Automobile Castings

Automobile Castings Market Outlook

The global automobile castings market is projected to reach USD 160 billion by 2035, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This robust growth can be attributed to an increase in automotive production and sales worldwide, driven by rising consumer demand for vehicles and advancements in automotive technology. Furthermore, the transition towards electric vehicles (EVs) necessitates lightweight components that can be achieved through the use of advanced casting techniques. The growing focus on fuel efficiency and emission reductions has also led to an uptick in the production of lighter and more efficient vehicle components, thereby boosting the automobile castings market. Additionally, supportive government regulations promoting electric vehicle adoption and sustainable manufacturing practices are expected to contribute positively to market growth.

Growth Factor of the Market

Several factors are driving the growth of the automobile castings market. Firstly, the automotive industry's shift towards lightweight materials is creating a significant demand for aluminum and magnesium castings, which help in reducing overall vehicle weight and improving fuel efficiency. Secondly, the rapid expansion of the automotive sector in emerging markets, such as India and China, is propelling the need for high-quality cast components to support increased vehicle production. Thirdly, advancements in manufacturing technologies, including 3D printing and automation, are enhancing the efficiency and precision of casting processes, further fueling market growth. Additionally, the increasing adoption of electric vehicles necessitates the development of new types of components, which requires innovative casting methods. Lastly, an emphasis on sustainability practices is compelling manufacturers to seek out environmentally friendly materials and processes in casting production.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Projected growth of the market to USD 160 billion by 2035.
• Significant CAGR of 5.2% anticipated from 2025 to 2035.
• Increased demand for lightweight materials driven by fuel efficiency regulations.
• Expansion of the automotive industry in emerging markets like Asia-Pacific.
• Technological advancements improving casting processes and efficiency.

By Product Type

Aluminum Castings:

Aluminum castings are one of the most widely used casting types in the automobile industry due to their lightweight properties and good strength-to-weight ratio. They are commonly used in various automotive components such as engine blocks, transmission cases, and structural parts. The demand for aluminum castings is being driven by the automotive sector's need for lighter components to enhance fuel efficiency and reduce emissions. As manufacturers increasingly adopt advanced aluminum casting techniques, including die casting and sand casting, they are able to produce components with intricate designs and superior surface finishes. This trend is expected to continue as the industry moves towards electric and hybrid vehicles, which often utilize aluminum extensively to minimize weight.

Iron Castings:

Iron castings, specifically grey iron and ductile iron, are traditionally utilized in various automotive applications due to their excellent wear resistance and strength. They are predominantly used for manufacturing engine blocks, cylinder heads, and other critical components that require high durability and thermal stability. The growing demand for high-performance vehicles, coupled with the need for cost-effective materials, has ensured that iron castings remain an integral part of the automotive industry's supply chain. While there is a push for lighter materials, iron castings are still favored for their reliability and structural integrity, particularly in internal combustion engines. Advancements in casting processes, such as improved alloy compositions, continue to enhance the performance characteristics of iron castings.

Steel Castings:

Steel castings are renowned for their exceptional strength and toughness, making them critical in the manufacturing of heavy-duty components that endure significant stress and strain. Typical applications include chassis components, suspension parts, and various load-bearing structures. The increasing demand for high-strength materials in vehicles, especially in commercial and heavy-duty vehicles, is propelling the growth of the steel castings segment within the automobile castings market. Innovations in steel-grade development and casting technologies are allowing manufacturers to produce components that meet stringent safety and performance standards. As automotive designs evolve to prioritize strength and safety, steel castings are likely to maintain a vital role in the industry.

Magnesium Castings:

Magnesium castings are becoming increasingly popular in the automotive industry due to their lightweight characteristics and excellent mechanical properties. They are predominantly used in applications where weight reduction is paramount, such as in the manufacturing of engine components, transmission housings, and structural parts. The growing emphasis on electric vehicles, which require lightweight materials to enhance range and efficiency, is driving the demand for magnesium castings. Moreover, advancements in casting technologies, including thixomolding and die casting, have improved the manufacturability and performance of magnesium components. As manufacturers look to develop more efficient vehicles, the use of magnesium castings is expected to rise significantly.

Zinc Castings:

Zinc castings are recognized for their excellent corrosion resistance, ease of manufacturing, and good dimensional accuracy, making them ideal for various automotive applications. They are mainly utilized in the production of small components such as brackets, housings, and decorative parts. The automotive industry's increasing focus on aesthetics and functionality is driving the growth of zinc castings, as they can be easily plated or painted to enhance their appearance. Furthermore, zinc's inherent properties allow for the creation of intricate shapes and designs, providing manufacturers with flexibility in component design. With the ongoing innovation in casting technologies, the market for zinc castings in the automotive sector is likely to expand steadily.

