Air Quality Sensor

Air Quality Sensor Market Outlook

The global air quality sensor market was valued at approximately USD 4.5 billion in 2022 and is projected to reach around USD 10 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 9.6% during the forecast period of 2025-2035. This robust growth can be attributed to increasing awareness of air pollution, stringent government regulations regarding air quality monitoring, and advancements in sensor technology. Furthermore, the rising prevalence of respiratory diseases across the globe is compelling both private and public sectors to invest in reliable air quality monitoring solutions. Urbanization and industrialization are also contributing significantly to the demand for air quality sensors, as they facilitate the real-time monitoring of air pollutants. This combination of factors is driving the expansion of the air quality sensor market in various sectors, including healthcare, automotive, and industrial applications.

Growth Factor of the Market

The air quality sensor market is experiencing significant growth due to various factors that are increasingly becoming crucial in today’s society. One of the primary drivers is the growing public concern over air quality, especially in urban areas where pollution levels frequently exceed safe standards. The rise in respiratory illnesses, which can be exacerbated by poor air quality, has prompted governments and organizations to invest more significantly in monitoring technologies. Moreover, the ongoing technological advancements in sensor accuracy and affordability are making air quality sensors more accessible to a broader audience, including residential users. Legislative measures and environmental regulations aimed at curbing emissions are further propelling the demand for these sensors. In addition, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies is improving data collection and real-time monitoring capabilities, increasing the appeal of air quality sensors for both consumers and industries.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The market is expected to reach USD 10 billion by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 9.6%.
• Technological advancements are leading to more accurate and cost-effective sensors.
• Government regulations and public awareness are driving demand for air quality monitoring.
• Indoor air quality sensors are rapidly gaining traction due to health concerns.
• Integration with IoT and smart technologies is enhancing monitoring capabilities.

By Product Type

Indoor Air Quality Sensors:

Indoor air quality sensors are designed to measure various parameters like CO2 levels, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), humidity, and temperature. These sensors play a crucial role in residential and commercial settings where air quality can be significantly affected by indoor pollution sources such as cleaning products, building materials, and even occupants themselves. The growing awareness of the impact of indoor air quality on health has led to an increased demand for these sensors, particularly in urban areas where indoor pollution levels can be alarming. The technology used in indoor sensors has also advanced, allowing for real-time data reporting and remote monitoring through smartphone applications. This convenience and usability have made indoor air quality sensors a popular choice for homeowners and businesses alike, further propelling market growth.

Outdoor Air Quality Sensors:

Outdoor air quality sensors are critical for monitoring pollutants in the environment, including particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. These sensors are increasingly deployed in urban areas, industrial sites, and along highways to assess air quality and inform the public about pollution levels. Given the escalating urbanization and industrialization, outdoor air quality sensors have become essential tools for local governments and environmental organizations to enforce air quality regulations and policies. The data collected by these sensors aids in identifying pollution sources and trends, ultimately facilitating more informed environmental decision-making. As public health concerns continue to rise, the demand for outdoor air quality sensors is expected to grow significantly in the coming years.

Portable Air Quality Sensors:

Portable air quality sensors offer flexibility and mobility for users who need to monitor air pollution levels on the go. These handheld devices are particularly useful for individuals conducting environmental studies, field research, or for personal use in outdoor activities. The increase in awareness regarding personal exposure to air pollutants has driven the popularity of portable sensors. They allow users to collect real-time data on air quality wherever they are, making them invaluable for health-conscious consumers and professionals alike. Advances in technology have enabled these sensors to be compact, lightweight, and user-friendly, enhancing their appeal to a broad audience. As the trend of personal health monitoring continues, portable air quality sensors are likely to see increased adoption.

Smart Air Quality Sensors:

Smart air quality sensors combine traditional monitoring technologies with IoT capabilities, allowing for enhanced functionality and user interaction. These sensors can provide real-time data through connected devices, enabling users to monitor air quality remotely via smartphones or computers. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies further enhances their efficiency by providing predictive analytics and personalized recommendations for improving air quality. The demand for smart air quality sensors is rising, especially among tech-savvy consumers and organizations focused on sustainability. As smart home devices become more commonplace, the inclusion of air quality monitoring functionalities will likely lead to increased adoption of smart sensors in residential and commercial environments.

