Antifouling Coatings Sales

Antifouling Coatings Sales Market Outlook

The global antifouling coatings market is projected to reach approximately USD 14.5 billion by 2035, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 5.2% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth can be attributed to the rising demand for effective marine protection solutions in various sectors, including shipping, oil and gas, and power generation. Additionally, increased government regulations aimed at protecting aquatic ecosystems and the rising need for sustainable and environmentally friendly antifouling solutions are further driving market expansion. As the industry shifts towards innovative and high-performance coatings, companies are investing in research and development to meet stringent environmental standards while maximizing effectiveness against biofouling. The trend toward eco-friendliness and the adoption of advanced technologies, such as nanotechnology and smart coatings, are also significant contributors to the market's growth.

Growth Factor of the Market

One of the pivotal growth factors of the antifouling coatings market is the increasing maritime trade, which has amplified the need for efficient vessel maintenance. As shipping activities expand globally, the demand for coatings that can prevent the buildup of marine organisms on ship hulls is escalating. This necessity not only improves fuel efficiency but also extends the lifespan of vessels, which is crucial for shipping companies aiming to optimize operating costs. Furthermore, the oil and gas sector's expansion, especially in offshore drilling and production, is boosting the demand for antifouling coatings to protect equipment and infrastructure from fouling. As industries become more environmentally conscious, there is also a push towards the development of biocide-free coatings, which presents an opportunity for innovation. Additionally, advancements in coating technologies, leading to improved performance and durability, continue to attract investment from manufacturers, further driving market growth.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The market is expected to witness a CAGR of 5.2% from 2025 to 2035.
• Increasing marine trade and offshore activities are driving demand for antifouling solutions.
• The shift towards eco-friendly and sustainable coatings is reshaping product offerings.
• Technological advancements, such as nanotechnology, are enhancing coating performance.
• Stricter government regulations on marine pollution are fueling the adoption of advanced coatings.

By Product Type

Copper-Based Antifouling Coatings:

Copper-based antifouling coatings have long been a preferred choice due to their effectiveness in preventing marine growth on submerged surfaces. These coatings work by releasing copper ions into the water, creating a toxic barrier that deters fouling organisms. They are particularly popular in the shipping industry where cost efficiency and performance are crucial. However, the environmental impact of copper leaching has sparked regulatory scrutiny, driving manufacturers to innovate and develop formulations that minimize harmful effects on marine ecosystems. Despite these challenges, copper-based coatings continue to dominate the market due to their proven track record of performance and affordability.

Silicone-Based Antifouling Coatings:

Silicone-based antifouling coatings are emerging as a significant segment of the market, particularly favored for their environmentally friendly properties. These coatings utilize a unique foul-release mechanism that reduces the adhesion of marine organisms without the use of biocides, making them compliant with stricter environmental regulations. They are increasingly being adopted in recreational boating and commercial shipping due to their lower environmental impact and excellent performance over time. Moreover, silicone coatings are known for their hydrophobic properties, which lead to smoother surfaces that can reduce fuel consumption for vessels, thus providing long-term cost savings.

Epoxy-Based Antifouling Coatings:

Epoxy-based antifouling coatings are renowned for their robust protective properties and long-lasting durability. They are formed from a resin system that provides a strong bond to surfaces, making them suitable for harsh marine environments. These coatings are ideal for industrial applications, including oil rigs and power generation facilities, where they protect structures from corrosion and biofouling. The ever-increasing focus on operational efficiency and asset longevity in industries ensures that epoxy-based coatings hold a significant market share. Their versatility and performance under extreme conditions reinforce their popularity among industrial users.

Zinc-Based Antifouling Coatings:

Zinc-based antifouling coatings are primarily recognized for their effectiveness in marine applications, particularly in ships and offshore structures. They provide excellent protection against corrosion and biofouling through the release of zinc ions, which inhibit the growth of marine organisms. While these coatings are effective, there is an increasing trend towards formulations that balance efficacy with environmental safety, leading to innovations in hybrid formulations that combine zinc with other compounds. As manufacturers strive to meet regulatory standards and consumer preferences, zinc-based coatings are adapting, although they continue to be a vital component in traditional antifouling solutions.