By Application

Engine Components:

The engine components segment is one of the largest applications for automobile castings, encompassing various parts such as engine blocks, cylinder heads, and oil pans. The demand for these components is driven by the continuous growth in global automotive production and the need for high-performance engines that comply with stringent emission regulations. Castings made from aluminum and iron are particularly favored for engine components due to their ability to withstand high temperatures and pressures. As automakers increasingly focus on enhancing engine efficiency and performance, the demand for advanced casting techniques and materials is expected to rise, positively impacting the market for engine components.

Transmission Components:

Transmission components, including housings and gear cases, are critical to the efficient operation of vehicles. The casting of these components requires high precision and durability to withstand the mechanical stresses during operation. The shift towards automatic and hybrid transmissions has spurred the demand for lightweight and robust materials, leading to increased usage of aluminum and magnesium castings in this application. The growing trend of electric vehicles, which often utilize sophisticated transmission systems, is also expected to drive demand for specialized casting solutions tailored for performance and efficiency. As automotive technology continues to evolve, the transmission components segment will likely see significant innovations in casting processes.

Body Parts:

Body parts castings, including structural components such as frames and panels, play a crucial role in vehicle safety and aesthetics. The automotive industry's focus on crash safety and structural integrity has led to the adoption of advanced casting techniques, enabling the production of lightweight yet strong body parts. Aluminum castings, in particular, are increasingly being used for body panels due to their weight-saving advantages and corrosion resistance. As manufacturers strive to meet consumer demand for more fuel-efficient vehicles, the body parts segment will continue to benefit from the shift toward lightweight materials. Additionally, the integration of design enhancements and surface treatments in body parts castings will further drive market growth.

Braking Systems:

Braking systems are vital for vehicle safety, and the castings used in these components must exhibit high durability and excellent thermal properties. Cast iron is the most commonly used material for brake components due to its superior wear resistance and heat dissipation characteristics. The ongoing development of advanced braking technologies, including anti-lock braking systems (ABS) and electronic stability control, has increased the demand for high-quality castings in braking systems. The focus on improving vehicle safety standards and performance is expected to drive further innovation in casting processes, ensuring that braking systems remain reliable and effective in modern vehicles. The demand for castings in this application is anticipated to grow alongside the increasing production of vehicles worldwide.

Steering Systems:

Steering systems play a crucial role in vehicle maneuverability and safety, with castings used for components such as steering gears, racks, and housings. The casting materials utilized in this segment must provide high strength and precision to ensure proper vehicle handling. The adoption of advanced materials, including aluminum and high-strength steels, has allowed manufacturers to create lightweight yet robust steering components. With the rise of electric and autonomous vehicles, there is an increasing need for more sophisticated steering systems, further driving the demand for innovative casting solutions. As the automotive industry continues to evolve, the steering systems segment will see continued growth driven by technological advancements and changing consumer preferences.

By Distribution Channel

OEMs:

The OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) distribution channel plays a pivotal role in the automobile castings market, as it encompasses the direct supply of components to automotive manufacturers. OEM partnerships are crucial for achieving quality assurance and compliance with automotive standards. OEMs often require large volumes of castings for mass production, driving demand for consistent quality and innovation in casting processes. The growing trend of vehicle customization and the increase in electric vehicle production have further amplified the demand for diverse casting applications. As automobile manufacturers focus on improving vehicle performance and sustainability, the OEM segment is expected to witness steady growth, providing ample opportunities for casting suppliers to innovate and cater to evolving industry needs.

Aftermarket:

The aftermarket distribution channel is essential for providing replacement and upgrade components to vehicle owners after the initial sale. The demand for automobile castings in the aftermarket segment is largely driven by the aging vehicle fleet and the increasing need for maintenance and repairs. As vehicles become more technologically advanced, the need for high-quality replacement parts is paramount, creating significant opportunities for casting manufacturers specializing in aftermarket components. Additionally, the rise in DIY automotive repairs and modifications has further propelled the need for readily available aftermarket castings. With a focus on product durability and performance, the aftermarket segment is expected to continue growing, driven by increasing vehicle ownership and maintenance trends.

By Material Type

Sand Castings:

Sand casting is one of the most traditional and widely used casting processes in the automobile industry. It involves creating a mold from sand, allowing for the production of complex shapes and large components. Sand castings are commonly used for producing engine blocks, transmission cases, and various other parts that require high strength and durability. The versatility of sand casting allows manufacturers to create components in different materials, including aluminum, iron, and steel. The ongoing advancements in sand casting techniques, such as the introduction of eco-friendly binders and improved mold making processes, are expected to enhance the efficiency and sustainability of this method, ensuring its continued relevance in the automobile castings market.

