Automotive Coolant Sales

Automotive Coolant Sales Market Outlook

The global automotive coolant market is projected to reach approximately USD 13 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5% during the forecast period of 2025 to 2035. This growth is mainly driven by the increasing production and sales of vehicles worldwide, along with the rising demand for efficient engine cooling solutions. Moreover, the continuous advancements in automotive technology and the growing adoption of electric vehicles are expected to further bolster the demand for various types of coolants. Additionally, the expanding automotive aftermarket and increased awareness regarding vehicle maintenance will positively impact market growth. As a result, the automotive coolant sales market is set to experience significant expansion in the coming years.

Growth Factor of the Market

One of the primary growth factors for the automotive coolant market is the increasing vehicle production and sales across the globe. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, with new models and technologies being introduced, the demand for effective cooling solutions has become paramount to ensure optimal performance and longevity of vehicles. Furthermore, the burgeoning electric vehicle market is set to create new opportunities for coolant manufacturers, as these vehicles require specialized cooling systems to manage battery temperature effectively. Additionally, the growing awareness among consumers about the importance of regular vehicle maintenance has led to an increase in coolant sales through the aftermarket. The trend of integrating innovative technologies, such as hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT), is also driving growth, as these products offer superior performance and environmental benefits. Lastly, stringent environmental regulations regarding vehicle emissions and fluid disposal are pushing manufacturers to develop eco-friendly coolant options, thus contributing to market growth.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The automotive coolant market is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 5% from 2025 to 2035.
• Ethylene glycol coolant remains the most widely used coolant type due to its cost-effectiveness and excellent thermal properties.
• The rise in electric vehicle production is anticipated to create new demand for specialized coolants.
• Aftermarket distribution channels are projected to witness significant growth due to increasing consumer awareness regarding vehicle maintenance.
• North America holds a substantial share of the automotive coolant market, driven by high vehicle ownership rates and stringent emission regulations.

By Product Type

Ethylene Glycol Coolant:

Ethylene glycol coolant is one of the most widely utilized types of automotive coolant due to its effective heat transfer capabilities and cost efficiency. This coolant is commonly used in both passenger and commercial vehicles, providing excellent freeze and boil-over protection. Its high boiling point and low freezing point make it particularly suitable for diverse climatic conditions. Additionally, ethylene glycol is often blended with various additives to enhance its performance characteristics, such as corrosion resistance and foaming reduction. However, it is essential for users to handle ethylene glycol safely, as it is toxic when ingested, leading to increased regulatory scrutiny and a drive towards safer alternatives.

Propylene Glycol Coolant:

Propylene glycol coolant is gaining popularity as a safer alternative to ethylene glycol, particularly in applications where there is a risk of coolant leaks or spills. Its low toxicity makes it an appealing choice for use in food processing, agriculture, and in vehicles that are likely to come into contact with animals. In addition to being less toxic, propylene glycol also provides good thermal protection and is compatible with various materials, which makes it an ideal choice for a variety of automotive applications. The growing trend towards eco-friendly products is further driving the demand for propylene glycol coolants, particularly among environmentally-conscious consumers and manufacturers aiming to meet stringent environmental standards.

Glycerin Coolant:

Glycerin coolant is an emerging option in the automotive coolant market due to its biodegradable properties and environmental safety profile. Derived from renewable sources, glycerin is a non-toxic alternative that offers effective cooling performance while minimizing environmental impact. Its application is particularly relevant in scenarios involving potential leaks or spills, such as in agricultural or recreational vehicles. While glycerin coolants have not yet gained widespread acceptance compared to traditional coolants, ongoing research and development efforts are expected to enhance their performance characteristics and promote their adoption in the automotive sector.

Organic Acid Coolant:

Organic acid coolants (OAT) are formulated using organic acids as their primary corrosion inhibitors, offering enhanced protection for automotive engines. These coolants are particularly favored for their extended service life, which typically ranges from 5 to 7 years or up to 150,000 miles, depending on the vehicle and usage conditions. The growing preference for longer-lasting maintenance solutions is driving the adoption of organic acid coolants, especially among manufacturers of modern vehicles designed with advanced cooling systems. Furthermore, OATs are less corrosive to engine components, which contributes to their increasing popularity among consumers who are looking for reliable and efficient cooling solutions.

Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT) Coolant:

Hybrid organic acid technology (HOAT) coolant represents a blend of traditional inorganic and organic acid technologies, offering a well-rounded solution that combines the benefits of both types. HOAT coolants provide excellent protection against corrosion, scaling, and foaming, and they typically feature an extended service life that appeals to consumers looking for convenient maintenance options. This type of coolant is often recommended by automotive manufacturers and is widely used in a variety of vehicles, including passenger cars and light trucks. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, HOAT coolant is likely to gain further traction as manufacturers emphasize the importance of high-performance cooling solutions.

