Automotive Pedal Parts
Automotive Pedal Parts Market Segments - by Product Type (Accelerator Pedal, Brake Pedal, Clutch Pedal, Parking Brake Pedal, Foot Rest Pedal), Application (Passenger Vehicles, Commercial Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Off-road Vehicles, Racing Vehicles), Distribution Channel (OEMs, Aftermarket), Material Type (Aluminum, Steel, Plastic, Rubber, Composite Materials), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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- Table Of Content
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- Methodology
Automotive Pedal Parts Market Outlook
The global automotive pedal parts market is projected to reach approximately USD 18 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. The increasing demand for advanced automotive technologies, along with a shift towards electric and hybrid vehicles, is driving the growth of this market. Furthermore, rising consumer preferences for enhanced safety features and comfortable driving experiences have resulted in a higher demand for well-designed pedal components. The growing automotive industry, especially in emerging markets, is also contributing to the expansion of the automotive pedal parts market. As manufacturers focus on innovation and the integration of smart technologies, the market is expected to witness significant growth opportunities in the coming years.
Growth Factor of the Market
Several growth factors are propelling the automotive pedal parts market forward. First, the rapid increase in global vehicle production, combined with the rising number of passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles on the roads, is significantly boosting the demand for pedal parts. Additionally, advancements in automotive technology, including the integration of electronic and smart pedals, are enhancing the functionality and performance of pedal systems, leading to greater consumer acceptance and market penetration. Moreover, the growing emphasis on vehicle safety and comfort is prompting manufacturers to invest in high-quality, reliable pedal components, further driving market growth. The increasing trend towards electric vehicles (EVs) presents another key opportunity for the automotive pedal parts market, as these vehicles often utilize specialized pedal systems. Lastly, the rise in disposable incomes in developing regions is resulting in higher vehicle ownership rates, thereby increasing the overall demand for automotive pedal parts.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.5% from 2025 to 2035.
- Electric vehicles are increasingly integrating advanced pedal technologies.
- Passenger vehicles dominate the application segment, driven by consumer demand.
- The steel material segment is expected to hold the largest share in terms of volume.
- Aftermarket distribution channels are witnessing significant growth due to increasing vehicle age and maintenance needs.
By Product Type
Accelerator Pedal:
The accelerator pedal is a crucial component in any vehicle, allowing the driver to control the engine's power output. In recent years, the design of accelerator pedals has evolved significantly, with many manufacturers focusing on improved ergonomics and responsiveness. The use of lightweight materials and advanced technologies, such as electronic throttle control, has enhanced performance and fuel efficiency. Moreover, the growing trend toward electric vehicles is influencing the design of accelerator pedals to accommodate new driving dynamics. As consumers demand a more intuitive driving experience, the accelerator pedal segment continues to grow steadily, with manufacturers innovating to meet these expectations.
Brake Pedal:
The brake pedal is integral to vehicle safety, enabling drivers to slow down or stop their vehicles effectively. The brake pedal market is witnessing advancements in design and technology, such as the introduction of electric brake boosters and pressure sensors, which contribute to enhanced safety and performance. The rising focus on vehicle safety features is driving the demand for high-quality brake pedals that can withstand various stress conditions while providing a comfortable driving experience. In addition, the increasing adoption of anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and electronic stability control (ESC) technologies is further boosting the brake pedal segment's growth. With the global push toward safer vehicles, the brake pedal market is positioned for continued growth.
Clutch Pedal:
The clutch pedal plays a pivotal role in vehicles with manual transmission systems, allowing drivers to engage and disengage the engine's power. The market for clutch pedals is heavily influenced by the demand for manual transmission vehicles, which have seen a resurgence in popularity among driving enthusiasts. Innovations in clutch pedal design, such as the introduction of hydraulic systems and improved mechanical linkages, have enhanced the overall driving experience. Additionally, the growing trend of hybrid vehicles, which often require sophisticated clutch systems, is providing new opportunities for the clutch pedal market. As manufacturers focus on producing more durable and efficient clutch pedals, this segment is expected to experience steady growth.
Parking Brake Pedal:
The parking brake pedal, commonly known as the handbrake, is essential for securing vehicles when parked. As automotive designs evolve, parking brake systems are transitioning from mechanical to electronic solutions, allowing for more efficient use of space and improved functionality. The increasing integration of electronic parking brake (EPB) systems in modern vehicles is driving innovation in this segment. Moreover, the growing trend of urbanization and the rising number of vehicles in congested cities are creating a need for reliable parking solutions, thereby bolstering the parking brake pedal market. As vehicle manufacturers strive to enhance the safety and convenience of their models, the parking brake pedal segment is poised for growth.
