BPADA Sales

BPADA Sales Market Outlook

The global BPADA (Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether) sales market is expected to reach a value of approximately USD 3.2 billion by 2025, growing at a robust compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 7.5% from 2023 to 2030. The anticipated growth is primarily attributed to the increasing demand for BPADA in various applications, especially in the automotive and electronics sectors. The rising trend of lightweight materials in automotive manufacturing, along with the growing emphasis on energy-efficient electronics, is driving the need for high-performance materials such as BPADA. Furthermore, innovations and advancements in formulation technologies have significantly enhanced the performance characteristics of BPADA-based products, making them suitable for diverse applications. Additionally, the expanding consumer electronics market, coupled with the surge in aerospace activities, is expected to contribute significantly to the market expansion.

Growth Factor of the Market

The BPADA sales market is experiencing robust growth due to several influential factors, which include the increasing application of BPADA in various industrial sectors. One of the primary drivers includes the rapid advancements in the automotive industry, where BPADA-based materials are increasingly being utilized for lightweight and durable components that enhance fuel efficiency. Moreover, the electronics sector is progressively adopting BPADA to produce high-performance circuit boards and components that withstand extreme conditions. The growing demand for environmentally friendly products is also pushing manufacturers to explore BPADA as a viable alternative. Furthermore, innovations in the formulation and application processes of BPADA are allowing for greater versatility, leading to wider adoption across numerous sectors. Lastly, region-specific initiatives promoting sustainable manufacturing practices are likely to fuel the demand in emerging markets.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The BPADA sales market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 7.5% from 2023 to 2030.
• Automotive and electronics sectors are the primary consumers of BPADA-based products.
• Significant innovations in formulation technologies are enhancing BPADA’s market potential.
• There is a notable trend towards eco-friendly manufacturing practices, boosting BPADA demand.
• Emerging markets in Asia Pacific are expected to witness substantial growth in BPADA applications.

By Product Type

BPADA Monomer:

BPADA Monomer is a crucial segment in the BPADA sales market, serving as a fundamental building block in the synthesis of various resins and polymers. Its unique chemical properties provide a high degree of thermal stability and resistance to moisture, making it highly sought after in the production of high-performance coatings and adhesives. The increasing need for durable materials in construction and automotive applications has been propelling its demand. Furthermore, the versatility of BPADA Monomer allows manufacturers to experiment with formulations that enhance product performance. As industries continue to focus on lightweight solutions, this segment is anticipated to witness steady growth.

BPADA Oligomer:

The BPADA Oligomer segment represents a significant portion of the market, primarily due to its application in specialty coatings and adhesives. Oligomers possess unique properties that impart both flexibility and strength, making them ideal for applications requiring high adhesion and durability. The automotive and aerospace industries particularly benefit from BPADA Oligomers, as they can withstand extreme conditions while providing excellent performance. The demand for BPADA Oligomers is also on the rise due to their compatibility with other materials, allowing for the development of hybrid formulations that meet specific performance criteria. As these sectors continue to expand, the oligomer segment is set to grow in tandem.

BPADA Polymer:

As a polymer, BPADA is highly valued for its superior properties, including chemical resistance, thermal stability, and mechanical strength. This segment has gained traction in various applications, notably in the production of coatings, adhesives, and electronic components. The demand for BPADA Polymer is driven by the growing need for materials that can withstand harsh environments and provide long-lasting performance. In the electronics sector, for instance, BPADA Polymers are instrumental in manufacturing reliable components that offer exceptional insulating properties. Furthermore, research and development activities aimed at enhancing the performance of BPADA Polymers are likely to open new avenues for growth in the coming years.

BPADA Resin:

The BPADA Resin segment plays a pivotal role in the market by providing a wide range of applications due to its exceptional adhesion and durability. BPADA Resins are commonly used in the automotive and construction industries to create long-lasting protective coatings and adhesives that adhere well to various substrates. The versatility of BPADA Resins allows manufacturers to customize formulations to meet specific performance requirements, further boosting their adoption. As environmental regulations become stricter, the demand for low-VOC (volatile organic compound) BPADA Resins is also on the rise, reflecting a shift towards more sustainable solutions. This segment is poised for growth as industries increasingly recognize the benefits of high-performance resins.

BPADA Coating:

BPADA Coatings are gaining popularity due to their excellent protective properties and compatibility with various substrates. These coatings are widely used in industries such as automotive, aerospace, and electronics, where they provide superior resistance to moisture, chemicals, and UV light. The increasing demand for durable and long-lasting coatings has propelled the BPADA Coating segment, particularly as manufacturers seek materials that extend the lifespan of their products. Moreover, the trend towards eco-friendly coatings has led to the development of BPADA-based formulations that reduce environmental impact while maintaining performance. As sustainability becomes a priority, the BPADA Coating segment is expected to see significant growth in the coming years.

