Bioherbicide Sales

Bioherbicide Sales Market Outlook

The global bioherbicide market is projected to reach USD 1.5 billion by 2035, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.5%. This growth is driven by the increasing demand for sustainable agriculture practices, which are essential in mitigating the adverse environmental effects associated with chemical herbicides. Moreover, the rise of organic farming, supported by government initiatives promoting environmentally friendly farming techniques, has led to a surge in the adoption of bioherbicides. The effectiveness of bioherbicides in controlling harmful weeds and pests while enhancing soil health further fuels market expansion. Additionally, growing consumer awareness regarding the benefits of organic produce is encouraging farmers to adopt bioherbicides over traditional chemical alternatives.

Growth Factor of the Market

The bioherbicide market is witnessing a significant growth trajectory, primarily fueled by the increasing awareness regarding sustainable agricultural practices. Farmers are progressively shifting towards organic methods to avoid the detrimental effects of synthetic herbicides, which can lead to soil degradation, water pollution, and health hazards. Additionally, advancements in biotechnological research have paved the way for the development of innovative bioherbicide solutions, improving their efficacy and market appeal. Furthermore, supportive government policies and funding for organic agriculture are propelling market growth. The integration of bioherbicides within integrated pest management (IPM) systems has also demonstrated its effectiveness in controlling weed populations while minimizing environmental impact. Lastly, the rising global population, coupled with the demand for food security, has necessitated the adoption of sustainable farming practices, further fueling the bioherbicide market.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The bioherbicide market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.5% from 2025 to 2035.
• Increasing adoption of organic farming practices boosts the demand for bioherbicides.
• Government regulations promoting eco-friendly agricultural practices are key growth drivers.
• Innovations in biotechnology lead to the development of more effective bioherbicide formulations.
• Rising consumer preference for organic produce significantly influences market growth.

By Product Type

Microbial Bioherbicides:

Microbial bioherbicides are derived from naturally occurring microorganisms, including bacteria and fungi, which exhibit herbicidal properties. These products have gained immense popularity due to their ability to target specific weed species without harming non-target plants or beneficial insects. The rise in organic farming practices and the increasing demand for environmentally friendly weed control solutions have significantly contributed to the growth of microbial bioherbicides. They are widely recognized for their sustainability, safety, and effectiveness in managing weed populations, making them an attractive alternative to synthetic herbicides. As research continues to unveil new microbial strains with enhanced efficacy, the market for microbial bioherbicides is expected to expand further, providing farmers with viable and sustainable weed management options.

Plant-Incorporated Bioherbicides:

Plant-incorporated bioherbicides are genetically engineered or selectively bred plants that produce herbicide-active substances. These bioherbicides represent a groundbreaking approach to weed control, as they utilize the plant’s natural defenses to combat harmful weeds. As awareness increases regarding the potential of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in agriculture, plant-incorporated bioherbicides are anticipated to gain acceptance among farmers looking for innovative solutions to weed management. The benefits of these bioherbicides include reduced herbicide application frequency, improved crop yield, and protection against herbicide-resistant weed species. As biotech research progresses, new plant varieties with enhanced bioherbicidal properties are expected to emerge, further fueling market growth.

Biochemical Bioherbicides:

Biochemical bioherbicides are derived from natural plant extracts or metabolites that possess herbicidal properties. These bioherbicides often target specific weed species and inhibit their growth through various mechanisms, such as disrupting metabolic processes or influencing plant hormone levels. The appeal of biochemical bioherbicides lies in their ability to provide effective weed control while minimizing risks to human health and the environment. With the global rise in consumer demand for organic and eco-friendly farming practices, the acceptance and utilization of biochemical bioherbicides are on the rise. Continuous research into identifying new biochemical compounds with herbicidal activity will likely drive market innovation and expansion in this segment.

Microbial-Plant Interactions Bioherbicides:

Microbial-plant interactions bioherbicides involve the use of beneficial microorganisms that promote plant health while suppressing weed growth. These bioherbicides leverage the synergistic relationship between plants and microbes to enhance weed management strategies. By fostering beneficial microbial communities in the soil, these bioherbicides can improve soil health, nutrient availability, and plant resilience against weeds. This approach is gaining traction as farmers become increasingly aware of the importance of soil ecosystems in sustainable agriculture. The ability of microbial-plant interactions to provide a dual benefit of weed control and soil improvement makes them an attractive option for modern agricultural practices, promoting their growth in the bioherbicide market.

Bioherbicide Seed Coatings:

Bioherbicide seed coatings involve applying bioherbicidal agents directly to seeds before planting. This innovative approach ensures that the seeds are protected from weed competition right from germination. The use of bioherbicide seed coatings can significantly enhance crop establishment and yield by minimizing weed pressure during the critical early growth stages. As more farmers recognize the potential benefits of seed coatings in improving crop performance and reducing reliance on conventional herbicides, the adoption of this product type is anticipated to gain momentum. The continual advancement of coating technologies and formulations will likely contribute to the growth of this segment in the bioherbicide market.