Foot Rest Pedal:
Foot rest pedals are often overlooked yet play a crucial role in driver comfort during extended periods of driving. With the increasing emphasis on ergonomic designs and driver comfort, the demand for foot rest pedals is on the rise. Manufacturers are introducing adjustable foot rest solutions that cater to various driver preferences, improving overall driving convenience. The growing trend of long-distance travel and commuting is prompting vehicle manufacturers to pay more attention to driver comfort features, including foot rest pedals. As automotive designs prioritize user-friendly features, the foot rest pedal segment is expected to gain momentum in the coming years.
By Application
Passenger Vehicles:
Passenger vehicles are the largest segment in the automotive pedal parts market, driven by the high demand for personal transportation. The rise in disposable income and urbanization globally has led to an increase in vehicle ownership, fueling the demand for various pedal parts. Innovations in pedal design, such as ergonomic shapes and advanced materials, are enhancing the overall driving experience for consumers. Additionally, the growing focus on comfort and safety features in passenger vehicles is leading manufacturers to invest in high-quality pedal components. As manufacturers continue to innovate and improve pedal functionalities, the passenger vehicles segment is expected to dominate the market.
Commercial Vehicles:
The commercial vehicles segment, including trucks and buses, is another significant contributor to the automotive pedal parts market. The demand for commercial vehicles is driven by the expansion of logistics and transportation sectors in various regions. Regulations regarding vehicle safety and performance are forcing manufacturers to produce durable and reliable pedal systems that can withstand heavy usage. Furthermore, advancements in technology, such as the integration of electronic systems for better control, are fostering growth in the commercial vehicle pedal parts segment. As the demand for efficient commercial transportation continues to rise, this segment is poised for substantial growth in the coming years.
Electric Vehicles:
Electric vehicles (EVs) are becoming increasingly popular due to their environmental benefits and cost-effectiveness in the long run. The pedal parts market is adapting to the unique requirements of electric vehicles, as these vehicles often utilize different pedal technologies compared to traditional vehicles. The integration of electronic throttle control systems and regenerative braking is influencing the design of accelerator and brake pedals for EVs. As the global shift towards sustainability drives the adoption of electric vehicles, the demand for tailored pedal systems that enhance the driving experience is expected to grow significantly in this segment.
Off-road Vehicles:
The market for pedal parts in off-road vehicles is driven by the increasing popularity of recreational off-roading and adventure sports. Off-road vehicles require robust and durable pedal systems to withstand challenging terrains and extreme conditions. The demand for high-performance pedal components that offer enhanced grip and control is rising as consumers seek thrilling experiences in off-road adventures. Manufacturers are focusing on design innovations that cater to the unique needs of off-road vehicle drivers, thereby propelling growth in this segment. As outdoor recreational activities gain traction, the off-road vehicles segment of the pedal parts market is expected to see favorable growth.
Racing Vehicles:
The racing vehicles segment represents a niche but lucrative market for automotive pedal parts. The demand for high-performance pedal systems in racing vehicles is driven by the need for precision, responsiveness, and safety at high speeds. Manufacturers are continually innovating to produce lightweight materials and advanced designs that optimize performance for racing applications. Pedal systems in racing vehicles are often customized to meet the specific requirements of drivers and racing conditions. As motorsports continue to captivate audiences worldwide, the demand for specialized pedal parts in this segment is anticipated to grow in tandem with the racing industry's expansion.
By Distribution Channel
OEMs:
The Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) segment plays a crucial role in the automotive pedal parts market, as they are responsible for producing vehicles with integrated pedal systems directly from their manufacturing plants. The growing production of vehicles worldwide has led to a corresponding demand for OEM pedal parts. Manufacturers are establishing partnerships with OEMs to ensure the supply of high-quality pedal components that meet strict safety and performance standards. The trend towards customization in vehicle production is also pushing OEMs to innovate their pedal designs, thereby solidifying their importance in the distribution channel landscape.
Aftermarket:
The aftermarket segment is gaining traction in the automotive pedal parts market due to the increasing age of vehicles and the rising need for replacement and upgrade parts. As vehicles age, various components, including pedals, may wear out and require replacement, creating a substantial demand in the aftermarket. Additionally, consumers are increasingly interested in modifying their vehicles for enhanced performance and comfort, contributing to aftermarket growth. The availability of a wide range of pedal parts through online and offline retailers is further facilitating this demand. As more consumers seek to personalize their vehicles, the aftermarket segment is expected to continue expanding.
By Material Type
Aluminum:
Aluminum is increasingly being used in the production of automotive pedal parts due to its lightweight and corrosion-resistant properties. The shift towards lightweight materials in automotive design is promoting the use of aluminum in pedal systems, as it helps improve fuel efficiency and overall vehicle performance. Manufacturers are leveraging aluminum's versatility to create ergonomically designed pedals that enhance driver comfort. With the global push for sustainability and lower emissions, the demand for aluminum pedal parts is expected to rise as manufacturers focus on producing more efficient vehicles.
