Automotive Parking Brake
Automotive Parking Brake Market Segments - by Product Type (Electric Parking Brake, Manual Parking Brake, Electronic Parking Brake, Hydraulic Parking Brake, Mechanical Parking Brake), Application (Passenger Vehicles, Commercial Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Autonomous Vehicles, Others), Distribution Channel (OEMs, Aftermarket), Material Type (Steel, Aluminum, Carbon Fiber, Others), and Region (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East & Africa) - Global Industry Analysis, Growth, Share, Size, Trends, and Forecast 2025-2035
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- Methodology
Automotive Parking Brake Market Outlook
The global automotive parking brake market is projected to reach approximately USD 8.3 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 6.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for advanced vehicle safety features, stringent regulatory requirements concerning automotive safety, and the rising adoption of electric and autonomous vehicles which necessitate sophisticated braking systems. Furthermore, the growing trend towards automation and smart technologies in the automotive sector is propelling the development of innovative parking brake solutions, enhancing user convenience and operational efficiency. As urbanization continues to surge, the demand for effective parking solutions is expected to escalate, leading to further market expansion.
Growth Factor of the Market
The automotive parking brake market is witnessing significant growth owing to various factors that are influencing the industry dynamics. One major growth driver is the rising emphasis on vehicle safety and performance, pushing manufacturers to integrate advanced parking brake systems into their vehicle designs. Additionally, the increasing penetration of electric vehicles, which often feature integrated electronic parking brakes, is contributing to market growth. The regulatory landscape is also a key factor, as automotive safety standards become more stringent, pushing automakers to adopt modern braking solutions. Moreover, the advancement in materials used for brake systems, such as lightweight metals and composites, is enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of parking brakes, further stimulating demand. The growing trend towards urbanization and the subsequent need for efficient parking systems in densely populated areas are also expected to boost the market.
Key Highlights of the Market
- The market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.2% from 2025 to 2035.
- Electric parking brakes are gaining popularity owing to their integration in electric and autonomous vehicles.
- Passenger vehicles segment holds the largest share in the application category.
- North America is projected to dominate the market due to high vehicle ownership and advanced automotive technology.
- OEMs channel continues to account for a significant portion of distribution, driven by partnerships with automotive manufacturers.
By Product Type
Electric Parking Brake:
Electric parking brakes (EPBs) are increasingly becoming a preferred choice among automotive manufacturers due to their enhanced operational efficiency and space-saving capabilities. EPBs utilize electric actuators to engage and disengage the brakes, which simplifies the mechanical design and reduces the overall weight of the braking system. This innovation not only improves the performance of parking brakes but also allows for additional features such as hill-hold assist and automatic engagement of the brake when the vehicle is stopped. The increasing popularity of electric vehicles is further accelerating the adoption of EPBs, as they align with the modern automotive industry's shift towards electrification and higher safety standards.
Manual Parking Brake:
The manual parking brake, often referred to as the handbrake, remains a traditional yet widely used system in many vehicles, particularly in older models and higher-end sports cars. This type of brake operates through a lever or pedal mechanism, allowing drivers to manually engage the brake when the vehicle is stationary. The simplicity and direct control offered by manual parking brakes have made them appealing to driving enthusiasts and those who appreciate a tactile driving experience. Despite the increasing trend towards automation and electric systems, manual parking brakes are still relevant, particularly in applications where cost-effectiveness and ease of maintenance are crucial.
Electronic Parking Brake:
Electronic parking brakes (EPBs) represent an evolution of the manual parking brake, offering enhanced functionality and convenience. Unlike traditional systems, EPBs are operated with a button or switch, which electronically engages the brake. This technology not only frees up interior space by eliminating the need for a bulky lever but also integrates seamlessly with vehicle control systems. The increasing adoption of EPBs is driven by their compatibility with advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) and their contribution to overall vehicle safety. As manufacturers incorporate more high-tech features into vehicles, the electronic parking brake is expected to become a standard offering in various vehicle classes.
