Automotive Thermal Management Valve Sales
Thermal Management Valve Market Segments - by Product Type (Thermostatic Valves, Pressure Regulating Valves, Thermostatic Mixing Valves, Thermostatic Expansion Valves, Thermostatic Radiator Valves), Application (Engine Cooling System, HVAC System, Transmission System, Battery Thermal Management System, Air Conditioning System), Distribution Channel (OEMs, Aftermarket), Material Type (Stainless Steel, Aluminum, Brass, Plastic, Cast Iron), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
- Report Preview
- Table Of Content
- Segments
- Methodology
Automotive Thermal Management Valve Sales Market Outlook
The global Automotive Thermal Management Valve market is projected to reach a valuation of approximately USD 8.5 billion by 2035, growing at a robust CAGR of around 5.8% from 2025 to 2035. This significant growth can be attributed to the increasing demand for advanced thermal management solutions across the automotive sector, driven by the rising emphasis on fuel efficiency and stringent emission regulations. Additionally, the growing adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles, which require sophisticated thermal management for battery performance and longevity, is further propelling market growth. Innovations in valve technologies, such as smart valves that can adapt to variable conditions, are also contributing to the expansion of this market. The automotive industry's shift towards automation and enhanced vehicle performance is anticipated to create substantial opportunities for thermal management valve manufacturers in the coming years.
Growth Factor of the Market
The growth factors driving the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market are multifaceted, primarily revolving around the advancements in automotive technologies and the increasing focus on sustainability. The continuous push for improved fuel efficiency and lower emissions in vehicles has led manufacturers to seek innovative thermal management solutions that can optimize engine performance while minimizing energy losses. Furthermore, as electric and hybrid vehicles gain traction, the need for effective battery thermal management has become paramount, thus creating a new segment within the thermal management market. Government regulations aimed at reducing carbon footprints are also encouraging the development of advanced thermal management systems, thereby increasing the uptake of thermal management valves. Additionally, the rising consumer awareness regarding climate change and the corresponding demand for eco-friendly vehicles are propelling automotive manufacturers to implement more efficient thermal management strategies.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The global market is witnessing a strong upward trend, driven by regulatory changes and advancements in automotive technology.
- Electric vehicles are creating new demand dynamics for thermal management solutions, particularly in battery thermal management.
- Technological innovations like smart valves are enhancing the performance and efficiency of thermal management systems.
- Strategic partnerships between automotive manufacturers and valve suppliers are becoming common to leverage cutting-edge technologies.
- The aftermarket segment is experiencing significant growth as automotive owners seek maintenance and replacement solutions for aging vehicles.
By Product Type
Thermostatic Valves:
Thermostatic valves are integral components in automotive thermal management systems, controlling the flow of coolant to maintain optimal engine temperatures. These valves operate based on temperature variations, allowing for precise regulation of coolant flow. The increasing complexity of modern engines and the need for enhanced thermal control are driving the demand for thermostatic valves. They play a crucial role in improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions, aligning with global trends toward sustainability. Their application spans across various vehicle types, making them a key product segment in the thermal management valve market.
Pressure Regulating Valves:
Pressure regulating valves are essential for maintaining the desired pressure levels within various automotive systems, including the cooling and lubrication systems. These valves are designed to automatically adjust pressure, preventing system failures and ensuring optimal performance. As automotive manufacturers focus on enhancing the reliability and efficiency of their vehicles, the demand for pressure regulating valves is on the rise. Their ability to prevent overheating and ensure proper fluid distribution is crucial, particularly in high-performance vehicles where thermal management is critical for component longevity.
Thermostatic Mixing Valves:
Thermostatic mixing valves are pivotal in applications requiring the blending of hot and cold fluids to achieve a specified outlet temperature. These valves are extensively used in HVAC systems and engine cooling systems, providing comfort and safety in vehicle operation. The increasing complexity of automotive HVAC systems, along with the rising consumer demand for customizable climate control features, is propelling the growth of this product segment. The ability to provide precise temperature control enhances passenger comfort while optimizing the overall energy consumption of the vehicle.
Thermostatic Expansion Valves:
Thermostatic expansion valves are critical components in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, regulating the flow of refrigerants and ensuring efficient heat exchange. As the automotive industry increasingly adopts advanced air conditioning systems, the need for efficient thermostatic expansion valves has surged. These valves prevent compressor damage, enhance system efficiency, and improve passenger comfort. With the growing focus on creating a pleasant driving experience, the demand for these valves is expected to rise, particularly in luxury and high-end vehicles that prioritize comfort and performance.