By Application

Passenger Vehicles:

The passenger vehicle segment dominates the automotive coolant market, accounting for a significant share due to the high volume of vehicle production and ownership worldwide. With millions of passenger vehicles on the road, the demand for reliable coolant solutions to prevent overheating and maintain engine performance is ever-increasing. Passenger vehicles utilize a range of coolants tailored to their specific engine requirements, with manufacturers often recommending specific formulations to optimize engine efficiency. Additionally, rising consumer awareness regarding vehicle maintenance is further driving the demand for high-quality coolants in this segment, leading to increased sales through both OEM and aftermarket channels.

Commercial Vehicles:

Commercial vehicles, including trucks, buses, and vans, represent a substantial segment of the automotive coolant market. The operational demands placed on commercial vehicles require robust cooling solutions to prevent engine overheating and ensure uninterrupted performance, especially during heavy loads and prolonged use. As a result, manufacturers often recommend specialized coolant formulations designed for the unique operating conditions encountered by these vehicles. The growth of e-commerce and logistics sectors has led to an increase in commercial vehicle utilization, further boosting demand for high-performance coolants. Moreover, the shift towards fuel-efficient and environmentally friendly vehicles will also drive innovation within this segment, leading to the development of advanced coolant solutions.

Off-Highway Vehicles:

Off-highway vehicles, such as construction and agricultural machinery, have unique cooling requirements due to their operation in harsh environments and demanding conditions. The cooling systems in these vehicles must be capable of handling high temperatures and extended operational hours without failure. This segment is witnessing growing demand for specialized coolants that offer superior thermal protection, corrosion resistance, and compatibility with various materials used in off-highway applications. As the construction and agriculture sectors continue to grow, driven by infrastructure development and increased food production, the demand for effective cooling solutions in off-highway vehicles is also expected to rise significantly.

Electric Vehicles:

The electric vehicle segment is emerging as a crucial player in the automotive coolant market, as these vehicles require specialized cooling solutions to manage battery temperature and ensure optimal performance. Efficient thermal management is essential for maintaining battery life, performance, and safety, making the development of effective coolants for electric vehicles a priority for manufacturers. As the demand for electric vehicles continues to surge due to environmental concerns and regulatory incentives, the need for innovative coolant solutions tailored specifically for EV applications is expected to increase substantially. This segment offers lucrative growth opportunities for manufacturers looking to capitalize on the electrification trend within the automotive industry.

Others:

The 'Others' application segment encompasses various specialized vehicles and equipment that require automotive coolants, including motorcycles, recreational vehicles (RVs), and marine applications. While this segment may not account for a substantial share of the overall market, it still presents unique opportunities for coolant manufacturers to develop tailored solutions for diverse applications. The growing popularity of recreational vehicles and motorcycles, particularly among adventure enthusiasts, is driving the demand for effective cooling solutions that can withstand extreme conditions. Manufacturers are increasingly focusing on research and development efforts to create innovative coolant formulations that cater to these niche markets.

By Distribution Channel

OEMs:

The original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) segment plays a vital role in the automotive coolant market, as these companies are responsible for equipping vehicles with the necessary coolant formulations during production. OEMs often recommend specific coolant types based on their vehicles' design and performance requirements, ensuring optimal engine cooling and longevity. Due to the large volume of vehicles produced annually, the OEM distribution channel remains a significant contributor to overall coolant sales. Furthermore, collaborations between coolant manufacturers and automotive brands to develop proprietary formulations tailored for specific vehicle models are likely to strengthen this segment even further in the coming years.

Aftermarket:

The aftermarket distribution channel is witnessing substantial growth, driven by increasing consumer awareness regarding vehicle maintenance and the need for high-quality coolant solutions. As vehicles require regular servicing and fluid replacements, the demand for automotive coolants in the aftermarket continues to rise. Consumers are becoming more proactive about maintaining their vehicles, leading to increased sales through auto parts stores, repair shops, and online retail channels. Additionally, the growth of e-commerce has made it easier for consumers to access a wide variety of coolant products, further boosting aftermarket sales. As a result, manufacturers are focusing on marketing their products to both professional mechanics and DIY consumers to capture a larger share of the aftermarket segment.

Online Retail:

The online retail channel has emerged as a popular option for purchasing automotive coolants, particularly among tech-savvy consumers who prefer the convenience of shopping from home. E-commerce platforms provide consumers with access to a broader range of products, competitive pricing, and detailed product information, making it easier to compare different coolant options. As more consumers turn to online shopping for automotive products, manufacturers are increasingly investing in digital marketing strategies to enhance their online presence and attract customers. This trend is expected to continue, with online retail sales of automotive coolants anticipated to grow significantly in the coming years, driven by convenience and the demand for easy access to high-quality products.