Hydraulic Parking Brake:
Hydraulic parking brakes utilize hydraulic force to engage and disengage the braking mechanism. This system is often found in larger vehicles, such as commercial trucks or buses, where additional strength is required to hold the vehicle in place. The hydraulic system offers superior performance compared to mechanical brakes, especially in terms of reliability and durability. As the automotive industry shifts towards heavier electric and hybrid vehicles, the demand for hydraulic parking brakes is anticipated to grow, due to their ability to handle increased weight while ensuring safety. Additionally, advancements in hydraulic systems may lead to greater efficiencies and lower maintenance costs, enhancing their appeal in the market.
Mechanical Parking Brake:
Mechanical parking brakes, while less common in modern vehicles, still play a role in certain applications and markets. These systems rely on a series of cables and mechanical linkages to engage the brake, providing a straightforward and reliable solution for holding a vehicle stationary. Mechanical parking brakes tend to be less expensive than their electronic counterparts and are thus favored in budget-friendly vehicles and older models. Despite the push towards more advanced braking technologies, mechanical parking brakes are still valued for their simplicity and ease of repair, making them an enduring choice among specific consumer segments.
By Application
Passenger Vehicles:
The passenger vehicles segment is the largest application category within the automotive parking brake market, driven primarily by the sheer volume of cars on the road globally. As the automotive industry evolves, manufacturers are increasingly integrating sophisticated parking brake systems into passenger vehicles to enhance safety and convenience. Features such as automatic braking and hill-hold capabilities are becoming standard in many new models, leading to an increased adoption of electric parking brakes. This segment's growth is also influenced by the rising demand for vehicles equipped with advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS), as these systems often require compatible parking brake technologies to function effectively.
Commercial Vehicles:
Commercial vehicles constitute a significant portion of the automotive parking brake market, with specific requirements based on their operational use. These vehicles, which include trucks, vans, and buses, often require robust braking systems that can handle heavy loads and frequent stops. The demand for hydraulic parking brakes is notably high in this segment due to their superior performance under high-stress conditions. As regulations regarding vehicle safety and emissions become more stringent, commercial vehicle manufacturers are increasingly looking to integrate advanced parking brake solutions that enhance safety while also being compliant with modern standards.
Electric Vehicles:
The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) is reshaping the automotive landscape and consequently driving significant changes in the parking brake market. EVs typically utilize electric parking brakes due to their lightweight design and ability to integrate with the vehicle's overall electronic systems. The increasing focus on sustainability and environmentally friendly technologies is fueling the demand for EVs, and as more consumers and manufacturers embrace this shift, the market for electric parking brakes is expected to expand. This segment is particularly attractive as it aligns with current trends around automation and smart vehicle technologies, which are becoming integral to the automotive industry.
Autonomous Vehicles:
Autonomous vehicles are at the forefront of technological innovation in the automotive sector, necessitating advanced parking brake systems that can integrate seamlessly with automated driving technologies. The need for reliable and responsive parking brakes in self-driving cars is critical, as these vehicles must navigate complex driving environments without human intervention. The parking brake systems in autonomous vehicles are expected to incorporate features such as automatic engagement in the event of a system failure, further enhancing safety. As the development of autonomous technology continues, the parking brake market will likely see increased investment and innovation focused on meeting the unique demands of this segment.
Others:
This category includes various niche applications where parking brakes are utilized in specialized vehicles such as agricultural machinery, construction equipment, and recreational vehicles. Although these segments may represent a smaller share of the overall market, they are important drivers of innovation and customization in parking brake systems. Manufacturers are increasingly looking at ways to adapt parking brake technologies for diverse applications, particularly as the demand for multi-functional and versatile equipment grows. The 'Others' segment is expected to see gradual growth as more industries recognize the importance of effective parking solutions, particularly in off-road and industrial environments.