Hybrid Antifouling Coatings:

Hybrid antifouling coatings represent an innovative blend of various technologies, combining the benefits of traditional biocide-based and foul-release systems. These coatings are designed to offer enhanced protection against fouling while minimizing environmental impact. They are becoming increasingly popular, especially in sectors that prioritize sustainability alongside performance, such as yachting and eco-tourism. The adaptability of hybrid formulations allows for customization based on specific application needs, further driving their adoption. With ongoing research focused on improving their performance and environmental compliance, hybrid antifouling coatings are expected to see significant market growth.

By Application

Marine:

The marine sector is the largest application area for antifouling coatings, driven by the extensive use of these coatings in ships, boats, and other marine vessels. The primary objective of antifouling in this sector is to reduce the drag caused by biofouling, which directly correlates with increased fuel efficiency. As the global shipping industry continues to expand and face stricter regulations regarding emissions and environmental impact, the demand for effective antifouling solutions will increase. Innovations in coating technology that enhance performance while adhering to environmental standards are expected to further bolster the market in the marine application segment.

Oil & Gas:

Antifouling coatings are crucial in the oil and gas sector, particularly for offshore platforms where fouling can significantly impact operational efficiency and safety. These coatings protect drilling rigs, pipelines, and other infrastructure from biofouling and corrosion, which can lead to costly downtime and maintenance. As offshore exploration continues to grow globally, the demand for effective antifouling solutions in this sector remains robust. Companies in this industry are increasingly adopting advanced coatings that offer prolonged service life and resistance to harsh marine environments, ensuring the integrity of their assets.

Power Generation:

In the power generation sector, antifouling coatings play a vital role in protecting cooling systems and other submerged equipment from biofouling. Fouling can lead to reduced efficiency and increased costs due to the need for cleaning and maintenance. The industry is witnessing a shift towards eco-friendly coating solutions that comply with regulations while maintaining operational efficiency. As the demand for renewable energy sources increases, particularly offshore wind farms, the necessity for reliable antifouling solutions will continue to rise, making this application segment critical for market growth.

Industrial:

Industrial applications of antifouling coatings encompass a wide range of sectors, including manufacturing and infrastructure. These coatings are utilized to protect various equipment and structures from fouling, which can significantly impact operational efficiency and safety. Industries are increasingly recognizing the importance of investing in high-performance coatings that not only prevent biofouling but also enhance the longevity of their assets. With the ongoing development of advanced materials tailored for specific industrial applications, the demand for antifouling coatings in this segment is expected to grow steadily.

Others:

Other application areas for antifouling coatings include recreational vehicles, aquaculture, and sewage treatment facilities. Each of these applications presents unique challenges and requirements for antifouling solutions. In recreational boating, for example, the focus is on reducing maintenance and enhancing performance, while in aquaculture, there is a need for coatings that protect equipment without harming marine life. The diversity of applications in this segment is contributing to the overall growth of the antifouling coatings market, as manufacturers develop tailored products to meet varied industry requirements.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales:

Direct sales remain a significant distribution channel in the antifouling coatings market, providing manufacturers with direct access to end-users. This approach allows for better customer relationships and the ability to tailor products to specific needs. Direct sales are particularly favored by large industrial clients and companies in the marine industry, where understanding unique requirements is crucial. Additionally, manufacturers benefit from reduced distribution costs and can offer competitive pricing by eliminating intermediaries. As the market evolves, companies are increasingly investing in enhancing their direct sales strategies through online platforms and sales teams to capture a larger share of the market.

