Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump Sales

Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump Sales Market Outlook

The global Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump market is poised to reach a significant market size of USD 1.2 billion by 2035, expanding at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 8.5% from 2025 to 2035. The growing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) is driving the market's expansion, as electric vacuum pumps play a crucial role in enhancing vehicle efficiency and safety. Moreover, the increasing emphasis on reducing carbon emissions and improving fuel efficiency is pushing automotive manufacturers to adopt electric vacuum pumps over traditional mechanical systems. The technological advancements in electric vacuum pump designs are also contributing to the heightened demand, enabling more reliable and efficient operations. Consequently, the market is anticipated to witness robust growth in the coming years.

Growth Factor of the Market

Several factors are propelling the growth of the Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump market. Firstly, the global shift towards electrification in the automotive sector is a primary driver, as electric vacuum pumps offer significant advantages in terms of reliability and performance compared to conventional pumps. Secondly, the increasing adoption of hybrid and electric vehicles is contributing to the rising demand, as these vehicles often require efficient vacuum systems for brake boosters and other applications. Thirdly, advancements in technology, such as smart vacuum pumps that provide real-time data and diagnostics, are enhancing the performance and efficiency of electric vacuum pumps, thereby attracting more manufacturers. Additionally, stricter emissions regulations worldwide are prompting automakers to innovate and replace mechanical systems with electric alternatives, further invigorating market growth. Lastly, the growing trend of integrating advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) in vehicles is increasing the need for reliable vacuum systems, positioning electric vacuum pumps as indispensable components in modern automotive applications.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The global market is expected to reach USD 1.2 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 8.5% from 2025 to 2035.
• Electric vacuum pumps are increasingly replacing mechanical systems due to their efficiency and performance advantages.
• Growing adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles is driving market demand significantly.
• Technological advancements, including smart vacuum pump features, enhance operational efficiency.
• Stricter emissions regulations worldwide are promoting the shift towards electric alternatives in automotive systems.

By Product Type

Diaphragm Type:

The diaphragm type electric vacuum pump is widely recognized for its compact design and efficient performance, making it a favored choice for various automotive applications. Its operation is based on the movement of a flexible diaphragm, which creates a vacuum by displacing air. This type of pump is particularly effective in applications requiring consistent vacuum levels, such as brake boosters and HVAC systems. The diaphragm type is also noted for its ability to function quietly and with minimal vibration, contributing to a more pleasant driving experience. As the automotive industry increasingly emphasizes noise reduction and interior comfort, the diaphragm type is expected to witness substantial growth due to its inherent advantages.

Leaf Type:

Leaf type electric vacuum pumps utilize a unique mechanism involving flexible leaves that create a vacuum through rapid oscillation. This design allows for a compact structure, making it suitable for space-constrained environments within vehicles. Leaf type pumps are particularly effective for systems requiring quick response times, such as turbocharging and brake assist systems. The increasing adoption of advanced turbocharging technologies in modern vehicles is driving demand for this type of pump. As automotive manufacturers seek to optimize engine performance while maintaining efficiency, the leaf type electric vacuum pump's benefits are becoming more prominent, leading to increased adoption across various vehicle platforms.

Swing Piston Type:

The swing piston type vacuum pump operates on a mechanism where a piston swings to create a vacuum, offering high efficiency and reliability. This type is particularly well-suited for applications that demand high vacuum levels and consistent performance over extended periods. Its robust design makes it ideal for heavy-duty vehicles and applications where durability is critical. As the automotive industry continues to evolve towards more powerful and efficient engines, the swing piston type vacuum pump is expected to gain traction, especially in performance vehicles and commercial transport solutions where reliability under demanding conditions is paramount.

Screw Type:

Screw type electric vacuum pumps leverage a pair of interlocking screws that compress air to generate a vacuum. This design contributes to a high level of efficiency and minimal energy consumption, making it an increasingly popular choice among automotive manufacturers aiming to enhance fuel economy. The screw type pump is particularly effective in applications requiring continuous vacuum operation, such as in brake systems and emission control systems. As vehicle manufacturers focus on sustainability and efficiency, the screw type vacuum pump is expected to see increased adoption in both conventional and electric vehicle segments, driven by its ability to reduce overall energy usage and emissions.

Rotary Vane Type:

The rotary vane type electric vacuum pump operates through the rotation of vanes within a cylindrical housing, creating a vacuum as the vanes slide in and out of the housing. This design is known for its reliability and ability to generate high vacuum levels, making it suitable for various automotive applications, including brake boosters and air conditioning systems. The versatility of the rotary vane type allows it to be used in both electric and internal combustion engine vehicles, catering to a broad market. As the automotive sector continues to innovate and develop more efficient systems, the rotary vane vacuum pump will likely maintain a strong presence due to its proven performance and adaptability across different vehicle types.