Auto Parts Stores:

Auto parts stores represent a traditional distribution channel for automotive coolants, catering to a diverse range of consumer needs. These stores typically offer a variety of coolant brands and formulations, providing consumers with the opportunity to select the product that best suits their vehicle's requirements. The knowledgeable staff at these stores can assist customers in making informed decisions about the right coolant for their vehicles, further enhancing the shopping experience. The growth of auto parts stores can be attributed to their accessibility and ability to provide immediate solutions for consumers who need coolant replacements or maintenance products. As vehicle ownership continues to rise, auto parts stores are expected to maintain a significant presence in the automotive coolant market.

Others:

The 'Others' distribution channel encompasses additional sales avenues such as specialty retailers, wholesale distributors, and direct sales to automotive service providers. These channels play a crucial role in reaching diverse customer segments and facilitating the distribution of automotive coolants. Specialty retailers may focus on niche products or high-performance coolants for specific applications, while wholesale distributors can help manufacturers expand their reach in regional markets. As the automotive sector evolves, manufacturers are likely to explore various distribution strategies to enhance their market presence and cater to the diverse needs of consumers across different channels.

By Ingredient Type

Water:

Water is the primary ingredient in most automotive coolants, serving as the base fluid that facilitates heat transfer within the engine's cooling system. Its excellent thermal conductivity and availability make it an essential component in many coolant formulations. However, water alone does not provide adequate protection against freezing or corrosion, which is why it is often combined with various additives to enhance its performance. The ratio of water to antifreeze in a coolant mixture is crucial, as it directly affects the fluid's boiling and freezing points. As vehicle manufacturers continue to optimize engine designs and cooling systems, the formulation of water-based coolants is expected to evolve, with an emphasis on achieving the ideal balance between thermal efficiency and protection.

Additives:

Additives play a critical role in automotive coolants, enhancing their performance and ensuring optimal engine protection. These additives are designed to prevent corrosion, inhibit foaming, and improve thermal stability, among other functions. Different coolant formulations utilize a variety of additives to cater to specific engine requirements, and the choice of additives can significantly impact the coolant's effectiveness and longevity. As manufacturers prioritize developing high-performance coolants, the focus on additive technology is likely to intensify, with innovations aimed at improving the overall performance and environmental safety of automotive coolants. Ultimately, the right combination of additives in coolant formulations can help extend the service life of engines and enhance overall vehicle performance.

By Region

The North American automotive coolant market is poised for significant growth, driven by the high rate of vehicle ownership and the presence of established automotive manufacturers. This region accounts for a substantial share of the global market, with major players continuously innovating to meet the demands of consumers for higher-quality and longer-lasting coolant formulations. Additionally, stringent regulations regarding vehicle emissions and fluid disposal are pushing manufacturers to develop eco-friendly coolant options. The North American market is expected to grow at a CAGR of approximately 4.5%, reflecting the ongoing investments in the automotive sector and the increasing consumer focus on vehicle maintenance.

In Europe, the automotive coolant market is also witnessing a robust growth trajectory, supported by the rising production of passenger and commercial vehicles. The presence of leading automotive manufacturers and a strong automotive aftermarket are driving the demand for high-performance coolants across the region. Furthermore, the European market is characterized by a growing emphasis on sustainability and environmental standards, prompting manufacturers to innovate and develop eco-friendly coolant solutions. The European automotive coolant market is expected to grow at a CAGR of around 4%, highlighting the region's commitment to advancing automotive technology and meeting consumer demands for superior cooling solutions.

Opportunities

The automotive coolant market is poised for considerable opportunities due to the burgeoning electric vehicle (EV) segment. As the demand for electric vehicles continues to grow, the necessity for specialized cooling solutions designed to maintain optimal battery and motor temperatures becomes increasingly apparent. This presents a unique opportunity for coolant manufacturers to develop tailored coolant formulations specifically designed for EV applications. By focusing on innovation in this area, manufacturers can establish a competitive advantage and cater to the growing needs of the electric vehicle market, which is expected to expand significantly in the coming years. Collaborations with automotive manufacturers and research institutions to develop cutting-edge cooling solutions can further bolster market growth in this segment.

Additionally, the increasing emphasis on sustainability and environmental regulations is driving the demand for eco-friendly automotive coolants. Consumers are becoming more conscious of their environmental footprint, leading to a shift in preference toward biodegradable and non-toxic coolant formulations. Manufacturers have the opportunity to invest in research and development to create innovative coolant solutions that align with these preferences. Developing and marketing eco-friendly products can attract a new customer base and enhance brand loyalty among environmentally-conscious consumers. The integration of sustainable practices throughout the supply chain will not only benefit the environment but also position manufacturers as responsible market players, further fueling opportunities for growth within the automotive coolant sector.