Die Castings:

Die casting is a precision casting method particularly favored in the automobile industry for its ability to produce high volumes of complex and accurately shaped components. This process involves injecting molten metal into a steel die, resulting in parts that exhibit excellent dimensional accuracy and surface finish. Die casting is predominantly utilized for aluminum and zinc components, including engine parts, housings, and brackets. The increasing demand for lightweight and high-performance vehicles is boosting the popularity of die castings, as this method can produce intricate designs while maintaining structural integrity. As manufacturers seek to enhance production efficiency and reduce lead times, die casting will continue to be a critical method in the automobile castings market.

Investment Castings:

Investment casting, also known as lost-wax casting, is a highly precise casting technique used to produce intricate shapes with excellent surface finishes. It is widely used in the production of critical automobile components, including turbocharger housings and precision gears. The primary advantage of investment casting is its ability to create complex geometries that would be difficult or impossible to achieve through other methods. As the automotive industry increasingly focuses on performance and efficiency, the demand for investment castings is expected to grow. Additionally, advancements in materials and technologies used in investment casting are enhancing its capabilities, making it a favorable option for manufacturers seeking to innovate and improve their product offerings.

Permanent Mold Castings:

Permanent mold casting is a method that uses reusable molds to produce high-quality cast components. It is particularly effective for creating parts that require a smooth surface finish and dimensional accuracy, such as engine components and frames. This casting method allows for better control over the cooling process, resulting in superior mechanical properties in the finished products. As the automotive industry emphasizes the need for high-performance materials, permanent mold casting is gaining traction due to its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The ability to produce large quantities of castings with consistent quality makes this method increasingly popular among automotive manufacturers looking for reliable and durable components.

Centrifugal Castings:

Centrifugal casting is a unique method that involves pouring molten metal into a rotating mold, utilizing centrifugal force to distribute the material evenly and create hollow components. This technique is particularly useful for producing pipes, tubes, and other cylindrical parts required in automotive applications. The primary advantages of centrifugal casting include excellent material density and mechanical properties, making it suitable for high-stress applications. As the automotive industry continues to innovate and develop new technologies, the demand for centrifugal castings is expected to rise, especially for components that require strength and durability. The ability to produce custom shapes and sizes also allows manufacturers to meet specific design requirements efficiently.

By Region

The regional analysis of the automobile castings market reveals significant trends and growth prospects across various regions. North America holds a prominent position in the market, driven by a well-established automotive industry and the presence of major OEMs. The region is projected to reach a valuation of approximately USD 40 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 4.5% during the forecast period. The increasing production of electric vehicles and advancements in casting technologies further contribute to the growth of the market in North America. Meanwhile, Europe is also expected to witness substantial growth, valued at around USD 38 billion by 2035, as automakers focus on sustainable practices and lightweight materials to enhance vehicle performance and emissions standards.

In the Asia Pacific region, the automobile castings market is anticipated to experience the highest growth rate, with a projected market size of USD 55 billion by 2035. The rapid expansion of the automotive sector in countries like China and India, coupled with increasing investments in manufacturing capabilities, is driving this growth. Moreover, the rising middle-class population and increasing disposable income levels in these countries are fueling the demand for automobiles, further boosting the need for cast components. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa are expected to see moderate growth, with market sizes of USD 15 billion and USD 7 billion respectively by 2035, driven by increasing vehicle production and the rising importance of quality casting materials.

Opportunities

The automobile castings market is poised to benefit from several emerging opportunities that could shape its future growth trajectory. One significant opportunity lies in the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), which require unique casting solutions tailored to their specific requirements. As automotive manufacturers transition towards EV production, there is a growing need for lightweight materials and innovative casting techniques that can support the development of efficient powertrain systems. Additionally, the integration of advanced technologies such as 3D printing and automation in casting processes presents manufacturers with the opportunity to enhance their production capabilities, reduce costs, and improve product quality. With the automotive industry seeking to enhance sustainability, the development of eco-friendly casting materials and processes can further drive market growth and attract environmentally conscious consumers.

Furthermore, the expansion of the automotive market in developing countries presents an array of opportunities for casting manufacturers. As economies in regions such as Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East continue to grow, there is a rising demand for vehicles that meet modern safety and performance standards. This necessitates high-quality cast components, providing manufacturers with the chance to establish themselves in these emerging markets. Collaborating with local OEMs and leveraging regional manufacturing capabilities can further enhance market penetration and create a competitive advantage. Overall, the convergence of technological advancements, consumer trends, and market growth in emerging regions offers numerous avenues for investment and expansion within the automobile castings market.

Threats

The automobile castings market faces several threats that could impact its growth and profitability over the forecast period. One of the primary threats is the increasing competition from alternative materials, such as composites and plastics, which are gaining traction in the automotive industry. These materials often offer lighter weight and cost advantages, making them appealing substitutes for traditional cast components. As manufacturers explore innovative solutions to enhance vehicle performance and reduce weight, there is a risk that demand for traditional castings may decline. Additionally, fluctuating raw material prices and supply chain disruptions can pose significant challenges for casting manufacturers, affecting their ability to produce components efficiently and cost-effectively.