By Distribution Channel
OEMs:
The OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) channel continues to be the dominant distribution channel in the automotive parking brake market. Automakers are increasingly integrating advanced parking brake systems into their new vehicle models as part of their commitment to safety and performance. This segment benefits from long-term manufacturing partnerships that allow for the continuous innovation and integration of new braking technologies. Additionally, the rise of electric and autonomous vehicles has further propelled demand within the OEM sector, as these vehicles often require the latest advancements in parking brake systems to meet safety and performance standards. OEMs are expected to engage in strategic partnerships with technology providers to enhance their parking brake offerings, ensuring they stay competitive in a rapidly evolving market.
Aftermarket:
The aftermarket segment plays a crucial role in the automotive parking brake market, catering to consumers looking for parts replacement and upgrades for their existing vehicles. As vehicle ownership increases globally, the demand for aftermarket solutions is on the rise, particularly for maintenance and repair services related to parking brakes. This segment is characterized by a diverse range of products, including traditional mechanical systems and modern electronic solutions, allowing vehicle owners to choose options that best meet their needs. The growing trend of DIY vehicle maintenance also contributes to the expansion of the aftermarket sector, as car owners increasingly seek to enhance their vehicles’ safety features and performance through reliable brake systems.
By Material Type
Steel:
Steel remains one of the most widely used materials in the automotive parking brake market, primarily due to its strength, durability, and cost-effectiveness. Steel components are particularly valued in the production of mechanical parking brakes, where they provide the necessary rigidity and resistance to wear and tear. Manufacturers are continuously innovating to enhance the properties of steel, such as developing high-strength steel alloys that offer improved performance while keeping costs down. As vehicle manufacturers look for reliable and resilient materials to ensure safety and longevity, steel is expected to maintain its position as a leading choice in parking brake systems.
Aluminum:
Aluminum is progressively gaining popularity in the automotive parking brake market due to its lightweight properties, which contribute to overall vehicle efficiency. The use of aluminum in brake components allows vehicle manufacturers to reduce the overall weight of the braking system, improving fuel efficiency and performance. Furthermore, aluminum is resistant to corrosion, which enhances the longevity of parking brake systems. With the transition towards electric vehicles and the increasing emphasis on sustainability, the trend of using aluminum in parking brake systems is anticipated to rise, aligning with the automotive industry’s focus on lightweight materials that enhance vehicle performance.
Carbon Fiber:
Carbon fiber is emerging as a high-performance material in the automotive parking brake market, particularly in performance and luxury vehicles where weight reduction and durability are paramount. The use of carbon fiber components in brake systems allows for significantly reduced weight without compromising strength, contributing to improved handling and responsiveness. Although the cost of carbon fiber remains higher than traditional materials, advancements in manufacturing processes are gradually making it more accessible for broader applications. As consumer demand for high-performance vehicles continues to grow, the adoption of carbon fiber in parking brake systems is likely to increase, particularly among premium automakers seeking to differentiate their products.
Others:
The 'Others' category encompasses a variety of materials used in automotive parking brake systems that do not fall under the primary categories of steel, aluminum, or carbon fiber. This may include composite materials, plastics, and advanced alloys that offer specific performance characteristics tailored to niche applications. The use of innovative materials is becoming increasingly important as manufacturers seek to improve the performance, efficiency, and safety of parking brake systems. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, the exploration and adoption of alternative materials are expected to play a vital role in developing more effective and sustainable braking solutions across various vehicle segments.
By Region
The regional analysis of the automotive parking brake market reveals significant variations in market dynamics and growth prospects across different regions. North America holds a substantial share of the market, primarily driven by the high adoption rate of advanced braking technologies in passenger vehicles and commercial applications. The region's focus on vehicle safety and performance regulations further propels the demand for innovative parking brake solutions. North America is expected to witness a consistent CAGR of approximately 5.8% over the forecast period, as automakers continue to invest in technologies that enhance safety and meet evolving consumer expectations. The presence of leading automotive manufacturers and suppliers in this region also contributes to its market dominance.
