is widely used in the formulation of water-based paints and coatings, which are increasingly preferred due to their lower environmental impact compared to solvent-based alternatives. The demand for high-performance coatings, particularly in the automotive and construction sectors, continues to drive the growth of this segment. With advancements in coating technologies and a growing emphasis on product durability and aesthetics, DGMME is expected to play a vital role in enhancing the performance of modern paint formulations.

Cleaners:

In the cleaners application segment, Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether is recognized for its effective solvency in cleaning formulations. It is commonly used in various cleaning products due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of contaminants, including oils, greases, and dirt. The growing awareness of hygiene and cleanliness has led to an increased demand for effective cleaning solutions across both residential and commercial sectors. Furthermore, the shift towards green cleaning products is driving the adoption of low-VOC solvents like DGMME, which appeals to environmentally conscious consumers. This trend is likely to further bolster the demand for DGMME in cleaning applications moving forward.

Pharmaceuticals:

In the pharmaceutical sector, Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether is utilized as a solvent for drug formulations, particularly in the production of injectable medications and other pharmaceutical products. Its high purity and low toxicity make it a suitable choice in this industry, where quality and safety are of utmost importance. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to expand, driven by the growth of biopharmaceuticals and innovative drug delivery systems, the demand for high-quality solvents like DGMME is expected to rise. Furthermore, ongoing research and development efforts in drug formulation are likely to open new avenues for the application of DGMME in pharmaceuticals.

Electronics:

The electronics application segment is emerging as a significant market for Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, particularly for its use in the manufacturing of electronic components. DGMME is employed as a solvent in processes such as semiconductor fabrication and circuit board production, where high purity and low contamination are critical. The rapid growth of the electronics industry, fueled by advancements in technology and the rising demand for consumer electronics, is driving the need for specialized solvents like DGMME. As electronic devices become increasingly complex, the requirement for effective solvents to ensure high-quality production processes will continue to bolster demand in this segment.

Others:

The other applications segment of the Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market includes various uses across industries such as agriculture, cosmetics, and specialty formulations. In agriculture, DGMME may be utilized as a solvent in pesticide formulations and crop protection products, while in cosmetics, it can serve as a solvent in creams, lotions, and other personal care products. The increasing focus on sustainability and the search for effective solvent solutions across various sectors have led to a growing interest in DGMME's versatility. As manufacturers continue to explore innovative uses for DGMME in diverse applications, this segment is expected to witness steady growth in the foreseeable future.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales:

The direct sales channel is a crucial segment for the distribution of Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, allowing manufacturers to establish direct relationships with end-users. This sales model can enhance customer satisfaction since it allows for personalized services, technical support, and faster response times. Companies that engage in direct sales often provide tailored solutions to their clients, addressing specific needs and applications. Moreover, direct sales enable manufacturers to maintain better control over their pricing strategies and inventory management, which can lead to increased profitability. As the demand for DGMME continues to grow, the direct sales channel is expected to play a prominent role in meeting customer requirements effectively.

Distributors:

The distributor channel serves as a vital link between manufacturers of Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether and various end-user industries. Distributors typically cater to a broader market, enabling manufacturers to reach a diverse customer base without incurring the overhead costs associated with direct sales. By leveraging established distribution networks, manufacturers can ensure that their products are readily available to customers in different regions and sectors. Distributors also provide value-added services, such as inventory management and logistics support, which can enhance supply chain efficiency. As the demand for DGMME expands across multiple applications, the distributor channel is expected to continue driving growth within the market.

By Use Industry

Paints & Coatings:

The paints and coatings industry is one of the largest consumers of Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether, leveraging its properties for enhanced performance in formulations. DGMME acts as a solvent and coalescing agent, improving the flow and leveling of coatings while ensuring optimal drying times. With the increasing demand for decorative and protective coatings, driven by the construction and automotive sectors, the use of DGMME is expected to grow significantly. Additionally, the trend towards eco-friendly and low-VOC products is influencing manufacturers to adopt DGMME in water-based formulations, further solidifying its role in the paints and coatings industry.