Distributors:

Distributors play a vital role in the antifouling coatings market by facilitating the distribution of products to a wider audience. They have established networks and relationships within various industries, enabling manufacturers to reach end-users more efficiently. Distributors often provide value-added services, such as technical support and product training, which can enhance customer satisfaction and loyalty. Additionally, they can help manufacturers navigate regulations and market trends, ensuring that the products offered meet current industry standards. As the demand for antifouling coatings grows, the distributor segment is expected to continue expanding alongside the market.

Online Retailers:

The rise of e-commerce has significantly impacted the antifouling coatings market, with online retailers becoming an increasingly important distribution channel. This shift allows customers to access a broader range of products and information, facilitating informed purchasing decisions. Online platforms provide convenience and accessibility for both individual consumers and businesses, making it easier to compare products and prices. As more consumers turn to online shopping for their antifouling needs, manufacturers are investing in digital marketing strategies and e-commerce platforms to enhance their visibility and reach in the market. The growth of this channel aligns with broader consumer trends toward digital engagement and convenience.

Wholesalers:

Wholesalers serve a crucial function in the antifouling coatings market by acting as intermediaries between manufacturers and retailers. They purchase large quantities of products at discounted rates and then distribute them to smaller outlets, ensuring that a wide variety of coatings are available in the market. This distribution method allows manufacturers to focus on production while leaving the logistics and sales to wholesalers who have expertise in the field. The wholesaler segment is expected to remain a stable channel for antifouling coatings as demand continues to rise across different applications and industries.

Others:

This category encompasses various other distribution channels that contribute to the antifouling coatings market. These may include specialty retailers, marine supply stores, and procurement agencies that cater to specific industries. The diversity of distribution channels allows for a comprehensive approach to reaching different customer bases, ensuring that products are accessible to all market segments. As manufacturers continue to innovate and diversify their product offerings, the expansion of various distribution channels will be essential for capturing market share and responding to customer demands effectively.

By Ingredient Type

Copper Compounds:

Copper compounds are widely used in antifouling coatings due to their efficacy in controlling marine biofouling. These ingredients release copper ions into the marine environment, creating a toxic barrier that deters the settlement of fouling organisms. Despite their effectiveness, the environmental impact of copper has led to increased scrutiny and regulation, prompting manufacturers to explore alternative formulations that minimize leaching. Nevertheless, copper remains a dominant ingredient in many antifouling products, particularly for applications requiring high-performance coatings.

Biocides:

Biocides are integral to antifouling coatings, serving to inhibit the growth of marine organisms effectively. These chemical agents are designed to prevent biofouling on various surfaces, including ships and submerged structures. The use of biocides has been a traditional approach in antifouling solutions; however, growing environmental concerns have prompted a shift towards more sustainable practices. Manufacturers are now focusing on developing biocide-free or reduced biocide formulations that align with regulations while still delivering effective performance, which is crucial for maintaining market competitiveness.

Foul Release Agents:

Foul release agents are innovative ingredients designed to create non-stick surfaces that prevent the adhesion of marine organisms. Unlike traditional biocidal coatings, foul release agents work by providing a slippery surface that minimizes the opportunity for fouling. These coatings are gaining traction in the market due to their environmentally friendly properties and compliance with stringent regulations. As industries seek sustainable solutions, the demand for foul release agents is expected to grow, particularly in sectors focused on eco-friendly practices.

Resins:

Resins are essential components of antifouling coatings, providing the necessary adhesion and durability required for long-lasting performance. Various resin types are used in formulations to enhance the mechanical properties of coatings, ensuring they can withstand harsh marine environments. The development of advanced resin technologies is leading to improved performance characteristics, such as resistance to water absorption and UV degradation. As manufacturers continue to innovate, the use of high-performance resins will play a pivotal role in the evolution of antifouling coatings, driving growth within the market.