Thermostatic Radiator Valves:
Thermostatic radiator valves are designed to regulate the temperature of radiator systems in vehicles, ensuring efficient engine cooling. By controlling the flow of coolant to the radiator based on temperature readings, these valves help maintain optimal engine performance. The increasing adoption of sophisticated engine designs and the need for enhanced cooling capabilities in performance vehicles are driving the demand for thermostatic radiator valves. Furthermore, advancements in valve technology, such as the integration of electronic controls, are enhancing the efficiency and responsiveness of these valves, making them increasingly popular in modern automotive applications.
By Application
Engine Cooling System:
Engine cooling systems are critical for maintaining optimal operating temperatures and ensuring the longevity of engine components. Thermal management valves play a vital role in regulating the flow of coolant within these systems, preventing overheating and enhancing performance. As engines become more powerful and compact, the need for efficient cooling solutions has become paramount. The growing focus on high-performance vehicles and the shift towards turbocharged engines are significantly boosting the demand for advanced thermal management solutions in engine cooling systems, establishing a strong market segment.
HVAC System:
The HVAC system is increasingly crucial for ensuring passenger comfort in vehicles, particularly in regions with extreme temperatures. Thermal management valves in HVAC systems allow for precise control of heating and cooling airflow, contributing to a comfortable driving experience. The rising consumer expectations for climate control features combined with the increasing integration of advanced technologies in vehicle interiors are propelling the demand for effective thermal management solutions in HVAC systems. The ongoing trend toward electric vehicles, which require enhanced HVAC solutions due to the absence of traditional engines, further amplifies this market segment's potential.
Transmission System:
Transmission systems are essential for managing the power transfer from the engine to the wheels, and thermal management plays a crucial role in preventing overheating. Thermal management valves help regulate oil temperatures within these systems, ensuring optimal performance and preventing component wear. The increasing complexity of automatic and hybrid transmissions necessitates advanced thermal management solutions, thereby driving the demand for specialized valves. As the automotive industry continues to innovate in transmission technologies, the need for efficient thermal regulation systems is expected to grow, solidifying this application segment's importance.
Battery Thermal Management System:
In the realm of electric and hybrid vehicles, the battery thermal management system is critical for maintaining the performance and lifespan of battery packs. Thermal management valves are designed to regulate temperatures within battery systems, preventing overheating and ensuring optimal charging conditions. The growing demand for electric vehicles, driven by sustainability concerns and government incentives, is creating significant opportunities for the battery thermal management segment. As battery technologies evolve, the need for efficient thermal management solutions will become increasingly vital, driving innovation and growth in this area.
Air Conditioning System:
The air conditioning system in vehicles is essential for passenger comfort, and thermal management valves play a vital role in maintaining optimal temperatures. These valves regulate the flow of refrigerants and ensure efficient heat exchange within the system. With rising temperatures and consumer demands for enhanced vehicle comfort, the demand for sophisticated air conditioning systems is increasing. Advanced technologies, such as variable refrigerant flow systems, are being integrated into vehicles, further boosting the need for efficient thermal management solutions. This application segment is poised for substantial growth as automakers prioritize comfort features in their offerings.
By Distribution Channel
OEMs:
The Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) channel is a significant segment in the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market. OEMs are responsible for the design and installation of thermal management valves in new vehicles, making their collaboration with valve manufacturers critical. As automotive technology evolves, OEMs are increasingly seeking innovative thermal management solutions to enhance vehicle performance and comply with regulatory standards. The growing production of electric and hybrid vehicles is also creating new opportunities for OEMs to incorporate advanced thermal management systems, thus driving the demand for thermal management valves in this channel.
Aftermarket:
The aftermarket channel represents a vital segment of the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market, as consumers seek replacement and upgrade solutions for aging vehicles. As vehicles age, thermal management systems may require maintenance or replacement to ensure optimal performance and prevent overheating. The increasing trend of vehicle customization and DIY maintenance is also driving demand in the aftermarket segment. Furthermore, the growth of e-commerce platforms is making it easier for consumers to access replacement parts, enhancing the aftermarket's potential. The aftermarket segment is expected to see significant growth as vehicle owners prioritize maintenance to extend the lifespan of their vehicles.
By Material Type
Stainless Steel:
Stainless steel is a preferred material for thermal management valves due to its corrosion resistance and strength. Its ability to withstand high temperatures makes it ideal for use in engine cooling and HVAC applications. The durability of stainless steel ensures a longer lifespan of the valves, which is crucial in demanding automotive environments. As the automotive industry shifts towards more efficient and eco-friendly technologies, the demand for stainless steel thermal management valves is expected to grow. This material provides a favorable balance between performance, cost, and sustainability, contributing to its popularity in the market.