Pharmaceuticals:

In the pharmaceuticals industry, Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether is utilized in the formulation of various drug products, particularly those requiring high purity and low toxicity. Its role as a solvent in pharmaceutical applications is critical, especially as the industry shifts towards biologics and complex formulations. The growth of the pharmaceutical sector, coupled with increasing R&D activities, is expected to drive demand for DGMME in this industry. Manufacturers are continually looking for reliable and safe solvent solutions to meet the demands of ongoing drug development, ensuring a stable market presence for pharmaceutical-grade DGMME.

Electronics:

The electronics industry is increasingly recognizing the value of Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether as a solvent for high-purity applications. Used in the production of semiconductors and circuit boards, DGMME meets stringent cleanliness standards essential for the manufacturing process. As the demand for sophisticated electronic devices rises, so does the need for reliable solvents to ensure product quality and functionality. This growing trend, alongside technological advancements, is likely to expand the usage of DGMME in the electronics industry significantly. The integration of DGMME into electronic manufacturing processes will continue to gain traction as companies strive for innovation and advancement.

Automotive:

In the automotive sector, Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether is gaining traction as a solvent in paints and coatings, enhancing the durability and performance of automotive finishes. The automotive industry is continuously evolving, with manufacturers looking for high-quality coatings that provide both aesthetic appeal and protection against environmental factors. DGMME's properties make it an excellent choice for automotive coatings, as it ensures smooth application and improved adhesion. As the demand for high-performance vehicles and sustainable manufacturing practices continues to grow, the adoption of DGMME in the automotive industry is expected to increase, driving the overall market forward.

Others:

The "Others" category encompasses a range of industries utilizing Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether for various applications. This includes sectors such as agriculture, where DGMME can be employed as a solvent in pesticide formulations, and cosmetics, where it may serve as a component in personal care products. The versatility of DGMME allows it to adapt to the specific requirements of these industries, catering to the growing demand for effective and environmentally friendly solvent solutions. As these niche applications expand and evolve, the presence of DGMME in these sectors is anticipated to contribute positively to the overall market growth.

By Region

The regional analysis of the Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market reveals significant variations in demand driven by industrial activities and economic conditions across different areas. North America is one of the leading markets for DGMME, primarily due to the strong presence of established manufacturing sectors in the region. The U.S. alone accounts for a considerable share, with a projected CAGR of approximately 5.5% during the forecast period. The growth in this region is being fueled by the increasing demand for paints and coatings, alongside advancements in the pharmaceutical and electronics industries, which are key consumers of DGMME. Moreover, stringent regulations promoting the use of low-VOC solvents are further driving the adoption of DGMME in North America.

In Europe, the Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market is poised for steady growth, fueled by growing sustainability initiatives and the demand for eco-friendly products. As more industries adopt green chemistry practices, the preference for low-VOC solvents like DGMME is becoming increasingly prevalent. The European market is characterized by a strong focus on research and development, particularly in the pharmaceuticals and cosmetics sectors, which are both significant consumers of DGMME. Additionally, the increasing urbanization and industrialization in the Asia Pacific region are contributing to the overall market growth, making it another crucial area for DGMME consumption. With the projected CAGR of approximately 5.0% in this region, the demand for DGMME is expected to rise significantly as industries continue to expand.

Opportunities

The Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market presents numerous opportunities for growth, particularly in relation to innovations in product formulation and applications. With increasing emphasis on sustainability and eco-friendliness, manufacturers can capitalize on the development of water-based coatings and low-VOC products that incorporate DGMME. Furthermore, as regulatory frameworks become more stringent regarding the use of hazardous chemicals, the shift toward safer, environmentally friendly alternatives will create a stronger demand for DGMME in various applications. Additionally, with the ongoing advancements in technology and manufacturing processes, there are opportunities for developing specialized grades of DGMME tailored for specific industries, enhancing its applicability and market penetration.

Moreover, the rising focus on research and development in the pharmaceutical sector is expected to yield significant opportunities for Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether. As new drug formulations and delivery systems emerge, the demand for high-purity solvents will increase, positioning DGMME as a preferred choice in pharmaceutical applications. The growing market for consumer electronics also presents a unique opportunity, as the need for effective solvents in electronics manufacturing continues to rise. Embracing these opportunities through strategic partnerships and innovative product development can help manufacturers strengthen their market presence and maximize growth potential in the DGMME market.

