Compound Tube

Compound Tube Market Outlook

The global compound tube market is anticipated to reach approximately USD 7.5 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of around 5.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. Several factors are driving this growth, including the increasing demand for lightweight and durable materials in various industries, especially in automotive and aerospace applications. Furthermore, the push towards more sustainable and eco-friendly packaging options is encouraging manufacturers to innovate in the development of compound tubes. The growing trend of automation and advancements in manufacturing technologies are also playing a crucial role in boosting the market. Additionally, the expansion of end-use industries across emerging economies is expected to create new opportunities for market players, aligning with global economic growth.

Growth Factor of the Market

The compound tube market is experiencing significant growth due to several factors that are reshaping the industry landscape. Firstly, the demand for lightweight materials in the automotive sector is driving manufacturers to adopt compound tubes as they offer reduced weight without compromising strength and durability. Secondly, the construction industry's robust growth, especially in developing nations, is spurring demand for these tubes as they are ideal for various applications such as plumbing, electrical conduits, and structural support. Additionally, the aerospace industry's stringent requirements for high-performance materials are also increasing the uptake of compound tubes. Moreover, innovations in packaging solutions, particularly in the food and beverage sector, are creating new avenues for compound tube applications. Lastly, as manufacturers increasingly focus on sustainability, the adoption of recyclable and eco-friendly materials is expected to propel the growth of the compound tube market.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Projected market size of USD 7.5 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 5.2% from 2025 to 2035.
• Growing automotive and aerospace industries driving demand for lightweight and durable compound tubes.
• Increased focus on sustainable and eco-friendly packaging solutions influencing market dynamics.
• Technological advancements in manufacturing processes enhancing product quality and performance.
• Emerging economies expanding their construction and infrastructure projects, boosting market opportunities.

By Product Type

Aluminum Compound Tubes:

Aluminum compound tubes have gained significant traction in various industries due to their lightweight nature, excellent corrosion resistance, and aesthetic appeal. These tubes are particularly favored in the automotive sector, where weight reduction is critical for improving fuel efficiency and performance. Additionally, their versatility allows them to be used in numerous applications, such as packaging, medical devices, and consumer goods. Manufacturers are increasingly adopting aluminum compound tubes because they can be easily recycled, thereby contributing to sustainable practices within industries. The market for aluminum compound tubes is projected to grow significantly, driven by innovations in design and processing technologies that enhance their functionality and usability.

Stainless Steel Compound Tubes:

Stainless steel compound tubes are recognized for their strength, durability, and resistance to high temperatures and corrosion. These attributes make them suitable for use in industries like aerospace, automotive, and construction, where performance under challenging conditions is paramount. The demand for stainless steel tubes is particularly high in applications requiring hygiene and cleanliness, such as food processing and pharmaceutical manufacturing. Furthermore, the increasing focus on safety standards and regulatory compliance is likely to propel the market for stainless steel compound tubes. The ability to customize these tubes for specific applications is also a contributing factor to their growing popularity in various sectors.

Carbon Steel Compound Tubes:

Carbon steel compound tubes are well-regarded for their strength and affordability, making them a popular choice in various industrial applications. These tubes are often used in construction, automotive, and manufacturing sectors due to their excellent mechanical properties. The market for carbon steel tubes is expected to experience moderate growth, driven by the ongoing expansion of infrastructure projects and industrial activities worldwide. However, the susceptibility of carbon steel to rusting and corrosion poses challenges, prompting manufacturers to explore protective coatings and treatments that can enhance durability. As carbon steel tubes continue to evolve, their application in new industries is likely to expand further.

Copper Compound Tubes:

Copper compound tubes are largely utilized in electrical and plumbing applications due to their excellent electrical conductivity and resistance to corrosion. In the electrical sector, copper tubes are widely used for wiring and electronics, owing to their superior performance in conducting electricity. Additionally, their antimicrobial properties make them suitable for use in plumbing systems, particularly in healthcare facilities where hygiene is crucial. The growth of renewable energy sources, such as solar power, is also contributing to the demand for copper tubes in various applications, driving innovation and development in this segment. As the world moves towards more sustainable solutions, the copper compound tube market is expected to flourish.

Plastic Compound Tubes:

Plastic compound tubes are becoming increasingly popular in various sectors due to their lightweight, flexibility, and resistance to various chemicals. These tubes are often utilized in packaging, automotive, and consumer goods applications, where durability and cost-effectiveness are crucial. The growing trend towards sustainable packaging solutions has also led to innovations in biodegradable and recyclable plastic tubes, aligning with environmental initiatives globally. The plastic compound tube market is projected to grow substantially as companies seek to reduce their carbon footprint while maintaining high levels of performance and functionality. The versatility of plastic materials allows for a broad range of applications, ensuring continued demand across industries.