By Application

Automotive:

The automotive application of BPADA-based products is one of the strongest segments in the market due to the automotive industry's ongoing shift towards lightweight materials that enhance fuel efficiency. BPADA's inherent properties, such as chemical resistance and strength, make it an ideal choice for manufacturing various components, including coatings, adhesives, and electronic parts. As electric vehicles (EVs) become more prevalent, the demand for high-performance materials that contribute to energy efficiency and durability is expected to surge. The automotive sector's shift towards sustainability and innovation positions BPADA as a key player in meeting these evolving needs, making it a significant contributor to the overall sales market.

Electronics:

In the electronics sector, BPADA is increasingly being recognized for its value in producing high-performance circuit boards and components. The demand for lightweight, durable, and efficient materials is driving manufacturers to adopt BPADA-based solutions. These components often require materials that can endure high temperatures and provide excellent insulation properties, making BPADA an optimal choice. With the rapid technological advancements and the growing trend towards miniaturization in electronics, the need for BPADA's unique properties continues to rise. As the electronics industry expands, BPADA's role in ensuring reliability and performance remains critical, further solidifying its market position.

Aerospace:

BPADA's applications in aerospace are becoming increasingly significant, particularly due to its lightweight and high-strength characteristics. The aerospace industry demands materials that can withstand extreme conditions while maintaining structural integrity, and BPADA meets these criteria effectively. Its resistance to harsh chemicals and environmental factors ensures the longevity and safety of aerospace components. The ongoing advancements in aerospace technology and the push for more efficient fuel usage are likely to spur interest in BPADA-based materials. As airlines and manufacturers prioritize performance and safety, BPADA is positioned to play a crucial role in the industry's future.

Medical:

The medical application of BPADA is an emerging segment with promising growth potential. BPADA's properties make it suitable for use in medical devices and equipment that require durability, biocompatibility, and resistance to sterilization processes. The healthcare industry's ongoing advancements in technology and the increasing demand for innovative medical solutions are likely to propel the adoption of BPADA. Furthermore, as regulatory standards continue to evolve, BPADA-based products that meet stringent safety requirements will gain traction. The growth of the medical sector, particularly in areas such as diagnostics and therapeutics, underscores the significance of BPADA in this application.

Others:

This category encompasses a range of additional applications where BPADA is utilized, including industrial coatings, adhesives, and construction materials. The versatility of BPADA allows it to be effectively integrated into various products across multiple industries. The demand in this segment is driven by the need for materials that provide durability, resistance to wear, and adherence to different substrates. As industries continue to explore innovative applications for BPADA, this segment is expected to see gradual growth. The inclusion of BPADA in diverse products highlights its adaptability and potential for future expansion.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales:

The direct sales distribution channel remains a cornerstone of the BPADA sales market, primarily due to the strong relationships manufacturers build with their clients. This approach allows manufacturers to offer tailored solutions that meet specific customer needs, ensuring a high level of satisfaction. Direct sales also facilitate better communication regarding product applications, ultimately leading to increased customer loyalty and repeat business. As the market grows, manufacturers are likely to invest in enhancing their direct sales strategies to further penetrate markets and improve accessibility for consumers.

Distributors:

Distributors play a vital role in the BPADA sales market by bridging the gap between manufacturers and end-users. They possess extensive networks that enable swift market penetration and facilitate access to a wider customer base. Distributors often provide value-added services such as technical support, product training, and logistical solutions, which enhance the overall customer experience. Their established presence in regional markets allows them to respond quickly to changing demands, making them indispensable in the distribution landscape of BPADA. As the market expands, the role of distributors will continue to be critical in driving growth.

Online Retailers:

The rise of online retailing has transformed the BPADA sales market, providing consumers with easy access to various products and information. Online platforms offer convenience and a broader selection, allowing customers to compare products and prices easily. The growth of e-commerce is especially relevant in the BPADA market, as more businesses recognize the potential of digital channels to reach new customers. This shift has encouraged manufacturers to establish an online presence to capitalize on changing consumer behavior. As e-commerce continues to evolve, its influence on the BPADA sales market is expected to expand significantly.

Specialty Stores:

Specialty stores are crucial for offering BPADA products tailored to specific applications or industries, providing customers with expert advice and support. These stores often focus on niche markets, allowing them to cater to specialized demands effectively. As industries require customized solutions, specialty stores can play a significant role in educating customers about BPADA products and their applications. The unique offerings and personalized service provided by specialty stores enhance customer engagement and loyalty. This channel's importance is likely to grow as businesses seek more focused solutions in the competitive market.