Moreover, evolving consumer preferences and stringent environmental regulations may lead to increased scrutiny of the casting processes and materials used in automotive manufacturing. As sustainability becomes a focal point for consumers and regulators alike, casting manufacturers must adapt their practices to comply with new standards and expectations. Failure to do so may result in reputational damage and loss of market share. Lastly, the global economic landscape remains uncertain, with potential downturns impacting automotive production and demand. Casting manufacturers must remain agile and responsive to these threats, continuously innovating and optimizing their processes to stay competitive in a rapidly changing market.

Competitor Outlook

• Nemak S.A.B. de C.V.
• Alcoa Corporation
• Castrol Group plc
• Bridgestone Corporation
• Hindalco Industries Limited
• Magna International Inc.
• Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. (ALBA)
• Precision Castparts Corp.
• Thyssenkrupp AG
• Hitachi Metals, Ltd.
• General Motors Company
• Ford Motor Company
• Continental AG
• Volkswagen Group
• Toyota Motor Corporation

The competitive landscape of the automobile castings market is characterized by a diverse array of players, ranging from large multinational corporations to niche specialty manufacturers. Established companies, such as Nemak and Alcoa, dominate the market due to their extensive production capabilities, technological expertise, and strong relationships with major automotive manufacturers. These companies leverage their economies of scale and advanced casting technologies to deliver high-quality components that meet the increasingly rigorous demands of the automotive industry. Additionally, collaborations with OEMs for the development of innovative materials and processes have positioned these companies as leaders in the market, allowing them to capitalize on emerging opportunities, especially in the electric vehicle segment.

New entrants and smaller players are also attempting to carve out their niche in this competitive landscape by emphasizing innovation, sustainability, and customized solutions. With advancements in casting processes, such as 3D printing and sustainable materials, these companies are leveraging technological advancements to create unique value propositions that appeal to environmentally conscious manufacturers. The growing trend toward local sourcing and shorter supply chains is providing these smaller firms with opportunities to supply cast components to regional OEMs, enhancing their competitiveness. Strategic partnerships, collaborations, and mergers and acquisitions are also prevalent in this market as companies seek to expand their product offerings and capture market share.

Several key players are making significant strides in the automobile castings market. For instance, Magna International Inc., a leading automotive supplier, has invested heavily in developing lightweight casting solutions tailored to meet the requirements of electric and hybrid vehicles. Their innovative approach to casting technologies has positioned them favorably in the market, attracting partnerships with major automotive manufacturers. Another notable player, Precision Castparts Corp., is well-regarded for its expertise in complex metal casting and forging technologies, catering to high-performance automotive applications. Their focus on precision and quality control has earned them a strong reputation within the industry, further solidifying their market presence.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Continental AG
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Thyssenkrupp AG
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Volkswagen Group
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Alcoa Corporation
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Castrol Group plc
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Ford Motor Company
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Hitachi Metals, Ltd.
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Nemak S.A.B. de C.V.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 General Motors Company
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Bridgestone Corporation
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Magna International Inc.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Toyota Motor Corporation
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Precision Castparts Corp.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Hindalco Industries Limited
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. (ALBA)
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Automobile Castings Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Engine Components
    • 6.1.2 Transmission Components
    • 6.1.3 Body Parts
    • 6.1.4 Braking Systems
    • 6.1.5 Steering Systems
  • 6.2 Automobile Castings Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Aluminum Castings
    • 6.2.2 Iron Castings
    • 6.2.3 Steel Castings
    • 6.2.4 Magnesium Castings
    • 6.2.5 Zinc Castings
  • 6.3 Automobile Castings Market, By Material Type
    • 6.3.1 Sand Castings
    • 6.3.2 Die Castings
    • 6.3.3 Investment Castings
    • 6.3.4 Permanent Mold Castings
    • 6.3.5 Centrifugal Castings

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Automobile Castings Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Automobile Castings market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Aluminum Castings
• Iron Castings
• Steel Castings
• Magnesium Castings
• Zinc Castings

By Application

• Engine Components
• Transmission Components
• Body Parts
• Braking Systems
• Steering Systems

By Material Type

• Sand Castings
• Die Castings
• Investment Castings
• Permanent Mold Castings
• Centrifugal Castings

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Nemak S.A.B. de C.V.
• Alcoa Corporation
• Castrol Group plc
• Bridgestone Corporation
• Hindalco Industries Limited
• Magna International Inc.
• Aluminium Bahrain B.S.C. (ALBA)
• Precision Castparts Corp.
• Thyssenkrupp AG
• Hitachi Metals, Ltd.
• General Motors Company
• Ford Motor Company
• Continental AG
• Volkswagen Group
• Toyota Motor Corporation