By Application

Agriculture:

The agriculture segment is the largest application area for bioherbicides, driven by the increasing adoption of sustainable farming practices and organic agriculture. Farmers are increasingly seeking effective alternatives to synthetic herbicides, as the adverse environmental impacts become more widely recognized. Bioherbicides offer a safer and eco-friendly solution for managing weed populations while preserving soil health and biodiversity. Moreover, the integration of bioherbicides in conventional and organic farming systems is being supported by various agricultural extension programs and research initiatives, further boosting their use. As the demand for organic produce continues to rise, the agriculture segment is expected to remain the dominant application area for bioherbicides in the coming years.

Non-Agriculture:

The non-agriculture application segment includes the use of bioherbicides in various settings, such as landscaping, horticulture, and right-of-way management. The awareness of the harmful effects of conventional herbicides on non-target species and the environment has led to a growing interest in eco-friendly weed management solutions in these sectors. Bioherbicides are particularly appealing for use in urban settings, where environmental safety and public health are paramount concerns. Additionally, the trend of sustainable landscaping practices and the growing demand for environmentally friendly products in non-agricultural applications are anticipated to contribute to the growth of this segment. As more consumers and businesses prioritize sustainability, the non-agriculture application of bioherbicides is expected to see a steady increase.

By Distribution Channel

Online Stores:

The online distribution channel for bioherbicides is experiencing a significant uptick, driven by the increasing trend of e-commerce and the convenience it offers to consumers. With the rise of digital platforms, farmers and gardeners can easily access a wide range of bioherbicide products from the comfort of their homes. E-commerce not only provides extensive product options but also allows for price comparisons, customer reviews, and convenient delivery options. This shift towards online shopping is particularly pronounced among younger, tech-savvy farmers who are more inclined to adopt online purchasing habits. As a result, the online distribution channel is expected to witness robust growth in the bioherbicide market.

Agricultural Supply Stores:

Agricultural supply stores continue to be a significant distribution channel for bioherbicides, serving farmers who prefer in-person consultations and immediate access to products. These stores often provide expert advice and recommendations on the selection and application of bioherbicides, which is valuable for farmers who may be new to using biological solutions. Additionally, the presence of knowledgeable staff can help educate consumers about the benefits and usage of bioherbicides, further driving sales. Agricultural supply stores are expected to remain an essential distribution channel, particularly in regions where access to online shopping is limited or among traditional farmers who favor local purchases.

Direct Sales:

Direct sales represent a vital distribution channel for bioherbicides, enabling manufacturers to engage directly with farmers and end-users. This approach fosters strong relationships and trust between producers and consumers, allowing for tailored advice and support. Direct sales can also provide farmers with the opportunity to receive personalized solutions based on their specific weed management needs. Furthermore, manufacturers often conduct educational workshops and demonstrations to showcase the efficacy of their bioherbicide products, potentially influencing purchasing decisions. As the demand for bioherbicides grows, direct sales channels are expected to play an increasingly important role in the market.

Others:

The "Others" distribution channel comprises various alternative methods through which bioherbicides are sold, including farmer cooperatives and specialty retailers. These channels provide farmers with access to bioherbicide products in localized settings, often accompanied by community-based support and knowledge-sharing. Additionally, collaborations between bioherbicide manufacturers and cooperatives can enhance product availability and distribution efficiency. As these alternative channels become more recognized, they will contribute to market growth by increasing the accessibility of bioherbicides for farmers who might not engage with traditional retail or online purchasing methods.

By Ingredient Type

Bacillus thuringiensis:

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is a well-known bioactive bacterium utilized in various bioherbicide formulations due to its effectiveness against a wide range of weed species. The unique ability of Bt to produce insecticidal crystal proteins, which target specific pests, has made it a popular choice among organic farmers. Its use not only helps in weed management but also in integrated pest management strategies, ensuring a holistic approach to crop protection. The increasing focus on organic farming and the rising demand for eco-friendly pest control solutions are expected to drive the growth of bioherbicides containing Bacillus thuringiensis in the market.

Phoma macrostoma:

Phoma macrostoma is a fungal bioherbicide that has gained recognition for its efficacy in controlling various weed species in agricultural settings. Research has demonstrated its ability to disrupt the life cycle of target weeds while exhibiting a low toxicity profile to non-target organisms. This makes Phoma macrostoma an attractive option for farmers seeking sustainable weed management solutions. The increasing emphasis on biological control methods and the need for environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic herbicides are expected to fuel the market for bioherbicides based on Phoma macrostoma in the upcoming years.