Others:

This category includes various alternative distribution channels that might be employed for BPADA sales, such as trade shows, industrial exhibitions, and collaborations with other companies. These channels can provide manufacturers with opportunities to showcase their products and forge new partnerships. Engaging in promotional activities through these channels can enhance brand visibility and facilitate networking within the industry. As the BPADA sales market evolves, exploring diverse distribution options will be essential for maximizing reach and ensuring product availability across multiple platforms.

By Ingredient Type

Pure BPADA:

Pure BPADA is a primary ingredient type in the production of various high-performance materials. Its unique chemical structure imparts exceptional properties such as thermal stability, chemical resistance, and adhesion strength, making it a preferred choice across industries. The demand for pure BPADA is driven by its applications in producing adhesives, coatings, and specialty polymers that require uncompromised performance. As industries pursue innovative solutions to meet stringent standards, the market for pure BPADA is expected to grow steadily. Furthermore, advancements in manufacturing technologies are likely to enhance the purity of BPADA, thereby expanding its applicability.

BPADA Blends:

BPADA Blends offer a versatile option for manufacturers looking to tailor material properties for specific applications. By combining BPADA with other materials, manufacturers can optimize performance characteristics such as flexibility, strength, and thermal stability. This ingredient type is particularly valuable in industries where customization is crucial, such as automotive and aerospace. The growing trend towards hybrid formulations is likely to drive the demand for BPADA Blends as businesses seek to enhance product performance while minimizing costs. As technology advances, the potential for new blends will continue to broaden, presenting opportunities for market expansion.

BPADA Composites:

BPADA Composites are gaining traction due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio and durability. This ingredient type combines BPADA with reinforcing materials, creating composites that are ideal for various demanding applications. The automotive and aerospace industries are significant consumers of BPADA Composites, leveraging their lightweight characteristics to improve fuel efficiency and performance. As the push for more sustainable and efficient manufacturing methods continues, the adoption of BPADA Composites is expected to rise. Research and development initiatives aimed at enhancing composite technologies will further drive growth in this segment.

BPADA Additives:

BPADA Additives are increasingly recognized for their ability to enhance the performance of various materials, making them essential in numerous applications. These additives can improve properties such as adhesion, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors. As industries prioritize product performance, the demand for BPADA Additives continues to grow, particularly in the coatings and adhesives sectors. Moreover, the increasing focus on sustainability and eco-friendly solutions is driving manufacturers to explore innovative additive formulations. As advancements in the field continue, the BPADA Additives segment is well-positioned for expansion.

Others:

This category includes alternative ingredient types that may be used alongside BPADA in various formulations. These ingredients could encompass fillers, pigments, or other chemical compounds that enhance the properties of BPADA-based products. The inclusion of diverse ingredients allows manufacturers to create tailored solutions that meet specific performance requirements across industries. The exploration of alternative ingredients is likely to gain momentum as businesses seek to innovate and differentiate their offerings. The adaptability of BPADA in combination with other materials highlights its potential for growth in this dynamic market.

By Region

The North American region holds a significant share of the BPADA sales market, driven by the robust automotive and electronics industries. The presence of key players and advanced manufacturing capabilities in the United States and Canada further enhances the region's market growth. North America is projected to witness a CAGR of around 6.5% during the forecast period, fueled by the increasing demand for high-performance materials across various applications. Additionally, the emphasis on sustainable manufacturing practices and innovation in material formulations is likely to stimulate further growth in this region, positioning it as a leading market for BPADA sales.

In Europe, the BPADA sales market is experiencing growth, primarily due to the increasing adoption of BPADA-based materials in the automotive and aerospace sectors. The region is characterized by stringent regulations aimed at promoting sustainable practices, which align with the properties of BPADA. The European market is expected to grow steadily, driven by technological advancements and a focus on eco-friendly solutions. The Asia Pacific region is also emerging as a key player, with rapid industrialization and growing consumer demand for BPADA applications. As economies in this region continue to expand, the BPADA sales market is projected to mirror this growth trajectory.

Opportunities

The BPADA sales market presents numerous opportunities, particularly in emerging economies where industrialization and infrastructure development are on the rise. As countries in Asia Pacific and Latin America continue to invest in their manufacturing capabilities, there is an increasing demand for high-performance materials like BPADA. The automotive and electronics industries in these regions are expanding rapidly, creating a significant market for BPADA applications. Manufacturers that strategically position themselves in these growing markets can capitalize on the opportunities presented by increased consumption and innovation in BPADA formulations. Moreover, collaborations with local businesses may enhance market penetration and facilitate access to new customers.

Another noteworthy opportunity arises from the increasing focus on sustainability and environmentally friendly practices. As industries shift towards greener solutions, BPADA's potential as an eco-friendly alternative to conventional materials positions it favorably. Manufacturers can leverage this trend by developing BPADA-based products that meet stringent environmental standards, thereby attracting environmentally conscious consumers. Additionally, ongoing research and development efforts aimed at improving BPADA's properties and broadening its applications can lead to innovative solutions that cater to diverse market needs. By embracing sustainability and innovation, businesses can significantly enhance their competitive advantage in the BPADA sales market.