Europe is another key region in the automotive parking brake market, characterized by a strong automotive manufacturing base and stringent safety regulations that drive demand for advanced braking solutions. The European market is expected to grow steadily, with increasing emphasis on electric and hybrid vehicle production leading to higher adoption of electric parking brakes. The region is witnessing a growing trend towards sustainability, prompting manufacturers to explore innovative braking technologies that reduce weight and enhance efficiency. The Asia Pacific region is also emerging as a significant market due to rapid urbanization, increasing vehicle ownership, and rising disposable incomes, with a projected CAGR of around 7.5% from 2025 to 2035. This growth presents ample opportunities for market players targeting emerging economies with a burgeoning automotive sector.
Opportunities
As the automotive industry continues to evolve, several opportunities are emerging for stakeholders in the automotive parking brake market. The increasing focus on electric vehicles presents a significant opportunity for the development of advanced parking brake systems that enhance safety and performance. With the electrification of the automotive sector gaining momentum, manufacturers are under pressure to innovate and integrate smart technologies that cater to modern consumer preferences. Additionally, autonomous vehicles offer a unique opportunity for parking brake manufacturers to develop systems that can automatically engage and disengage, enhancing vehicle safety and user convenience. Collaborations between traditional automotive manufacturers and tech companies can lead to the creation of cutting-edge parking brake solutions that align with the future of mobility.
Moreover, the aftermarket segment presents lucrative growth opportunities for manufacturers and suppliers focused on providing replacement and upgrade solutions. As vehicles age, the need for maintenance and parts replacement becomes critical, and consumers are increasingly seeking high-quality aftermarket products that enhance safety and reliability. This trend is particularly prominent in regions with large vehicle populations and aging fleets. Manufacturers who can provide cost-effective, high-quality parking brake solutions that meet the specific needs of consumers in the aftermarket can capture a significant share of this growing market. Furthermore, as awareness of vehicle safety increases, there is an opportunity for education and outreach initiatives to promote the benefits of advanced parking brake systems, encouraging consumer demand.
Threats
Despite the promising growth prospects in the automotive parking brake market, several threats could hinder its expansion. One significant concern is the rapid technological advancements in the automotive industry, which may lead to increased competition among manufacturers. As companies strive to innovate and differentiate their products, there is a possibility of market saturation, particularly in segments like electric and electronic parking brakes. This competition can drive down prices, impacting profitability for manufacturers. Additionally, the global supply chain disruptions exacerbated by factors such as geopolitical tensions and pandemics can threaten the availability of essential components required for the manufacturing of parking brake systems, leading to delays and increased costs.
Another potential threat stems from the growing trend of vehicle electrification and the subsequent shift towards more integrated braking systems. As electric and autonomous vehicles gain traction, traditional parking brake systems may become obsolete, posing a risk to manufacturers heavily invested in conventional technologies. This shift necessitates a proactive approach from companies to adapt and innovate, ensuring that their products remain relevant in a rapidly changing market landscape. Furthermore, regulatory requirements surrounding vehicle safety standards are continuously evolving, and manufacturers must stay abreast of these changes to avoid compliance issues that could affect their market position.
Competitor Outlook
- Brembo S.p.A
- Continental AG
- DSG Technology Inc.
- Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA
- Knorr-Bremse AG
- Robert Bosch GmbH
- TRW Automotive Holdings Corp.
- WABCO Holdings Inc.
- Hankook Tire Technology
- Acument Global Technologies
- Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
- Valeo S.A.
- PBR Australia Pty Ltd.
- Zhongce Rubber Group Co., Ltd.
- Frenos Nacirema S.A.
The competitive landscape of the automotive parking brake market is characterized by the presence of several established players and emerging companies that are continuously innovating to meet the evolving demands of the automotive industry. Companies like Brembo S.p.A and Robert Bosch GmbH lead the market with their extensive portfolios of braking solutions, which include advanced parking brake systems designed for various vehicle types. Their commitment to research and development ensures that they remain at the forefront of technological advancements, enabling them to offer products that enhance safety and performance. Additionally, partnerships and collaborations with OEMs allow these companies to integrate their solutions into new vehicle models, further solidifying their market position.