By Application

Brake Booster:

Electric vacuum pumps are increasingly being integrated into brake booster systems, providing the necessary vacuum assistance for effective braking performance. With the advent of advanced braking systems, the need for consistent and reliable vacuum levels has become paramount. Electric vacuum pumps provide a solution that not only enhances braking efficiency but also contributes to vehicle safety by ensuring effective brake response in various driving conditions. As regulatory standards for vehicle safety become stricter, the demand for electric vacuum pumps in brake booster applications is expected to rise, positioning them as critical components in modern automotive designs.

Turbocharger:

The integration of electric vacuum pumps with turbocharger systems is becoming more prevalent as manufacturers strive to enhance engine performance and efficiency. Electric vacuum pumps help maintain optimal vacuum levels essential for turbocharger operation, thereby improving engine responsiveness and fuel efficiency. As the market for high-performance and fuel-efficient vehicles continues to expand, the demand for electric vacuum pumps in turbocharger applications is anticipated to grow. This segment is expected to see significant investment as automakers seek to leverage technology to improve overall vehicle dynamics, making electric vacuum pumps a vital component in next-generation turbocharged engines.

Transmission:

In the context of transmission systems, electric vacuum pumps serve to create the necessary vacuum for various functions, including gear shifting and clutch engagement. The increasing complexity of modern transmission systems, particularly in automatic and semi-automatic gearboxes, necessitates efficient vacuum solutions. Electric vacuum pumps enhance the precision and responsiveness of transmission systems, thereby improving overall vehicle performance and driver experience. As the automotive market moves towards more sophisticated transmission technologies, the demand for electric vacuum pumps in this application is likely to witness sustained growth, driven by the need for enhanced vehicle performance and efficiency.

EV Battery:

The growing electric vehicle market has introduced new applications for electric vacuum pumps, particularly in EV battery management systems. These pumps help regulate the thermal management of battery systems, ensuring optimal operating temperatures for improved efficiency and longevity. As the demand for electric vehicles increases, so too does the importance of managing battery performance, making electric vacuum pumps essential components in this domain. The trend towards integrating advanced cooling and management systems in electric vehicles will likely bolster the demand for electric vacuum pumps in EV battery applications, positioning them as key players in the electrification of the automotive industry.

HVAC System:

Electric vacuum pumps play a significant role in HVAC systems within vehicles, providing the necessary vacuum pressure for optimal climate control and cabin comfort. As consumer expectations for comfort and convenience in vehicles rise, manufacturers are increasingly incorporating electric vacuum pumps to enhance HVAC system performance. These pumps enable efficient control of airflow and temperature regulation, contributing to a more enjoyable driving experience. Furthermore, with the growing emphasis on energy efficiency and sustainability in vehicle design, the integration of electric vacuum pumps in HVAC systems is expected to increase, driven by their ability to enhance performance while reducing energy consumption.

By Distribution Channel

OEMs:

The OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) distribution channel plays a pivotal role in the Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump market as major automotive manufacturers incorporate electric vacuum pumps into their production lines. OEMs often collaborate closely with vacuum pump manufacturers to develop tailored solutions that meet specific vehicle requirements. This partnership allows for the integration of the latest technologies and innovations, ensuring that the pumps meet performance standards and regulatory requirements. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, the OEM distribution channel is expected to maintain a strong position in the market, driven by the increasing production of electric vehicles and the growing importance of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS).

Aftermarket:

The aftermarket segment is gaining traction as vehicle owners seek replacements and upgrades for existing electric vacuum pumps. As vehicles age, the need for maintenance and component replacements becomes critical, contributing to the demand for aftermarket electric vacuum pumps. Additionally, as consumers become more aware of the benefits of electric vacuum pumps, there is a shift towards upgrading from mechanical systems to electric alternatives, further fueling aftermarket growth. The ability to source high-quality replacements that meet or exceed OEM specifications is essential for many vehicle owners, making the aftermarket a dynamic and competitive segment within the overall market.

By Technology

Electric Drive:

Electric drive technology is the most prevalent in the Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump market, offering significant advantages in terms of efficiency and performance. Electric drive pumps are powered directly by the vehicle's electrical system, enabling precise control over vacuum levels based on real-time requirements. This capability ensures that the pumps operate only when needed, leading to improved energy efficiency and reduced emissions. As the automotive industry increasingly prioritizes sustainability and fuel efficiency, electric drive technology is expected to dominate the market, driving innovation and growth across various applications.