Wearable Air Quality Sensors:

Wearable air quality sensors represent an innovative approach to personal air quality monitoring, enabling users to track their exposure to airborne pollutants in real time. These devices are often incorporated into smartwatches or other wearable technology, making them convenient for individuals who are health-conscious and engaged in outdoor activities. As awareness grows around the impact of air pollution on personal health, the demand for wearable air quality sensors is expected to increase. These sensors not only measure pollutants but can also provide alerts when air quality levels are unsafe, thus enabling users to take proactive measures to protect their health. The trend towards greater personalization in health tracking is driving innovation in this segment, creating new opportunities for manufacturers in the wearable technology space.

By Application

Industrial:

In industrial applications, air quality sensors are critical for monitoring emissions from manufacturing processes and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. Industries are increasingly adopting these sensors to measure pollutants and other hazardous substances, thereby protecting worker health and safety as well as minimizing their environmental impact. The data generated from these sensors aids in identifying trends and potential issues, allowing timely interventions to prevent air quality degradation. Furthermore, industries that implement air quality monitoring are often viewed more favorably by regulatory bodies and the public, enhancing their corporate social responsibility profile. As industries continue to face stricter regulations, the demand for air quality sensors in the industrial sector is expected to rise substantially.

Commercial:

Commercial applications of air quality sensors are expansive, covering offices, retail environments, and public spaces. Organizations are increasingly recognizing the importance of maintaining a healthy indoor environment for employees and customers, which directly impacts productivity and well-being. Air quality sensors in commercial buildings help monitor and control indoor air pollutants, ensuring compliance with health guidelines and creating a more inviting atmosphere. The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated this trend, as enhanced ventilation and air quality management have become essential for improving employee safety. Consequently, the commercial sector is likely to see a surge in the adoption of air quality sensors, particularly those integrated with smart building technologies for better indoor climate management.

Residential:

In residential applications, air quality sensors are gaining popularity as homeowners become more aware of the impact of indoor air quality on their health. These sensors monitor various parameters such as VOCs, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter, providing real-time feedback that helps residents make informed decisions about their indoor environment. The rising prevalence of respiratory issues, allergies, and other related health problems is encouraging homeowners to invest in these devices. Moreover, the integration of air quality sensors with smart home systems allows for automated responses to poor air quality, creating a more responsive living environment. As awareness of indoor air quality continues to grow, the residential sector is expected to witness significant growth in air quality sensor adoption.

Automotive:

In the automotive sector, air quality sensors are increasingly being integrated into vehicles to monitor cabin air quality and external pollutants. These sensors not only enhance the comfort of passengers by automatically regulating the interior climate but also play a crucial role in health and safety by detecting harmful gases. With the rising focus on passenger health, automotive manufacturers are investing in advanced air quality technologies to create a safer driving experience. Additionally, as electric vehicles gain popularity, the integration of air quality monitoring systems is becoming a standard feature. Given the growing public demand for safer and healthier transportation options, the automotive application of air quality sensors is anticipated to experience robust growth in the coming years.

Healthcare:

The healthcare sector relies heavily on air quality sensors for monitoring indoor environments in hospitals, clinics, and laboratories. Maintaining optimal air quality is essential for patient health, recovery, and overall facility safety. Airborne contaminants can pose serious risks, particularly for vulnerable populations such as patients with respiratory diseases or weakened immune systems. Advanced air quality sensors help healthcare facilities comply with health regulations and guidelines by providing real-time data on pollutant levels. Furthermore, the trend towards telemedicine and remote monitoring is enhancing the adoption of air quality monitoring technologies in home healthcare settings. As the emphasis on patient safety and environmental health continues to grow, the requirement for air quality sensors in healthcare applications is projected to increase significantly.

By Distribution Channel

Online Retail:

Online retail has become a dominant distribution channel for air quality sensors, driven by the convenience and accessibility it offers to consumers. E-commerce platforms provide a vast array of options for buyers, enabling them to compare products, read reviews, and make informed purchasing decisions from the comfort of their homes. The shift towards online shopping is also fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has accelerated the adoption of digital retail channels across various sectors. Furthermore, many manufacturers and brands have strengthened their online presence, offering promotional deals and direct-to-consumer sales models. As consumer preference continues to move toward online channels, the online retail segment for air quality sensors is expected to grow substantially in the coming years.