Aluminum:
Aluminum is widely used in the manufacturing of thermal management valves due to its lightweight and excellent thermal conductivity. The automotive sector increasingly prioritizes weight reduction to enhance fuel efficiency, making aluminum an ideal choice for thermal management solutions. Its ability to dissipate heat efficiently contributes to improved engine performance and reduced emissions. The growing trend toward lightweight vehicle designs, particularly in electric and hybrid vehicles, is propelling the demand for aluminum thermal management valves. The material's cost-effectiveness and recyclability further enhance its appeal within the market.
Brass:
Brass is another material commonly utilized in thermal management valves, prized for its durability and resistance to corrosion. Its excellent mechanical properties make it suitable for high-pressure applications, ensuring reliable performance in automotive systems. Brass thermal management valves are often employed in systems requiring robust solutions, such as engine cooling and transmission applications. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, the demand for brass valves is anticipated to remain stable due to their longstanding reputation for quality and reliability.
Plastic:
Plastic thermal management valves are increasingly prevalent due to their lightweight nature and cost-effectiveness. These valves are particularly advantageous in applications where weight reduction is crucial, such as in electric vehicles. Additionally, advancements in polymer technology have enhanced the performance of plastic valves, allowing them to withstand varying temperature ranges while maintaining functionality. The growing focus on innovative materials and sustainable design practices is propelling the demand for plastic thermal management valves, positioning them as a viable alternative to traditional materials.
Cast Iron:
Cast iron is traditionally used in thermal management valves due to its strength and durability. While heavier than other materials, cast iron valves offer excellent thermal stability and resistance to high temperatures. This makes them suitable for heavy-duty applications, such as those found in commercial vehicles and industrial machinery. The demand for cast iron thermal management valves is expected to remain consistent, especially in sectors where robustness and reliability are paramount. However, the trend towards lighter materials may influence the overall growth rate of this segment in the automotive market.
By Region
North America is one of the prominent regions in the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market, accounting for a significant share due to the presence of major automotive manufacturers and the high adoption rate of advanced vehicle technologies. The region's stringent emissions regulations and growing focus on fuel efficiency are driving demand for efficient thermal management solutions. The increasing production of electric and hybrid vehicles further enhances the market's potential, with projections indicating a CAGR of around 6.2% during the forecast period. As automakers embrace newer technologies, the North American market is expected to witness continuous growth, contributing to its overall dominance in the global thermal management valve market.
Europe follows closely, marking its territory in the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market with a substantial share due to the region's strong automotive manufacturing base and rising consumer demand for eco-friendly vehicles. The growing emphasis on reducing carbon emissions is propelling innovations in thermal management systems, which are crucial for electric and hybrid vehicle applications. The European market is also witnessing a shift towards lightweight and efficient thermal solutions, further amplifying demand. Collectively, the European region is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5%, driven by both OEMs and aftermarket segments, as consumers prioritize maintenance for optimal vehicle performance.
Opportunities
Opportunities in the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market are abundant, especially with the ongoing transition towards electric and hybrid vehicles. As the automotive industry embraces electrification, the need for advanced thermal management systems becomes increasingly critical to ensure battery performance and longevity. Manufacturers are recognizing the importance of effective thermal regulation for battery packs, leading to investments in research and development for innovative thermal management solutions. The growing consumer demand for electric vehicles presents a substantial opportunity for valve manufacturers to develop specialized products catered to this emerging segment. Strategic collaborations and partnerships among manufacturers and technology providers can further enhance the development of cutting-edge thermal management solutions, positioning companies at the forefront of this evolving market.
Moreover, the rising trend of smart vehicle technologies, including the integration of AI and IoT in automotive systems, is opening new avenues for thermal management valve innovations. The ability to create smart thermal management solutions that can adapt in real-time to changing vehicle conditions can significantly enhance overall vehicle performance and efficiency. Such innovations will not only improve the driving experience but also align with sustainability goals by reducing energy consumption. Additionally, the increasing focus on vehicle electrification and the subsequent demand for efficient thermal management systems present a fertile ground for new market entrants and established players to expand their product offerings, thereby capitalizing on the growth opportunities in the automotive sector.
Threats
Despite the promising growth trajectory of the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market, several threats could impede progress. One of the primary challenges is the rapid technological advancements in the automotive sector, which require valve manufacturers to continuously innovate and adapt to changing consumer demands. The need for constant R&D investments can strain smaller companies with limited resources, potentially leading to decreased market share or even exit from the market. Furthermore, the competitive landscape is intensifying, with numerous players vying for dominance, which could lead to price wars and reduced profit margins. Additionally, fluctuations in raw material costs and supply chain disruptions may adversely impact production capabilities and overall market stability, posing a threat to sustained growth in the thermal management valve segment.