By Application

Automotive:

The automotive industry is one of the largest consumers of compound tubes, as manufacturers seek lightweight materials that enhance fuel efficiency and performance. Compound tubes are utilized in various applications, including fuel lines, exhaust systems, and structural components. The growing push for electric vehicles (EVs) is further driving innovation within this segment, as manufacturers adapt to the unique requirements of EV technology. The increased focus on safety standards and compliance with regulations also drives the demand for robust and reliable materials in automotive applications. As the automotive sector continues to evolve, the demand for high-quality compound tubes is expected to grow steadily.

Construction:

In the construction industry, compound tubes are vital for various applications, including plumbing, electrical conduits, and structural supports. Their lightweight nature and resistance to corrosion make them an ideal choice for ensuring durability and longevity in building projects. With the ongoing expansion of infrastructure and urbanization, the demand for compound tubes in construction is projected to rise significantly. Additionally, the increasing adoption of advanced construction techniques and materials is likely to further enhance the market for compound tubes. Manufacturers are continually innovating to improve the performance and sustainability of these products to meet the growing demands of the construction sector.

Aerospace:

The aerospace industry demands high-performance materials that can withstand extreme conditions, making compound tubes critically important in this sector. These tubes are commonly used in fuel systems, hydraulic lines, and structural components due to their lightweight and high-strength properties. The growth of the aerospace industry, particularly with the increasing production of commercial aircraft, is expected to drive the demand for compound tubes significantly. Moreover, stringent regulations regarding safety and performance standards necessitate the use of superior materials, further solidifying the role of compound tubes in aerospace applications. As advancements in aerospace technology continue, the need for innovative and reliable compound tubes will only increase.

Electrical & Electronics:

In the electrical and electronics sector, compound tubes are essential for various applications, including insulation, protection, and wiring solutions. The demand for high-quality materials that can provide safety and efficiency in electrical systems is driving growth in this segment. As the world becomes increasingly reliant on technology, the proliferation of electronic devices and systems is likely to create a robust market for compound tubes. Additionally, the rise of renewable energy solutions, such as solar and wind power, is fostering innovation in the design and application of electrical components, contributing to the growth of the compound tube market in this sector.

Others:

Beyond the primary applications, compound tubes find use in various industries, including healthcare, consumer goods, and packaging. In healthcare, compound tubes are utilized for medical devices, ensuring durability and safety in sensitive applications. The consumer goods sector leverages these tubes for packaging solutions that require lightweight and flexible materials. Furthermore, as industries seek to adopt sustainable practices, compound tubes are increasingly being designed to be recyclable and eco-friendly. This versatility across diverse applications is expected to contribute to the steady growth of the compound tube market as manufacturers continue to innovate and respond to changing consumer demands.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales:

Direct sales play a crucial role in the distribution of compound tubes, allowing manufacturers to establish direct relationships with end-users. This approach enables companies to provide tailored solutions and services that meet specific customer needs, enhancing satisfaction and loyalty. Direct sales channels often facilitate better understanding of market trends and customer preferences, allowing manufacturers to adapt quickly and effectively. Furthermore, as industries seek to streamline their supply chains, direct sales can reduce lead times and improve inventory management. Overall, the direct sales method is expected to remain a significant distribution channel for compound tubes, with continued emphasis on customer engagement and service excellence.

Distributor Sales:

Distributor sales are vital for expanding the reach of compound tube manufacturers, providing a network through which products can be delivered to a broader range of customers. Distributors often have established relationships with various industries, allowing for effective marketing and promotion of compound tubes. This channel enables manufacturers to leverage the expertise and knowledge of distributors in navigating complex markets and regulatory environments. Additionally, distributors can provide value-added services such as logistics support and technical assistance, enhancing overall customer experience. The importance of distributor sales is expected to grow as manufacturers aim to penetrate new markets and sectors that require compound tubes.

Online Retail:

Online retail is rapidly transforming the landscape of the compound tube market, offering customers the convenience and accessibility of purchasing products from anywhere at any time. This distribution channel has gained traction due to the growing trend of e-commerce and the increasing reliance on digital platforms for business transactions. Online retail allows manufacturers to reach a broader audience while reducing the costs associated with traditional retail operations. Furthermore, the availability of product information, customer reviews, and pricing comparisons enhances consumer confidence and decision-making. The online retail channel is expected to expand significantly as more customers embrace digital solutions and as manufacturers invest in their online presence.

By Material Type

Polyethylene:

Polyethylene is one of the most commonly used materials in the production of compound tubes, known for its excellent flexibility, chemical resistance, and lightweight properties. These characteristics make polyethylene compound tubes suitable for various applications, including packaging, construction, and automotive. The versatility of polyethylene allows it to be customized for specific needs, enabling manufacturers to meet diverse market demands. The growing emphasis on sustainable practices and the development of recyclable polyethylene products are likely to further enhance the market for polyethylene compound tubes. As industries continue to innovate, the demand for high-quality polyethylene tubes is expected to rise significantly.