Myrothecium verrucaria:

Myrothecium verrucaria is another notable fungal bioherbicide that has garnered attention for its herbicidal properties. This pathogen specifically targets certain weed species, inhibiting their growth through various mechanisms, including the production of phytotoxic compounds. The use of Myrothecium verrucaria in bioherbicide formulations aligns well with the increasing demand for natural and sustainable herbicide solutions in both agriculture and horticulture. As awareness of the potential risks associated with synthetic herbicides grows, the incorporation of Myrothecium verrucaria into bioherbicides is anticipated to gain traction in the market.

Pseudomonas fluorescens:

Pseudomonas fluorescens is a versatile bacterium recognized for its beneficial effects in agriculture, particularly as a bioherbicide. This microorganism is known for its ability to suppress weed growth by influencing plant health and promoting competitive interactions. The effectiveness of Pseudomonas fluorescens in enhancing crop resilience while reducing weed pressure has made it a valuable addition to bioherbicide formulations. The growing trend toward reducing chemical inputs in agriculture is likely to accelerate the adoption of bioherbicides containing Pseudomonas fluorescens, particularly in organic farming practices.

Trichoderma spp.:

Trichoderma spp. are filamentous fungi that are widely utilized in bioherbicides due to their biological control properties. These fungi interact positively with crops while simultaneously suppressing weed growth through various modes of action, such as competition for nutrients and space. The incorporation of Trichoderma spp. into bioherbicide formulations not only aids in weed management but also contributes to enhanced soil health. As the demand for sustainable agricultural practices continues to rise, the use of Trichoderma spp. in bioherbicides is expected to expand significantly, positioning it as a critical ingredient in the market.

By Region

The North American bioherbicide market is projected to reach USD 600 million by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 11.5% during the forecast period. The region's rise in organic farming, fueled by consumer demand for organic products, is a significant driver for the adoption of bioherbicides. Advanced agricultural practices and increased awareness of environmental sustainability are propelling the growth of this market in North America. Furthermore, the presence of key players engaged in bioherbicide development and the increased funding for research and development activities in the agricultural sector are expected to contribute positively to market expansion.

Europe, another prominent region for bioherbicides, is projected to occupy a market share of approximately USD 450 million by 2035. The European Union's strict regulations regarding synthetic herbicides and a strong commitment to sustainable agriculture are key growth factors for the bioherbicide market in this region. Several countries in Europe are actively promoting organic farming practices, which significantly boosts the demand for bioherbicides. As the region increasingly prioritizes environmentally friendly solutions, the bioherbicide market in Europe is expected to witness steady growth, reflecting the ongoing transition toward sustainable agricultural practices.

Opportunities

There are numerous opportunities for growth within the bioherbicide market, particularly in the context of global trends favoring sustainable agriculture. As consumers become more conscious of the environmental impacts of chemical herbicides, the demand for eco-friendly alternatives continues to rise. This shift presents an excellent opportunity for bioherbicide producers to leverage their products' sustainable attributes and penetrate new markets. Moreover, increasing government support for organic farming initiatives, including subsidies and funding for agricultural research, provides a favorable environment for the bioherbicide market to thrive. Additionally, collaborations between bioherbicide companies and agricultural organizations can enhance product education and awareness among farmers, leading to increased adoption rates. The ongoing research and development initiatives aimed at discovering new bioactive compounds and enhancing current formulations will also create opportunities for innovation and market expansion.

Furthermore, the increasing integration of bioherbicides within integrated pest management (IPM) systems presents a notable opportunity. By positioning bioherbicides as a key component of holistic pest management strategies, producers can appeal to progressive farmers seeking comprehensive solutions to weed control. As more agricultural stakeholders recognize the synergistic benefits of combining biological controls with other methods, the market for bioherbicides is expected to expand. Additionally, expanding into emerging markets, where traditional farming practices dominate, can provide substantial growth prospects. Educating farmers in these regions about the benefits and effectiveness of bioherbicides will be crucial in gaining market traction and establishing a solid consumer base.

Threats

Despite the promising growth trajectory of the bioherbicide market, several threats could impede its progress. One significant concern is the competition posed by established synthetic herbicide manufacturers, who may leverage their strong market presence and extensive distribution networks to maintain a foothold in the industry. These companies often have more substantial financial resources for marketing and research, enabling them to develop new formulations and maintain brand loyalty among farmers. Additionally, the existing knowledge gap regarding the efficacy and proper application of bioherbicides could hinder adoption rates, as some farmers may remain skeptical or unwilling to shift from conventional methods. To counter these threats, bioherbicide producers must invest in marketing efforts, educational initiatives, and demonstrations to raise awareness and confidence in their products.