Threats

Despite the potential for growth in the automotive coolant market, several threats could pose challenges to manufacturers and distributors. One of the most significant threats is the increasing competition from alternative coolant technologies, including advanced cooling systems that may reduce or eliminate the need for traditional coolants. As automotive manufacturers continue to innovate and explore new technologies, the demand for conventional automotive coolants may be adversely affected. Furthermore, fluctuations in raw material prices and supply chain disruptions can impact production costs and profit margins, making it essential for manufacturers to develop strategies to mitigate these risks. Keeping pace with technological advancements and maintaining a competitive edge will be vital for companies operating in this dynamic market.

Another challenge facing the automotive coolant market is the growing consumer awareness of coolant safety, particularly concerning toxic ingredients found in traditional coolants. As consumers seek safer alternatives, manufacturers may face pressure to reformulate their products to meet evolving safety standards and consumer expectations. The transition to more environmentally friendly and non-toxic formulations may require considerable investment in research and development, impacting profit margins in the short term. Additionally, regulatory changes related to chemical usage in coolant formulations can create compliance challenges for manufacturers. Adapting to these changes and ensuring product safety will be crucial for companies to maintain their market position and reputation.

Competitor Outlook

• Prestone Products Corporation
• Valvoline Inc.
• Royal Purple
• Zerex (Old World Industries)
• Lucas Oil Products, Inc.
• Mopar
• Peak Auto
• Shell Motor Oil
• TotalEnergies
• Castrol Limited
• Glycol Solutions, Inc.
• Ford Motor Company
• BMW AG
• General Motors
• Dow Chemical Company

The competitive landscape of the automotive coolant market is characterized by a mix of well-established players and emerging companies striving to capture market share through innovation and strategic partnerships. Major companies such as Prestone, Valvoline, and Royal Purple have a strong presence in the market, offering a diverse range of coolant products tailored to various vehicle types and applications. These companies invest heavily in research and development to create high-performance coolants that meet the evolving needs of consumers and comply with stringent regulations. Additionally, they engage in marketing campaigns to promote their products and enhance brand recognition within the automotive community.

Moreover, many automotive coolant manufacturers are focusing on sustainability and eco-friendly formulations to align with the growing consumer demand for environmentally responsible products. Companies like TotalEnergies and Dow Chemical are actively working to develop biodegradable coolants that reduce environmental impact without compromising performance. This trend towards greener solutions not only helps manufacturers differentiate their products but also strengthens their market positioning in the face of increasing regulatory scrutiny and consumer awareness surrounding environmental issues. Collaborative efforts with automotive manufacturers to develop proprietary coolant formulations further enhance competitiveness and market reach.

Additionally, the market is witnessing a rise in start-ups and smaller companies that specialize in niche coolant formulations, such as those designed for electric vehicles or organic-based coolants. These companies are leveraging innovative technologies and marketing strategies to penetrate the market and capture specific consumer segments. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, the competitive landscape of the coolant market is expected to become increasingly dynamic, with companies continually adapting to changing consumer preferences and technological advancements. The ability to anticipate market trends and respond effectively will be crucial for all players in the automotive coolant market.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Mopar
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 BMW AG
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Peak Auto
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Royal Purple
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 TotalEnergies
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 General Motors
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Valvoline Inc.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Castrol Limited
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Shell Motor Oil
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Ford Motor Company
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Dow Chemical Company
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Glycol Solutions, Inc.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Lucas Oil Products, Inc.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Zerex (Old World Industries)
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Prestone Products Corporation
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Automotive Coolant Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Passenger Vehicles
    • 6.1.2 Commercial Vehicles
    • 6.1.3 Off-Highway Vehicles
    • 6.1.4 Electric Vehicles
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Automotive Coolant Sales Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Ethylene Glycol Coolant
    • 6.2.2 Propylene Glycol Coolant
    • 6.2.3 Glycerin Coolant
    • 6.2.4 Organic Acid Coolant
    • 6.2.5 Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT) Coolant
  • 6.3 Automotive Coolant Sales Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Water
    • 6.3.2 Additives

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Automotive Coolant Sales Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Automotive Coolant Sales market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Ethylene Glycol Coolant
• Propylene Glycol Coolant
• Glycerin Coolant
• Organic Acid Coolant
• Hybrid Organic Acid Technology (HOAT) Coolant

By Application

• Passenger Vehicles
• Commercial Vehicles
• Off-Highway Vehicles
• Electric Vehicles
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Water
• Additives

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Prestone Products Corporation
• Valvoline Inc.
• Royal Purple
• Zerex (Old World Industries)
• Lucas Oil Products, Inc.
• Mopar
• Peak Auto
• Shell Motor Oil
• TotalEnergies
• Castrol Limited
• Glycol Solutions, Inc.
• Ford Motor Company
• BMW AG
• General Motors
• Dow Chemical Company