Another considerable threat stems from the increasing regulatory landscape surrounding emissions and fuel efficiency. While regulations are designed to promote sustainability, they may impose stringent requirements that smaller manufacturers struggle to meet, potentially leading to market consolidation. The transition towards electric vehicles also presents a dual threat; while it creates opportunities, it also necessitates a significant shift in manufacturing processes and product designs. Companies that cannot keep pace with these changes may find themselves lagging behind in the rapidly evolving automotive market. This combination of competitive pressures, regulatory challenges, and the need for continuous innovation underscores the need for manufacturers to remain agile and proactive in navigating potential threats within the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market.
Competitor Outlook
- Continental AG
- Mahle GmbH
- Valeo SA
- BorgWarner Inc.
- Delphi Technologies
- Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA
- Stant Corporation
- Wabco Holdings Inc.
- Siemens AG
- Honeywell International Inc.
- Robert Bosch GmbH
- Denso Corporation
- FTE automotive GmbH
- Standard Motor Products, Inc.
- Federal-Mogul Corporation
The competitive landscape of the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market is characterized by a mixture of established players and emerging companies striving to carve out a niche in this dynamic industry. The market is dominated by multinational corporations such as Continental AG, Mahle GmbH, and Valeo SA, which have robust product portfolios and extensive distribution networks. These companies invest heavily in R&D to enhance their product offerings and maintain their competitive edge. They are also involved in strategic collaborations and partnerships to leverage technological advancements and expand their market reach. As the automotive industry shifts toward electrification and increasingly stringent regulations, these companies are well-positioned to adapt and capitalize on new opportunities.
Emerging players, on the other hand, are making their mark by focusing on innovation and the development of specialized thermal management solutions tailored to the needs of electric and hybrid vehicle applications. Companies like Delphi Technologies and Hella GmbH are actively exploring cutting-edge technologies, implementing smart thermal management systems that integrate seamlessly with modern vehicles. Such advancements not only improve thermal efficiency but also enhance overall vehicle performance, providing these companies with a competitive advantage. The collaboration between traditional automotive players and tech-centric startups is expected to shape the future of this market, leading to the development of innovative products that meet evolving consumer demands.
Key companies such as Bosch and Denso are also making significant strides in the Automotive Thermal Management Valve market, focusing on expanding their product lines and enhancing manufacturing capabilities. Bosch, for instance, is leveraging its expertise in sensor technology to develop intelligent thermal management solutions that can improve system performance in real time. Similarly, Denso is investing in lightweight materials and advanced manufacturing processes to produce efficient thermal management valves that align with the industry's sustainability goals. The competitive dynamics in this market are expected to evolve continuously as major companies adapt to new challenges and opportunities, ensuring that innovation remains at the forefront of their strategies to achieve long-term success.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 Valeo SA
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 Mahle GmbH
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Siemens AG
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Continental AG
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 BorgWarner Inc.
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Denso Corporation
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 Robert Bosch GmbH
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 Stant Corporation
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 Delphi Technologies
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 FTE automotive GmbH
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 Wabco Holdings Inc.
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Federal-Mogul Corporation
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Honeywell International Inc.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Standard Motor Products, Inc.
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 Valeo SA
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Automotive Thermal Management Valve Sales Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Engine Cooling System
- 6.1.2 HVAC System
- 6.1.3 Transmission System
- 6.1.4 Battery Thermal Management System
- 6.1.5 Air Conditioning System
- 6.2 Automotive Thermal Management Valve Sales Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Thermostatic Valves
- 6.2.2 Pressure Regulating Valves
- 6.2.3 Thermostatic Mixing Valves
- 6.2.4 Thermostatic Expansion Valves
- 6.2.5 Thermostatic Radiator Valves
- 6.3 Automotive Thermal Management Valve Sales Market, By Material Type
- 6.3.1 Stainless Steel
- 6.3.2 Aluminum
- 6.3.3 Brass
- 6.3.4 Plastic
- 6.3.5 Cast Iron
- 6.1 Automotive Thermal Management Valve Sales Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Automotive Thermal Management Valve Sales Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Automotive Thermal Management Valve Sales market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Thermostatic Valves
- Pressure Regulating Valves
- Thermostatic Mixing Valves
- Thermostatic Expansion Valves
- Thermostatic Radiator Valves
By Application
- Engine Cooling System
- HVAC System
- Transmission System
- Battery Thermal Management System
- Air Conditioning System
By Material Type
- Stainless Steel
- Aluminum
- Brass
- Plastic
- Cast Iron
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Continental AG
- Mahle GmbH
- Valeo SA
- BorgWarner Inc.
- Delphi Technologies
- Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA
- Stant Corporation
- Wabco Holdings Inc.
- Siemens AG
- Honeywell International Inc.
- Robert Bosch GmbH
- Denso Corporation
- FTE automotive GmbH
- Standard Motor Products, Inc.
- Federal-Mogul Corporation
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : AU-3944
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)
Related reports