Belt Drive:

Belt drive technology remains a common choice for electric vacuum pumps, especially in traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. This system utilizes a belt connected to the engine to drive the vacuum pump, providing a reliable source of power. While belt drive systems have been effective, they are generally less efficient than electric drive systems, as they depend on engine speed and load. However, the simplicity and reliability of belt drive technology continue to make it a viable option for many automotive applications. As the market evolves, manufacturers may focus on optimizing belt drive designs to enhance performance in conjunction with modern engine technologies.

Cam Drive:

Cam drive technology is less common but offers unique advantages in specific applications. This type of vacuum pump utilizes a cam mechanism to create vacuum pressure, allowing for precise control and consistent performance. Cam drive systems can be advantageous in high-performance applications where reliability and responsiveness are paramount. However, the complexity of cam drive designs may limit their widespread application in the mass market. As automotive technologies continue to advance, the role of cam drive vacuum pumps may become more defined, particularly in niche markets where performance is a critical factor.

Hybrid Drive:

Hybrid drive technology combines elements of both electric and mechanical systems, allowing for versatility and adaptability in various applications. This innovative approach enables vacuum pumps to operate both on mechanical power and electric power as needed, optimizing performance while reducing energy consumption. Hybrid drive systems are particularly beneficial in vehicles requiring both high levels of vacuum for certain functions and the ability to conserve energy when demand is lower. As automotive manufacturers increasingly seek to improve efficiency and reduce emissions, hybrid drive technology may gain traction, offering a balanced solution for electric vacuum pump applications.

Pneumatic Drive:

Pneumatic drive technology utilizes compressed air to generate vacuum pressure, which can be advantageous in specific applications, particularly in heavy-duty vehicles or industrial settings. While not as common in passenger vehicles, pneumatic drive systems can provide significant advantages in terms of performance and reliability under demanding conditions. However, the reliance on an additional air supply can limit the application of pneumatic drive vacuum pumps in conventional automotive settings. As the industry continues to innovate, the potential for pneumatic drive technology may find new niches within specialized vehicle segments or applications where performance is crucial.

By Region

The regional analysis of the Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump market indicates that North America holds a substantial share of the market, driven by the increasing adoption of electric and hybrid vehicles. The region is expected to see a CAGR of around 8.5% during the forecast period, supported by stringent regulations regarding emissions and the growing demand for advanced safety features in vehicles. The presence of major automotive manufacturers and a robust supply chain further strengthen North America's position in the market. Additionally, the growing trend of electrification in the automotive sector is anticipated to drive the demand for electric vacuum pumps, aligning with regional sustainability goals.

In Europe, the market for electric vacuum pumps is also witnessing significant growth, primarily due to the region's focus on reducing carbon emissions and promoting electric mobility. The European market is characterized by a strong emphasis on innovation and the adoption of advanced vehicle technologies. Various government initiatives aimed at promoting electric vehicles and stringent regulatory frameworks are expected to further enhance the market landscape. The region is projected to capture a considerable market share, with an anticipated CAGR of around 7.8% over the forecast period, reflecting the increasing investment in electric and hybrid vehicle development.

Opportunities

The Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump market presents numerous opportunities driven by the global push towards electrification and sustainable transportation. As automakers strive to meet stricter emissions and efficiency standards, the demand for electric vacuum pumps is expected to surge. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of electric and hybrid vehicle production provides a fertile ground for electric vacuum pump manufacturers to introduce innovative products that cater to this emerging market. The increasing integration of advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) in vehicles opens up additional avenues for growth, as electric vacuum pumps play a critical role in ensuring optimal operation of these technologies. The need for enhanced vehicle safety and performance will continue to drive demand, positioning electric vacuum pumps as essential components in modern automotive designs.

Another opportunity lies in the aftermarket segment, where vehicle owners are seeking replacements and upgrades for existing components. As awareness of the benefits of electric vacuum pumps grows, there is a trend towards retrofitting older vehicles with electric systems. This transition not only improves the performance of aging vehicles but also aligns with broader sustainability goals. Furthermore, the potential for technological advancements in electric vacuum pump design, such as the integration of smart features and IoT connectivity, presents an exciting opportunity for manufacturers. By leveraging these innovations, companies can address the evolving needs of consumers and position themselves as leaders in this competitive market.

Threats

Despite the promising growth prospects, the Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump market faces several threats that could impact its trajectory. One significant challenge is the volatility of raw material prices, which can affect production costs and profit margins for manufacturers. As the automotive industry becomes increasingly competitive, companies may struggle to maintain pricing power, leading to potential cost-cutting measures that could compromise product quality. Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancements poses a threat, as manufacturers must continuously innovate to stay ahead of competitors. Failure to adapt to emerging trends in automotive technology could result in loss of market share and diminished competitiveness.