Steel:
Steel remains a popular choice for automotive pedal parts due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel pedal components are capable of withstanding significant stress and wear, making them suitable for various applications, including commercial vehicles and off-road vehicles. The pedal parts market continues to see a strong demand for steel components, particularly in regions with stricter safety regulations. The introduction of advanced steel alloys is enhancing the performance characteristics of steel pedal parts, contributing to their sustained popularity in the automotive industry.
Plastic:
Plastic materials are increasingly being utilized in the production of automotive pedal parts due to their lightweight and cost-effective nature. The use of high-strength plastics allows manufacturers to design pedals that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Additionally, plastic pedals offer advantages in terms of corrosion resistance and ease of manufacturing. As automotive designs evolve, the demand for plastic pedal parts is rising, particularly in passenger vehicles, where manufacturers seek to enhance comfort and convenience. The ongoing development of advanced plastic composites is expected to drive innovation in this segment, leading to more durable and efficient pedal systems.
Rubber:
Rubber is commonly used in the production of pedal parts, particularly for foot coverings and cushioning components. Rubber pedals provide excellent grip, enhancing driver safety and control. The growing emphasis on driver comfort and safety is leading to increased demand for rubber pedal components, as they help reduce fatigue during long drives. The flexibility and durability of rubber make it an ideal choice for various automotive applications. As manufacturers continue to innovate rubber formulations to enhance performance characteristics, this segment is expected to see sustained growth.
Composite Materials:
Composite materials are gaining traction in the automotive pedal parts market due to their lightweight and high-strength characteristics. Manufacturers are increasingly integrating composite materials in pedal systems to improve performance while reducing overall vehicle weight. The combination of different materials allows for enhanced stiffness and flexibility, making composite pedals ideal for high-performance and luxury vehicles. As automotive designs trend towards incorporating advanced materials for improved fuel efficiency and performance, the use of composite materials in pedal parts is expected to expand significantly.
By Region
The automotive pedal parts market exhibits significant geographical variation, with North America holding a prominent share of the market. The region is estimated to account for approximately 30% of the global market, driven by the high demand for advanced automotive technologies and a strong automotive industry. The United States, in particular, is a leader in vehicle production and innovation, fostering a robust demand for high-quality pedal parts. Additionally, the increasing adoption of electric vehicles in North America is further propelling market growth. The region is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period, influenced by technological advancements and a focus on sustainability.
Europe is another key region in the automotive pedal parts market, accounting for around 25% of the total market share. The European automotive industry is characterized by a strong emphasis on safety, comfort, and technological innovation, which drives the demand for advanced pedal systems. Countries like Germany, France, and the United Kingdom are at the forefront of automotive production and research, fostering a competitive environment for pedal parts manufacturers. The increasing trend towards electric and hybrid vehicles in Europe is also expected to spur the growth of the pedal parts market. Overall, the regional dynamics indicate robust growth potential, aligning with the increasing global focus on vehicle innovation and sustainability.
Opportunities
The automotive pedal parts market presents numerous opportunities driven by the ongoing advancements in vehicle technology and consumer preferences. One of the most significant opportunities lies in the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid models. As automakers transition towards these environmentally friendly options, there is a growing demand for specialized pedal systems that cater to the unique operational needs of electric drivetrains. This shift presents an opportunity for manufacturers to innovate and develop new designs that are compatible with the latest technologies, thereby capturing a larger market share. Furthermore, the global push towards automation and smart vehicle technologies creates avenues for integrating advanced pedal systems that enhance the overall driving experience.
Another opportunity in the automotive pedal parts market is the rising trend of customization among consumers. As vehicle owners increasingly seek to personalize their vehicles, there is a growing demand for aftermarket pedal components that offer enhanced aesthetics and performance. This trend allows manufacturers to explore niche segments within the market, providing tailored solutions that cater to individual preferences. Additionally, the expansion of e-commerce platforms is facilitating easy access to aftermarket pedal parts, encouraging consumers to invest in upgrades or replacements. Manufacturers who can effectively leverage these trends and capitalize on consumer desires for customization are likely to experience substantial growth in the coming years.
Threats
While the automotive pedal parts market is poised for growth, several threats could hinder its advancement. One of the primary threats is the increasing competition among manufacturers, particularly in the aftermarket segment. As more companies enter the market, price competition may intensify, leading to reduced profit margins for existing players. This competition can also result in a decline in product quality as manufacturers may prioritize cost-cutting measures over innovation and reliability. Additionally, the rapid pace of technological advancements poses a challenge for manufacturers to keep up with evolving consumer expectations and regulatory changes, which can impact their market position.