Additives:

Additives in antifouling coatings serve various purposes, from enhancing application properties to improving performance characteristics. These ingredients can include wetting agents, surfactants, and stabilizers that optimize the coating process and increase the efficacy of the final product. The incorporation of specialized additives allows manufacturers to tailor their products for specific applications and conditions, further enhancing their appeal in the market. As the demand for high-performance and customized coatings grows, the role of additives will become increasingly important, driving innovation and expansion within the antifouling coatings market.

By Region

Regionally, the antifouling coatings market shows varied dynamics, with North America dominating the market due to its extensive maritime infrastructure and high levels of marine activity. The region is projected to capture a significant share, driven by the demand from the shipping and oil and gas industries. Additionally, the presence of strict environmental regulations in countries like the U.S. and Canada is pushing manufacturers towards the development of eco-friendly coatings. The North American market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 5.0% from 2025 to 2035, reflecting the region's commitment to sustainable practices in marine protection.

Europe follows closely, characterized by a strong focus on environmental compliance and innovation in antifouling technologies. The European market is influenced by stringent regulations on marine pollution and a growing emphasis on sustainability in the shipping sector. Countries such as Germany, the UK, and France are at the forefront of adopting advanced antifouling solutions that minimize environmental impact. As the demand for eco-friendly coatings continues to rise, the European antifouling coatings market is expected to witness steady growth, maintaining its significance in the global landscape.

Opportunities

One of the significant opportunities in the antifouling coatings market lies in the growing demand for eco-friendly solutions. As environmental regulations become increasingly stringent, manufacturers are presented with the challenge and opportunity to innovate biocide-free and low-toxicity coatings. The development of sustainable antifouling technologies not only meets regulatory requirements but also appeals to a growing consumer base that prioritizes environmental responsibility. Companies that successfully create effective and environmentally friendly products stand to gain a competitive advantage in the market, positioning themselves favorably for future growth. As industries, especially shipping and marine, increasingly adopt sustainable practices, the market for eco-friendly antifouling coatings is poised for substantial expansion.

Another promising opportunity arises from advancements in nanotechnology and smart coatings within the antifouling coatings market. The integration of nanomaterials into coatings can significantly enhance performance by providing additional benefits such as self-cleaning properties, improved durability, and resistance to fouling. Smart coatings, which respond to environmental stimuli or changes in conditions, represent a cutting-edge development in the industry that could revolutionize how vessels and structures are protected from biofouling. As manufacturers invest in research and development to explore these innovative technologies, the potential for new product offerings and improvements in existing formulations will drive market growth in the coming years.

Threats

Despite the promising outlook for the antifouling coatings market, there are notable threats that could impact its growth. One significant challenge is the increasing regulatory pressure regarding the environmental impact of traditional antifouling substances, particularly biocides and heavy metals like copper. As governments and environmental agencies continue to enforce stricter regulations on marine pollutants, manufacturers must adapt their formulations and practices to comply with these laws. Failure to do so could result in fines, product bans, and loss of market share, which can severely hinder the growth of companies that rely on traditional antifouling methods.

Moreover, fluctuations in raw material prices pose another threat to the antifouling coatings market. The inputs required for manufacturing these coatings, such as resins, biocides, and additives, can be subject to price volatility due to changes in production rates, supply chain disruptions, or geopolitical factors. These fluctuations can lead to increased costs for manufacturers, which might be passed on to consumers through higher prices. In a competitive market, any price increases could drive customers to seek alternative solutions, thereby impacting sales and profitability for established players.

Competitor Outlook

• AkzoNobel N.V.
• BASF SE
• PPG Industries, Inc.
• International Paint Ltd.
• Hempel A/S
• Jotun A/S
• Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.
• Sherwin-Williams Company
• Nippon Paint Holdings Co., Ltd.
• Chugoku Marine Paints, Ltd.
• Marine Paints AS
• Rpm International Inc.
• Wacker Chemie AG
• Hempel A/S
• Wattyl Limited

The competitive landscape of the antifouling coatings market is characterized by a mixture of established companies and emerging players striving to gain market share through innovation and product differentiation. Major players such as AkzoNobel N.V. and PPG Industries, Inc. have established strong brand recognition and a broad spectrum of product offerings, catering to various applications across the marine and industrial sectors. These companies are focused on expanding their portfolios to include environmentally friendly alternatives and are investing heavily in research and development to stay ahead of regulatory changes and consumer preferences. Their expertise in high-performance coatings positions them well to capitalize on the increasing demand for effective antifouling solutions.