Threats

Despite its growth potential, the BPADA sales market faces several threats that could hinder its progress. One of the most pressing challenges is the increasing competition from alternative materials and formulations. As industries seek to optimize costs and performance, they may turn to substitutes that offer similar benefits at lower prices. This could result in reduced demand for BPADA products, especially if competitors can effectively market their offerings. Additionally, fluctuations in raw material prices and supply chain disruptions can pose significant risks for manufacturers, impacting production costs and profitability. To mitigate these threats, businesses will need to focus on differentiating their products and enhancing their value propositions to retain customer loyalty.

Another significant threat stems from regulatory challenges related to the use of BPADA in certain applications. As environmental concerns rise, regulations may tighten, affecting the manufacturing and sale of products containing BPADA. Compliance with these regulations may necessitate additional investments in research and development, as well as modifications to existing product lines. Companies that fail to adapt to changing regulatory landscapes may find themselves at a competitive disadvantage. Therefore, staying informed about regulatory developments and proactively adapting to meet new standards will be crucial for businesses operating in the BPADA sales market.

Competitor Outlook

• Hexion Inc.
• Olin Corporation
• Huntsman Corporation
• AdvanSix Inc.
• Allnex Group
• Eastman Chemical Company
• Momentive Performance Materials Inc.
• Solvay SA
• LG Chem Ltd.
• Reichhold LLC
• Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Dow Inc.
• Evonik Industries AG
• Kraton Corporation
• Wacker Chemie AG

The competitive landscape of the BPADA sales market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies striving to innovate and differentiate their offerings. Major manufacturers are focusing on research and development to enhance the performance and applicability of BPADA, while also investing in sustainable practices to meet evolving consumer demands. This competitive environment fosters a culture of innovation, with companies continuously seeking ways to improve their formulations and expand their product lines. Collaborations and partnerships among industry players are also increasingly common, as companies recognize the value of leveraging complementary strengths to capture market share effectively.

Hexion Inc. is one of the leading players in the BPADA market, known for its advanced resin technologies and commitment to sustainability. The company focuses on developing innovative solutions that cater to various industries, including automotive and aerospace. With a robust portfolio of high-performance materials, Hexion aims to strengthen its market position through strategic partnerships and continuous research efforts. Olin Corporation is another key player, specializing in specialty chemicals and materials. Their focus on customer-centric solutions and emphasis on quality have allowed them to maintain a significant presence in the BPADA sales market.

Huntsman Corporation is also a prominent name in the market, recognized for its diverse product offerings and commitment to innovation. The company invests heavily in research and development to create cutting-edge BPADA formulations that meet the specific needs of its customers. Their expertise in the chemical sector, combined with a strong global presence, positions Huntsman for continued growth in the BPADA sales market. Other notable competitors, such as Solvay SA and Dow Inc., are continually exploring new opportunities to expand their product lines and enhance their competitive advantage through technological advancements and sustainable practices.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Dow Inc.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Solvay SA
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Hexion Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Allnex Group
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 LG Chem Ltd.
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 AdvanSix Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Reichhold LLC
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Olin Corporation
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Wacker Chemie AG
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Kraton Corporation
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Evonik Industries AG
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Huntsman Corporation
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Eastman Chemical Company
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Momentive Performance Materials Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 BPADA Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Automotive
    • 6.1.2 Electronics
    • 6.1.3 Aerospace
    • 6.1.4 Medical
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 BPADA Sales Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.2.1 Pure BPADA
    • 6.2.2 BPADA Blends
    • 6.2.3 BPADA Composites
    • 6.2.4 BPADA Additives
    • 6.2.5 Others
  • 6.3 BPADA Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.3.2 Distributors
    • 6.3.3 Online Retailers
    • 6.3.4 Specialty Stores
    • 6.3.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 BPADA Sales Market by Region
  • 10.3 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 India
      • 10.3.1.2 China
      • 10.3.1.3 Japan
      • 10.3.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.4 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.4.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.4.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.5 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 USA
      • 10.5.1.2 Canada
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global BPADA Sales market is categorized based on

By Application

• Automotive
• Electronics
• Aerospace
• Medical
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Distributors
• Online Retailers
• Specialty Stores
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Pure BPADA
• BPADA Blends
• BPADA Composites
• BPADA Additives
• Others

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Hexion Inc.
• Olin Corporation
• Huntsman Corporation
• AdvanSix Inc.
• Allnex Group
• Eastman Chemical Company
• Momentive Performance Materials Inc.
• Solvay SA
• LG Chem Ltd.
• Reichhold LLC
• Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.
• Dow Inc.
• Evonik Industries AG
• Kraton Corporation
• Wacker Chemie AG