Continental AG and Knorr-Bremse AG are also key players in the market, known for their high-quality braking systems and commitment to innovation. These companies have been investing heavily in electric and electronic parking brake technologies, recognizing the growing trend towards electrification in the automotive sector. Their strategic focus on enhancing the functionalities of parking brakes, such as incorporating automatic engagement features, positions them favorably in a market that is rapidly shifting towards advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS). Furthermore, they are actively exploring opportunities in the aftermarket segment, catering to consumers seeking reliable replacement parts.
Emerging companies like DSG Technology Inc. and PBR Australia Pty Ltd are carving out their niches in the market by focusing on specialized applications and innovative technologies. DSG Technology, for instance, is known for its expertise in developing lightweight and high-performance brake systems tailored for electric and hybrid vehicles. Such innovations are essential as the market moves towards more sustainable solutions. Similarly, PBR Australia is capitalizing on the growing demand for aftermarket products, offering a range of high-quality brake components that meet the needs of vehicle owners looking for reliable solutions. These emerging players are driven by the need for customization and performance, which presents further opportunities for growth in the competitive landscape.
1 Appendix
- 1.1 List of Tables
- 1.2 List of Figures
2 Introduction
- 2.1 Market Definition
- 2.2 Scope of the Report
- 2.3 Study Assumptions
- 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods
3 Market Dynamics
- 3.1 Market Growth Factors
- 3.2 Economic & Global Events
- 3.3 Innovation Trends
- 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis
4 Consumer Behavior
- 4.1 Market Trends
- 4.2 Pricing Analysis
- 4.3 Buyer Insights
5 Key Player Profiles
- 5.1 Valeo S.A.
- 5.1.1 Business Overview
- 5.1.2 Products & Services
- 5.1.3 Financials
- 5.1.4 Recent Developments
- 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.2 Brembo S.p.A
- 5.2.1 Business Overview
- 5.2.2 Products & Services
- 5.2.3 Financials
- 5.2.4 Recent Developments
- 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.3 Continental AG
- 5.3.1 Business Overview
- 5.3.2 Products & Services
- 5.3.3 Financials
- 5.3.4 Recent Developments
- 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.4 Knorr-Bremse AG
- 5.4.1 Business Overview
- 5.4.2 Products & Services
- 5.4.3 Financials
- 5.4.4 Recent Developments
- 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.5 Robert Bosch GmbH
- 5.5.1 Business Overview
- 5.5.2 Products & Services
- 5.5.3 Financials
- 5.5.4 Recent Developments
- 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.6 DSG Technology Inc.
- 5.6.1 Business Overview
- 5.6.2 Products & Services
- 5.6.3 Financials
- 5.6.4 Recent Developments
- 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.7 WABCO Holdings Inc.
- 5.7.1 Business Overview
- 5.7.2 Products & Services
- 5.7.3 Financials
- 5.7.4 Recent Developments
- 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.8 Frenos Nacirema S.A.
- 5.8.1 Business Overview
- 5.8.2 Products & Services
- 5.8.3 Financials
- 5.8.4 Recent Developments
- 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.9 Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
- 5.9.1 Business Overview
- 5.9.2 Products & Services
- 5.9.3 Financials
- 5.9.4 Recent Developments
- 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.10 Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA
- 5.10.1 Business Overview
- 5.10.2 Products & Services
- 5.10.3 Financials
- 5.10.4 Recent Developments
- 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.11 PBR Australia Pty Ltd.
- 5.11.1 Business Overview
- 5.11.2 Products & Services
- 5.11.3 Financials
- 5.11.4 Recent Developments
- 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.12 Hankook Tire Technology
- 5.12.1 Business Overview
- 5.12.2 Products & Services
- 5.12.3 Financials
- 5.12.4 Recent Developments
- 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.13 Acument Global Technologies
- 5.13.1 Business Overview
- 5.13.2 Products & Services
- 5.13.3 Financials
- 5.13.4 Recent Developments
- 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.14 TRW Automotive Holdings Corp.
- 5.14.1 Business Overview
- 5.14.2 Products & Services
- 5.14.3 Financials
- 5.14.4 Recent Developments
- 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.15 Zhongce Rubber Group Co., Ltd.