Another potential threat to the bioherbicide market is regulatory challenges. While the demand for sustainable solutions is increasing, the regulatory landscape surrounding biopesticides can be complex and unpredictable, with varying requirements across different regions. Navigating this landscape can be time-consuming and costly, potentially delaying product launches or limiting market access. Furthermore, the emergence of herbicide-resistant weed species could also pose a challenge to bioherbicides, as continued reliance on these solutions without integrated management strategies could lead to diminished efficacy over time. Addressing these threats will require ongoing research, innovation, and collaboration among stakeholders to ensure the bioherbicide market's resilience and growth.

Competitor Outlook

• Biocontrol Technologies
• Certis USA LLC
• Hancock Seed Company
• Koppert Biological Systems
• Rizobacter Argentina S.A.
• AgraQuest Inc.
• Horizon Technology
• Valent Biosciences LLC
• BioWorks, Inc.
• Arysta LifeScience Corporation
• Syngenta AG
• Dow AgroSciences LLC
• ITC Ltd.
• Germains Seed Technology
• Green Earth Ag and Turf

The competitive landscape of the bioherbicide market is characterized by a diverse array of players, ranging from established agrochemical companies to innovative biotech startups. The market is witnessing a trend toward consolidation, as larger firms acquire smaller companies to enhance their product portfolios and leverage cutting-edge technologies in bioherbicide development. Companies are increasingly investing in research and development to create novel formulations and improve the efficacy of existing products. Furthermore, strategic partnerships between bioherbicide manufacturers and agricultural organizations are becoming more common, allowing for enhanced distribution networks and increased product visibility in the market.

Notable players like Valent Biosciences LLC and Biocontrol Technologies have made significant strides in the bioherbicide space, capitalizing on their extensive expertise in biological pest control. Valent Biosciences, a subsidiary of Sumitomo Chemical, has developed a range of bioherbicide products that cater to both conventional and organic farming needs. Their focus on research and the commitment to sustainability have positioned them as key contributors to the growth of the bioherbicide market. Similarly, Biocontrol Technologies has established a reputation for its innovative bioherbicide solutions, which target specific weed species while promoting environmental health.

Additionally, companies such as Koppert Biological Systems and Certis USA LLC are leveraging their global reach and established distribution channels to expand their bioherbicide offerings. Koppert Biological Systems is renowned for its comprehensive range of biological controls, including bioherbicides, and its commitment to sustainable agriculture has garnered considerable attention in the market. Certis USA LLC has focused on developing a portfolio of biopesticides, including bioherbicides, that addresses the growing need for environmentally friendly alternatives. As competition intensifies, these companies must continue to innovate and adapt to evolving market demands to maintain their competitive edge.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 ITC Ltd.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Syngenta AG
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 AgraQuest Inc.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 BioWorks, Inc.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Certis USA LLC
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Horizon Technology
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Dow AgroSciences LLC
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Hancock Seed Company
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Valent Biosciences LLC
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Biocontrol Technologies
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Green Earth Ag and Turf
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Germains Seed Technology
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Rizobacter Argentina S.A.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Koppert Biological Systems
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Arysta LifeScience Corporation
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Bioherbicide Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Agriculture
    • 6.1.2 Non-Agriculture
  • 6.2 Bioherbicide Sales Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Microbial Bioherbicides
    • 6.2.2 Plant-Incorporated Bioherbicides
    • 6.2.3 Biochemical Bioherbicides
    • 6.2.4 Microbial-Plant Interactions Bioherbicides
    • 6.2.5 Bioherbicide Seed Coatings
  • 6.3 Bioherbicide Sales Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Bacillus thuringiensis
    • 6.3.2 Phoma macrostoma
    • 6.3.3 Myrothecium verrucaria
    • 6.3.4 Pseudomonas fluorescens
    • 6.3.5 Trichoderma spp.
  • 6.4 Bioherbicide Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Online Stores
    • 6.4.2 Agricultural Supply Stores
    • 6.4.3 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.4 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Bioherbicide Sales Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Bioherbicide Sales market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Microbial Bioherbicides
• Plant-Incorporated Bioherbicides
• Biochemical Bioherbicides
• Microbial-Plant Interactions Bioherbicides
• Bioherbicide Seed Coatings

By Application

• Agriculture
• Non-Agriculture

By Distribution Channel

• Online Stores
• Agricultural Supply Stores
• Direct Sales
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Bacillus thuringiensis
• Phoma macrostoma
• Myrothecium verrucaria
• Pseudomonas fluorescens
• Trichoderma spp.

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Biocontrol Technologies
• Certis USA LLC
• Hancock Seed Company
• Koppert Biological Systems
• Rizobacter Argentina S.A.
• AgraQuest Inc.
• Horizon Technology
• Valent Biosciences LLC
• BioWorks, Inc.
• Arysta LifeScience Corporation
• Syngenta AG
• Dow AgroSciences LLC
• ITC Ltd.
• Germains Seed Technology
• Green Earth Ag and Turf