Polypropylene:

Polypropylene is gaining popularity in the compound tube market due to its strength, resistance to chemicals, and low-density characteristics. These tubes are often used in applications where durability and lightweight materials are essential. The automotive and packaging industries are major consumers of polypropylene compound tubes, leveraging their robustness and versatility. Additionally, the ability to manufacture polypropylene tubes in various colors and designs enhances their appeal in consumer markets. As manufacturers increasingly focus on developing sustainable products, the demand for recyclable polypropylene tubes is expected to grow, aligning with global sustainability initiatives.

PVC:

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is a widely utilized material in the compound tube market, known for its excellent durability, chemical resistance, and affordability. PVC compound tubes are commonly used in plumbing, electrical conduits, and various industrial applications where performance and cost-effectiveness are critical. The adaptability of PVC allows manufacturers to engineer tubes for specific requirements, enhancing their usability in different sectors. Furthermore, innovations in PVC formulations, such as the development of flexible and lightweight variants, are driving market growth. The increasing focus on infrastructure development and construction projects is likely to boost the demand for PVC compound tubes in the coming years.

Nylon:

Nylon compound tubes are recognized for their remarkable strength, flexibility, and resistance to abrasion and chemicals. These tubes are particularly valuable in automotive and industrial applications where performance and reliability are paramount. The durability of nylon makes it suitable for use in harsh environments, and its lightweight nature contributes to overall efficiency. Additionally, advancements in nylon processing technologies are enabling manufacturers to develop more innovative tube solutions that meet the evolving needs of various industries. As the demand for high-performance materials continues to rise, nylon compound tubes are expected to experience significant growth in the market.

Others:

In addition to the primary materials mentioned, the compound tube market also encompasses various other materials that cater to specific applications and industry requirements. These may include materials such as thermoplastics, composites, and rubber, each offering unique properties that enhance their suitability for diverse uses. The ability to customize tubes with different material combinations allows manufacturers to develop innovative solutions that meet specific performance criteria. As industries continue to evolve and seek out advanced materials, the market for other types of compound tubes is expected to grow steadily, driven by technological advancements and changing consumer preferences.

By Region

The North America region is anticipated to hold a significant share in the global compound tube market, accounting for approximately 30% of the total market value by 2035. The robust automotive and aerospace industries in the United States and Canada are major contributors to this growth, as manufacturers seek high-quality materials that deliver on performance and safety. Additionally, advancements in manufacturing processes and material innovations are expected to further enhance the market landscape in this region. The compound tube market in North America is projected to grow at a CAGR of around 4.8% during the forecast period, driven by ongoing infrastructure development and a focus on sustainable practices.

In Europe, the compound tube market is also expected to experience robust growth, driven by strong demand from the automotive, construction, and electrical sectors. The region is projected to account for approximately 28% of the global market share by 2035, with increasing investments in green technologies and sustainable materials. The presence of leading manufacturers and a strong emphasis on research and development are further propelling growth in the European market. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to witness the fastest growth rate, projected at a CAGR of 6.2%, as countries like China and India continue to expand their industrial capabilities and infrastructure projects, creating a surge in demand for compound tubes.

Opportunities

The compound tube market is poised for substantial growth, presenting numerous opportunities for manufacturers and stakeholders. One of the most significant opportunities lies in the development of sustainable and eco-friendly products. As industries increasingly prioritize environmental responsibility, there is a growing demand for recyclable and biodegradable compound tubes. Manufacturers can capitalize on this trend by investing in research and development to create innovative solutions that align with sustainability goals. Furthermore, as the regulatory landscape evolves, companies that adapt quickly to meet compliance standards will gain a competitive advantage in the market. The rise of renewable energy sources also presents opportunities for compound tube applications, particularly in the electrical and electronics sectors, where the need for efficient and durable materials is paramount.

Moreover, as emerging economies continue to industrialize and urbanize, the demand for compound tubes is expected to rise significantly. The expanding construction and automotive sectors in regions such as Asia Pacific and Latin America present new avenues for growth and expansion. Companies that strategically enter these markets can benefit from increased sales and market share. Additionally, advancements in manufacturing technologies are enabling companies to improve production efficiency and reduce costs, further enhancing their competitive positioning. Embracing digital transformation and leveraging e-commerce platforms can also create new sales channels and enhance customer engagement, providing further opportunities in the compound tube market.