Threats

Despite the growth prospects, the Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market faces several threats that could hinder its expansion. One of the primary concerns is the fluctuation in raw material prices, which can significantly impact manufacturing costs and overall profitability. The reliance on petrochemical derivatives for producing DGMME means that any disruptions in the supply chain can lead to increased costs and reduced margins for manufacturers. Additionally, the global shift towards sustainable practices may lead to increased competition from bio-based solvents and alternative chemicals, challenging the market share of traditional solvents like DGMME. Companies must adapt to these changing dynamics to remain competitive in an evolving marketplace.

Furthermore, regulatory pressures surrounding chemical safety and environmental impact can pose challenges for manufacturers in the DGMME market. Ongoing changes in regulations may require companies to invest in compliance measures, reformulation, or even transitioning to alternative products, all of which can incur substantial costs. The potential for adverse health effects associated with chemical exposure may also lead to increased scrutiny and a negative perception of solvent use in certain applications. As the market landscape evolves, manufacturers will need to navigate these threats effectively to maintain their competitive edge and achieve sustainable growth in the Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market.

Competitor Outlook

• Eastman Chemical Company
• Huntsman Corporation
• SABIC
• BASF SE
• Dow Inc.
• Solvay S.A.
• Merck KGaA
• Oxea GmbH
• Hubei Greenhome Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Shenzhen Bafang Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Jiangsu Liyang Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
• Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc.
• Hubei Chuanxin Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

The competitive landscape of the Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market is characterized by a mix of large multinational corporations and emerging players striving to capture market share through innovation and strategic positioning. Key players like Eastman Chemical Company and Huntsman Corporation lead the industry with their extensive product portfolios and established distribution networks. These companies have invested heavily in R&D to enhance product quality and expand application areas for DGMME, ensuring they remain at the forefront of market trends. Their capabilities in scaling production and maintaining high standards of quality control further strengthen their competitive edge in the market.

Another significant player, BASF SE, is known for its commitment to sustainability and developing eco-friendly chemical solutions. The company’s emphasis on low-VOC solvents and innovative formulations aligns with the growing demand for environmentally friendly products, making it a formidable competitor in the DGMME market. Dow Inc. also plays a critical role, leveraging its extensive research facilities and market expertise to offer high-quality DGMME tailored for specific applications. Both companies are well-positioned to capitalize on market growth driven by the increasing demand for sustainable and high-performance chemical solutions.

Emerging players, such as Hubei Greenhome Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. and Shenzhen Bafang Chemical Co., Ltd., are gaining traction in the market by offering competitive pricing and localized solutions. These companies often focus on niche applications and rapidly adapt to changing market dynamics, providing them with the agility needed to capture opportunities in the evolving landscape of the DGMME market. As these players refine their strategies and expand their reach, the competitive environment will continue to evolve, presenting both challenges and opportunities for all market participants.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 SABIC
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 BASF SE
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Dow Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Oxea GmbH
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Merck KGaA
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Solvay S.A.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Huntsman Corporation
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Eastman Chemical Company
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Jiangsu Liyang Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Shenzhen Bafang Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Hubei Chuanxin Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Hubei Greenhome Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Paints & Coatings
    • 6.1.2 Cleaners
    • 6.1.3 Pharmaceuticals
    • 6.1.4 Electronics
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Industrial Grade
    • 6.2.2 Pharmaceutical Grade
    • 6.2.3 Electronic Grade
    • 6.2.4 Others
  • 6.3 Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Market, By Use Industry
    • 6.3.1 Paints & Coatings
    • 6.3.2 Pharmaceuticals
    • 6.3.3 Electronics
    • 6.3.4 Automotive
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.2 Distributors

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Industrial Grade
• Pharmaceutical Grade
• Electronic Grade
• Others

By Application

• Paints & Coatings
• Cleaners
• Pharmaceuticals
• Electronics
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Distributors

By Use Industry

• Paints & Coatings
• Pharmaceuticals
• Electronics
• Automotive
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Eastman Chemical Company
• Huntsman Corporation
• SABIC
• BASF SE
• Dow Inc.
• Solvay S.A.
• Merck KGaA
• Oxea GmbH
• Hubei Greenhome Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Shenzhen Bafang Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Jiangsu Liyang Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
• Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc.
• Hubei Chuanxin Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Hubei Yihua Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.