Additionally, the rise of alternative technologies and solutions could pose a threat to the electric vacuum pump market. For instance, advancements in regenerative braking systems and other vacuum-related technologies may reduce the reliance on traditional vacuum pumps in some applications. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, manufacturers must remain vigilant and responsive to shifts in consumer preferences and technological advancements. The increasing complexity of automotive systems may also present challenges in terms of integration and compatibility with existing technologies, further complicating the market landscape.

Competitor Outlook

• Robert Bosch GmbH
• Continental AG
• Valeo S.A.
• Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.
• Mahle GmbH
• Denso Corporation
• Delphi Technologies
• Sanden Corporation
• TRW Automotive Holdings Corp.
• Pierburg GmbH
• Wabco Holdings Inc.
• Johnson Electric Holdings Limited
• Shenzhen Hiconics Drive Technology Co., Ltd.
• FTE automotive GmbH
• Hitachi Automotive Systems

The competitive landscape of the Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump market is characterized by the presence of several key players, each vying for a substantial share by leveraging technological advancements and strategic partnerships. Companies such as Robert Bosch GmbH and Continental AG continue to lead the market, driven by their extensive research and development capabilities and a strong focus on innovation. These companies are investing heavily in the development of electric vacuum pumps that not only meet current automotive demands but also anticipate future trends in electrification and sustainability. Furthermore, collaborations with automakers and technology firms enhance their competitive edge, allowing them to deliver cutting-edge solutions tailored to meet specific needs.

Another significant player in the market, Valeo S.A., is recognized for its commitment to sustainability and the development of environmentally friendly automotive technologies. The company's innovative electric vacuum pump solutions are designed to optimize vehicle performance while minimizing energy consumption. Similarly, Denso Corporation and Mahle GmbH are focusing on expanding their product portfolios by investing in new technologies that improve efficiency and performance. These companies are not only enhancing their existing product lines but are also exploring opportunities in emerging markets, particularly in Asia Pacific, where the demand for electric vehicles is rapidly increasing.

Furthermore, new entrants and smaller players are also making their mark by offering specialized electric vacuum pump solutions tailored to niche markets. Companies like Shenzhen Hiconics Drive Technology Co., Ltd. are capitalizing on the growing trend of electric vehicle adoption in Asia, providing innovative products that address the unique challenges faced by EV manufacturers. As the market continues to evolve, the competitive landscape is likely to become more dynamic, with established players and new entrants striving to differentiate themselves through technology, performance, and customer service.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Mahle GmbH
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Valeo S.A.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Pierburg GmbH
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Continental AG
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Denso Corporation
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Robert Bosch GmbH
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Sanden Corporation
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Delphi Technologies
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 FTE automotive GmbH
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Wabco Holdings Inc.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Hitachi Automotive Systems
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 TRW Automotive Holdings Corp.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Johnson Electric Holdings Limited
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Shenzhen Hiconics Drive Technology Co., Ltd.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump Sales Market, By Technology
    • 6.1.1 Electric Drive
    • 6.1.2 Belt Drive
    • 6.1.3 Cam Drive
    • 6.1.4 Hybrid Drive
    • 6.1.5 Pneumatic Drive
  • 6.2 Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.2.1 Brake Booster
    • 6.2.2 Turbocharger
    • 6.2.3 Transmission
    • 6.2.4 EV Battery
    • 6.2.5 HVAC System
  • 6.3 Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump Sales Market, By Product Type
    • 6.3.1 Diaphragm Type
    • 6.3.2 Leaf Type
    • 6.3.3 Swing Piston Type
    • 6.3.4 Screw Type
    • 6.3.5 Rotary Vane Type

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump Sales Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Automobile EVP Electric Vacuum Pump Sales market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Diaphragm Type
• Leaf Type
• Swing Piston Type
• Screw Type
• Rotary Vane Type

By Application

• Brake Booster
• Turbocharger
• Transmission
• EV Battery
• HVAC System

By Technology

• Electric Drive
• Belt Drive
• Cam Drive
• Hybrid Drive
• Pneumatic Drive

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Robert Bosch GmbH
• Continental AG
• Valeo S.A.
• Hella KGaA Hueck & Co.
• Mahle GmbH
• Denso Corporation
• Delphi Technologies
• Sanden Corporation
• TRW Automotive Holdings Corp.
• Pierburg GmbH
• Wabco Holdings Inc.
• Johnson Electric Holdings Limited
• Shenzhen Hiconics Drive Technology Co., Ltd.
• FTE automotive GmbH
• Hitachi Automotive Systems