Threats

Despite the promising growth prospects, the compound tube market faces several threats that could pose challenges to stakeholders. One of the primary threats is the volatility of raw material prices, which can significantly impact production costs and profit margins. Fluctuations in the prices of materials such as aluminum, steel, and plastics can lead to increased operational expenses, making it difficult for manufacturers to maintain competitive pricing. Additionally, the growing concern over environmental impacts and stricter regulations regarding material usage and waste management may necessitate costly adaptations for existing manufacturing processes. Companies that fail to comply with these evolving standards may face legal repercussions and reputational damage, which can undermine their market standing.

Furthermore, the compound tube market is characterized by intense competition, with numerous players vying for market share. This competitive landscape can lead to price wars and reduced profit margins, particularly for smaller manufacturers lacking the resources to invest in innovation and marketing. The rise of alternative materials and solutions can also threaten the market, as companies seek to develop substitutes that offer similar benefits at lower costs. As consumer preferences evolve, companies must remain agile and responsive to changing market dynamics to retain their competitive edge. Ensuring product quality and reliability is essential in this environment, as any lapses can result in lost customers and diminished reputation.

Competitor Outlook

• Sonoco Products Company
• Amcor Limited
• Sealed Air Corporation
• Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chalco)
• Huhtamaki Oyj
• Greif, Inc.
• Graham Packaging Company, L.P.
• Berry Global, Inc.
• Mondi Group plc
• Constellium SE
• Novolex Holdings, LLC
• International Paper Company
• WestRock Company
• Pactiv Evergreen Inc.
• Crown Holdings, Inc.

The competitive landscape of the compound tube market is characterized by a diverse range of players, each striving to establish a robust market presence through innovation, quality, and customer service. Major companies like Sonoco Products Company and Amcor Limited have positioned themselves as industry leaders by investing heavily in research and development to create advanced products that meet evolving consumer demands. These companies often leverage their extensive distribution networks and global reach to tap into emerging markets and maximize their sales potential. Additionally, collaborations and partnerships with other organizations enable these firms to enhance their product offerings and strengthen their market position.

Furthermore, companies such as Sealed Air Corporation and Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chalco) are focusing on sustainability initiatives to align with global environmental trends. By developing eco-friendly products and adopting best practices in manufacturing, these organizations are not only reducing their environmental footprint but also appealing to increasingly conscious consumers. The emphasis on sustainable innovation is expected to provide a competitive edge in the market, as more clients prioritize environmentally responsible solutions in their purchasing decisions.

Another critical aspect of the competitive landscape is the growing focus on technological advancements, with firms like Greif, Inc. and Graham Packaging Company, L.P. investing in automation and advanced manufacturing processes. These innovations allow companies to enhance production efficiency, reduce costs, and improve product quality, ultimately driving customer satisfaction. As the compound tube market continues to evolve, it will be essential for companies to remain agile and adaptive to changing market dynamics while simultaneously fostering innovation and sustainability to capitalize on growth opportunities.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Greif, Inc.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Amcor Limited
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Huhtamaki Oyj
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Constellium SE
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Mondi Group plc
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 WestRock Company
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Berry Global, Inc.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Crown Holdings, Inc.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Novolex Holdings, LLC
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Pactiv Evergreen Inc.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Sealed Air Corporation
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Sonoco Products Company
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 International Paper Company
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Graham Packaging Company, L.P.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chalco)
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Compound Tube Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Automotive
    • 6.1.2 Construction
    • 6.1.3 Aerospace
    • 6.1.4 Electrical & Electronics
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Compound Tube Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Aluminum Compound Tubes
    • 6.2.2 Stainless Steel Compound Tubes
    • 6.2.3 Carbon Steel Compound Tubes
    • 6.2.4 Copper Compound Tubes
    • 6.2.5 Plastic Compound Tubes
  • 6.3 Compound Tube Market, By Material Type
    • 6.3.1 Polyethylene
    • 6.3.2 Polypropylene
    • 6.3.3 PVC
    • 6.3.4 Nylon
    • 6.3.5 Others
  • 6.4 Compound Tube Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.2 Distributor Sales
    • 6.4.3 Online Retail

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Compound Tube Market by Region
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Compound Tube market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Aluminum Compound Tubes
• Stainless Steel Compound Tubes
• Carbon Steel Compound Tubes
• Copper Compound Tubes
• Plastic Compound Tubes

By Application

• Automotive
• Construction
• Aerospace
• Electrical & Electronics
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Distributor Sales
• Online Retail

By Material Type

• Polyethylene
• Polypropylene
• PVC
• Nylon
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Sonoco Products Company
• Amcor Limited
• Sealed Air Corporation
• Aluminum Corporation of China Limited (Chalco)
• Huhtamaki Oyj
• Greif, Inc.
• Graham Packaging Company, L.P.
• Berry Global, Inc.
• Mondi Group plc
• Constellium SE
• Novolex Holdings, LLC
• International Paper Company
• WestRock Company
• Pactiv Evergreen Inc.
• Crown Holdings, Inc.