Offline Retail:

Despite the rapid growth of online retail, offline retail remains an important channel for distributing air quality sensors, particularly in regions where consumers prefer to see products in person before purchasing. Traditional brick-and-mortar stores allow customers to interact with products, ask questions, and receive personalized assistance from sales staff. Specialty electronic stores, home improvement retailers, and health-focused outlets are increasingly stocking air quality sensors to meet consumer demand. Additionally, offline retail often provides immediate access to products, which can be crucial for customers seeking urgent solutions to air quality concerns. As a result, the offline retail segment is likely to continue playing a vital role in the distribution of air quality sensors alongside online channels.

By Technology

Electrochemical:

Electrochemical sensors are widely used for detecting gases and assessing air quality due to their high sensitivity and specificity. These sensors operate by measuring the electrical current generated during electrochemical reactions that occur when gases interact with the sensor's electrodes. They are particularly effective in monitoring toxic gases such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and nitrogen dioxide. The compact design and low power consumption of electrochemical sensors have made them popular in various applications, including industrial environments and residential settings. As the demand for accurate and reliable air quality monitoring continues to grow, electrochemical sensors are expected to dominate the market, providing essential data for both regulatory compliance and public health.

Optical:

Optical sensors utilize light to detect particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in the air. These sensors operate by analyzing the scattering of light as it passes through the air sample, providing highly accurate measurements of particle concentrations. Optical sensors are particularly popular for monitoring particulate matter such as PM2.5 and PM10, which are crucial for assessing air quality and its effects on human health. With advancements in technology, optical sensors are becoming more compact and cost-effective, making them suitable for a wide range of applications, from personal monitoring devices to industrial air quality management systems. As awareness of the health impacts of particulate matter increases, the demand for optical air quality sensors is expected to grow significantly.

Metal Oxide Semiconductor:

Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensors are known for their versatility and capability to detect a variety of gases at low concentrations. These sensors rely on the change in resistance of metal oxide materials when exposed to different gases, making them effective for monitoring air quality in various environments. MOS sensors are commonly used for detecting volatile organic compounds (VOCs), carbon monoxide, and methane. Their compact design, affordability, and low power consumption make them a popular choice for indoor air quality monitoring in residential and commercial applications. As the need for affordable and reliable air quality sensors grows, the market for metal oxide semiconductor sensors is expected to expand significantly in the coming years.

Laser:

Laser-based air quality sensors are emerging as advanced solutions for measuring particulate matter and gases with exceptional precision. These sensors utilize laser light to analyze the scattering properties of particles, providing highly accurate and real-time data on air quality. Laser sensors are particularly effective for monitoring fine particulate matter, making them invaluable for studies related to environmental health. Their ability to offer high-resolution data enables users to track pollution levels more effectively and respond to air quality issues promptly. While laser sensors are generally more expensive than other technologies, their accuracy and reliability are driving demand, particularly in industrial, research, and regulatory applications.

By Region

The air quality sensor market is experiencing significant growth across various regions, with North America and Europe leading the charge due to stringent regulations and heightened awareness of air quality issues. In North America, the market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 10.5% from 2025 to 2035, fueled by increased investments in environmental monitoring and advancements in sensor technology. The United States, in particular, is taking significant steps to monitor and regulate air quality, leading to increased adoption of air quality sensors across various sectors, including industrial, commercial, and residential. The need for improved air quality monitoring systems in response to health crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, is further propelling market growth in this region.

Europe is also witnessing robust growth in the air quality sensor market, driven by a combination of regulatory mandates and public awareness campaigns. The European Union has implemented strict air quality directives that require member states to monitor and report air quality data, thus bolstering demand for air quality sensors. Additionally, the increasing prevalence of respiratory diseases and the growing focus on sustainability and environmental protection are prompting both private and public sectors to invest in air quality monitoring technologies. The market is projected to reach approximately USD 3 billion by 2035 in Europe, with a notable emphasis on indoor air quality solutions in residential and commercial applications. The Asia Pacific region is also emerging as a key player in the air quality sensor market, as rapid urbanization, industrialization, and increasing air pollution levels drive demand for effective monitoring solutions.

Opportunities

The air quality sensor market is poised for substantial growth, offering numerous opportunities for innovation and expansion. One of the most significant opportunities lies in the integration of air quality sensors with smart city initiatives. As urban areas continue to expand, city planners and governments are focusing on leveraging technology to monitor and improve air quality. By embedding air quality sensors into urban infrastructure, municipalities can gather real-time data, respond to pollution events promptly, and engage citizens in efforts to improve air quality. This not only enhances the effectiveness of environmental policies but also fosters community involvement and awareness. Companies that develop solutions catering to smart city applications are likely to see significant growth as cities prioritize sustainability and public health.