- 5.15.1 Business Overview
- 5.15.2 Products & Services
- 5.15.3 Financials
- 5.15.4 Recent Developments
- 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis
- 5.1 Valeo S.A.
6 Market Segmentation
- 6.1 Automotive Parking Brake Market, By Application
- 6.1.1 Passenger Vehicles
- 6.1.2 Commercial Vehicles
- 6.1.3 Electric Vehicles
- 6.1.4 Autonomous Vehicles
- 6.1.5 Others
- 6.2 Automotive Parking Brake Market, By Product Type
- 6.2.1 Electric Parking Brake
- 6.2.2 Manual Parking Brake
- 6.2.3 Electronic Parking Brake
- 6.2.4 Hydraulic Parking Brake
- 6.2.5 Mechanical Parking Brake
- 6.3 Automotive Parking Brake Market, By Material Type
- 6.3.1 Steel
- 6.3.2 Aluminum
- 6.3.3 Carbon Fiber
- 6.3.4 Others
- 6.1 Automotive Parking Brake Market, By Application
7 Competitive Analysis
- 7.1 Key Player Comparison
- 7.2 Market Share Analysis
- 7.3 Investment Trends
- 7.4 SWOT Analysis
8 Research Methodology
- 8.1 Analysis Design
- 8.2 Research Phases
- 8.3 Study Timeline
9 Future Market Outlook
- 9.1 Growth Forecast
- 9.2 Market Evolution
10 Geographical Overview
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.1.1.1 UK
- 10.1.1.2 France
- 10.1.1.3 Germany
- 10.1.1.4 Spain
- 10.1.1.5 Italy
- 10.1.1 By Country
- 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.2.1.1 India
- 10.2.1.2 China
- 10.2.1.3 Japan
- 10.2.1.4 South Korea
- 10.2.1 By Country
- 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.3.1.1 Brazil
- 10.3.1.2 Argentina
- 10.3.1.3 Mexico
- 10.3.1 By Country
- 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.4.1.1 USA
- 10.4.1.2 Canada
- 10.4.1 By Country
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.5.1.1 Middle East
- 10.5.1.2 Africa
- 10.5.1 By Country
- 10.6 Automotive Parking Brake Market by Region
- 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
11 Global Economic Factors
- 11.1 Inflation Impact
- 11.2 Trade Policies
12 Technology & Innovation
- 12.1 Emerging Technologies
- 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
- 12.3 Patent Research
13 Investment & Market Growth
- 13.1 Funding Trends
- 13.2 Future Market Projections
14 Market Overview & Key Insights
- 14.1 Executive Summary
- 14.2 Key Trends
- 14.3 Market Challenges
- 14.4 Regulatory Landscape
Segments Analyzed in the Report
The global Automotive Parking Brake market is categorized based on
By Product Type
- Electric Parking Brake
- Manual Parking Brake
- Electronic Parking Brake
- Hydraulic Parking Brake
- Mechanical Parking Brake
By Application
- Passenger Vehicles
- Commercial Vehicles
- Electric Vehicles
- Autonomous Vehicles
- Others
By Material Type
- Steel
- Aluminum
- Carbon Fiber
- Others
By Region
- North America
- Europe
- Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Middle East & Africa
Key Players
- Brembo S.p.A
- Continental AG
- DSG Technology Inc.
- Hella GmbH & Co. KGaA
- Knorr-Bremse AG
- Robert Bosch GmbH
- TRW Automotive Holdings Corp.
- WABCO Holdings Inc.
- Hankook Tire Technology
- Acument Global Technologies
- Aisin Seiki Co., Ltd.
- Valeo S.A.
- PBR Australia Pty Ltd.
- Zhongce Rubber Group Co., Ltd.
- Frenos Nacirema S.A.
- Publish Date : Jan 20 ,2025
- Report ID : AU-1812
- No. Of Pages : 100
- Format : |
- Ratings : 4.5 (110 Reviews)
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