Another significant threat is the ongoing economic fluctuations and uncertainties that can affect consumer purchasing power and automotive sales. Economic downturns can lead to reduced vehicle sales, directly impacting the demand for pedal parts. Furthermore, geopolitical factors and trade restrictions may disrupt supply chains, causing delays in production and affecting the overall market dynamics. The automotive industry is also increasingly confronted with regulatory pressures regarding emissions and safety standards, which can impose additional burdens on manufacturers. Navigating these challenges will require strategic planning and adaptability to ensure sustained growth in the automotive pedal parts market.
Competitor Outlook
- Bosch GmbH
- Continental AG
- Johnson Controls International plc
- Delphi Technologies
- TRW Automotive
- Brembo S.p.A.
- Valeo SA
- Denso Corporation
- Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.
- Magna International Inc.
- ZF Friedrichshafen AG
- AP Racing Ltd.
- Wabco Holdings Inc.
- Newcor, Inc.
- Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.
The competitive landscape of the automotive pedal parts market is characterized by a mix of established players and new entrants striving for market share. Leading companies, such as Bosch GmbH and Continental AG, are leveraging their extensive R&D capabilities to innovate and offer high-performance pedal systems that meet the evolving needs of the automotive industry. These companies have a strong presence in both the OEM and aftermarket segments, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the market. Furthermore, their global footprint allows them to cater to diverse customer needs while keeping pace with regional automotive trends. Strategic partnerships and collaborations with OEMs and technology firms are also common strategies employed by these leaders to enhance their competitive edge.
As the automotive industry continues to evolve, companies like Delphi Technologies and TRW Automotive are focusing on integrating advanced technologies into their pedal systems, including electronic control and smart features. Their investment in R&D and commitment to sustainability positions them favorably in the market. Additionally, these companies are actively exploring opportunities in the electric and hybrid vehicle segments, which are expected to drive significant growth in the coming years. Furthermore, emerging players are disrupting the market with innovative designs and competitive pricing, prompting established companies to enhance their offerings to maintain market relevance.
Moreover, the competitive landscape is also witnessing shifts due to the increasing importance of sustainability in automotive manufacturing. Companies like Brembo S.p.A. and Valeo SA are focusing on developing eco-friendly pedal systems and exploring sustainable materials as part of their product lines. By aligning their strategies with the growing demand for environmentally responsible solutions, these manufacturers are positioning themselves as leaders in the pedal parts market. As the industry evolves, continuous innovation and a forward-thinking approach will be paramount for success in this competitive environment, ensuring that companies remain agile and responsive to changing market dynamics.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 Valeo SA
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 Bosch GmbH
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Newcor, Inc.
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Brembo S.p.A.
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 AP Racing Ltd.
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 Continental AG
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 TRW Automotive
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 Denso Corporation
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 Delphi Technologies
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Wabco Holdings Inc.
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 ZF Friedrichshafen AG
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Magna International Inc.
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Johnson Controls International plc
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 Valeo SA
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Automotive Pedal Parts Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Passenger Vehicles
- 6.1.2 Commercial Vehicles
- 6.1.3 Electric Vehicles
- 6.1.4 Off-road Vehicles
- 6.1.5 Racing Vehicles
- 6.2 Automotive Pedal Parts Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Accelerator Pedal
- 6.2.2 Brake Pedal
- 6.2.3 Clutch Pedal
- 6.2.4 Parking Brake Pedal
- 6.2.5 Foot Rest Pedal
- 6.3 Automotive Pedal Parts Market, By Material Type
- 6.3.1 Aluminum
- 6.3.2 Steel
- 6.3.3 Plastic
- 6.3.4 Rubber
- 6.3.5 Composite Materials
- 6.1 Automotive Pedal Parts Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Automotive Pedal Parts Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Automotive Pedal Parts market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Accelerator Pedal
- Brake Pedal
- Clutch Pedal
- Parking Brake Pedal
- Foot Rest Pedal
By Application
- Passenger Vehicles
- Commercial Vehicles
- Electric Vehicles
- Off-road Vehicles
- Racing Vehicles
By Material Type
- Aluminum
- Steel
- Plastic
- Rubber
- Composite Materials
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Bosch GmbH
- Continental AG
- Johnson Controls International plc
- Delphi Technologies
- TRW Automotive
- Brembo S.p.A.
- Valeo SA
- Denso Corporation
- Hitachi Automotive Systems, Ltd.
- Magna International Inc.
- ZF Friedrichshafen AG
- AP Racing Ltd.
- Wabco Holdings Inc.
- Newcor, Inc.
- Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : AU-1800
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)