On the other hand, companies like Hempel A/S and Jotun A/S are recognized for their strong emphasis on sustainability, investing in the development of low-toxicity and biocide-free coatings. These firms are leveraging their commitment to environmental responsibility as a key differentiator in the market, appealing to customers looking for greener solutions. In addition, partnerships and collaborations between industry players and research institutions are becoming more common, fostering innovation and the development of next-generation antifouling technologies. This collaborative approach allows companies to share knowledge and resources, ultimately enhancing their product offerings and competitiveness in the market.

Additionally, regional players are also making strides in the antifouling coatings market, often focusing on niche segments and specialized applications. Companies such as Chugoku Marine Paints and Kansai Paint are expanding their footprints in Asia-Pacific and other emerging markets, capitalizing on the growing maritime industries in these regions. By tailoring their products to local needs and regulations, these companies can effectively compete with larger multinational firms. The overall competitive landscape remains dynamic, with ongoing innovation and adaptation ensuring that the antifouling coatings market continues to evolve to meet the changing demands of customers and the environment.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 BASF SE
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Jotun A/S
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Hempel A/S
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 AkzoNobel N.V.
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Wattyl Limited
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Marine Paints AS
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Wacker Chemie AG
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 PPG Industries, Inc.
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Rpm International Inc.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 International Paint Ltd.
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Sherwin-Williams Company
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Chugoku Marine Paints, Ltd.
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Nippon Paint Holdings Co., Ltd.
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Antifouling Coatings Sales Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Marine
    • 6.1.2 Oil & Gas
    • 6.1.3 Power Generation
    • 6.1.4 Industrial
    • 6.1.5 Others
  • 6.2 Antifouling Coatings Sales Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Copper-Based Antifouling Coatings
    • 6.2.2 Silicone-Based Antifouling Coatings
    • 6.2.3 Epoxy-Based Antifouling Coatings
    • 6.2.4 Zinc-Based Antifouling Coatings
    • 6.2.5 Hybrid Antifouling Coatings
  • 6.3 Antifouling Coatings Sales Market, By Ingredient Type
    • 6.3.1 Copper Compounds
    • 6.3.2 Biocides
    • 6.3.3 Foul Release Agents
    • 6.3.4 Resins
    • 6.3.5 Additives
  • 6.4 Antifouling Coatings Sales Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.4.2 Distributors
    • 6.4.3 Online Retailers
    • 6.4.4 Wholesalers
    • 6.4.5 Others

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Antifouling Coatings Sales Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Antifouling Coatings Sales market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Copper-Based Antifouling Coatings
• Silicone-Based Antifouling Coatings
• Epoxy-Based Antifouling Coatings
• Zinc-Based Antifouling Coatings
• Hybrid Antifouling Coatings

By Application

• Marine
• Oil & Gas
• Power Generation
• Industrial
• Others

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Distributors
• Online Retailers
• Wholesalers
• Others

By Ingredient Type

• Copper Compounds
• Biocides
• Foul Release Agents
• Resins
• Additives

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• AkzoNobel N.V.
• BASF SE
• PPG Industries, Inc.
• International Paint Ltd.
• Hempel A/S
• Jotun A/S
• Kansai Paint Co., Ltd.
• Sherwin-Williams Company
• Nippon Paint Holdings Co., Ltd.
• Chugoku Marine Paints, Ltd.
• Marine Paints AS
• Rpm International Inc.
• Wacker Chemie AG
• Hempel A/S
• Wattyl Limited