Another opportunity lies within the realm of personalized health monitoring. As consumer interest in health and wellness grows, there is an increasing demand for wearable and portable air quality sensors that allow individuals to monitor their exposure to pollution in real time. These devices can be especially valuable for populations at risk, such as individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions or those living in high-pollution areas. Companies that focus on developing user-friendly and accurate portable sensors can tap into this growing consumer market. Additionally, partnerships with health organizations and research institutions can further validate the effectiveness of these devices, paving the way for broader adoption and integration into personal health management solutions.

Threats

Despite the promising growth in the air quality sensor market, various threats could hinder its progress. One significant threat is the rapid pace of technological change and innovation, which can lead to a crowded market with many players offering similar products. This situation can result in price wars and reduced profit margins, forcing companies to continuously innovate to stay competitive. Additionally, the emergence of new technologies may render some existing sensors obsolete, creating challenges for manufacturers trying to maintain their market relevance. Companies must remain agile and responsive to technological advancements to ensure they can adapt and continue offering valuable solutions to customers.

Another critical concern in the air quality sensor market is regulatory compliance and standardization. As the demand for air quality monitoring increases, regulatory bodies may impose stringent standards for accuracy, reliability, and reporting. Companies that fail to meet these requirements could face significant penalties or be excluded from lucrative contracts. Navigating the complex regulatory landscape can be challenging, especially for smaller players lacking the resources to ensure compliance. As a result, companies must invest in quality assurance and testing to avoid falling short of regulatory expectations and to maintain a competitive edge.

Competitor Outlook

• Aeroqual
• Teledyne Technologies
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Siemens AG
• Figaro Engineering Inc.
• 3M
• Parker Hannifin Corporation
• AirVisual (a part of IQAir)
• Envirosuite
• Philips
• Vaisala
• Libelium
• Kaiterra
• Sensirion AG
• Schneider Electric

The competitive landscape of the air quality sensor market is characterized by a diverse array of players ranging from established multinational corporations to innovative start-ups. Companies are increasingly focused on research and development to create advanced air quality monitoring solutions that meet the demands of both consumers and businesses. Market leaders are leveraging their technological expertise and global reach to offer comprehensive solutions that integrate air quality sensors with IoT capabilities and data analytics, thus enhancing the value proposition of their products. Additionally, partnerships and collaborations among companies, research institutions, and governmental organizations are becoming more common as these entities seek to address growing environmental concerns and public health challenges. As the market continues to evolve, the emphasis on product differentiation and innovation will likely intensify, leading to a more dynamic competitive environment.

Among the key players in the air quality sensor market, Aeroqual stands out for its focus on providing high-quality air quality monitoring solutions tailored for both indoor and outdoor environments. The company’s commitment to innovation is evident in its range of products designed for various applications, including residential, industrial, and environmental monitoring. Aeroqual's sensors are known for their accuracy and reliability, allowing users to make informed decisions regarding air quality management. Furthermore, the company actively collaborates with research institutions and industry partners to develop cutting-edge technologies that further enhance its product offerings.

Another prominent player, Honeywell International Inc., has a long-standing reputation in the field of sensor technology. The company's extensive portfolio of air quality sensors caters to various markets, including automotive, industrial, and residential applications. Honeywell's innovative solutions harness the power of advanced technologies, such as IoT and artificial intelligence, to provide users with real-time data and actionable insights. The company's commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility is evident in its efforts to develop products that not only improve air quality monitoring but also contribute to energy efficiency and pollution reduction. As a leader in the air quality sensor market, Honeywell is well-positioned to leverage its expertise and drive future growth.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 3M
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Philips
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Vaisala
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Aeroqual
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Kaiterra
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Libelium
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Siemens AG
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Envirosuite
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Sensirion AG
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Schneider Electric
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Teledyne Technologies
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Figaro Engineering Inc.
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 AirVisual (a part of IQAir)
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Parker Hannifin Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Honeywell International Inc.
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Air Quality Sensor Market, By Technology
    • 6.1.1 Electrochemical
    • 6.1.2 Optical
    • 6.1.3 Metal Oxide Semiconductor
    • 6.1.4 Laser
  • 6.2 Air Quality Sensor Market, By Application
    • 6.2.1 Industrial
    • 6.2.2 Commercial
    • 6.2.3 Residential
    • 6.2.4 Automotive
    • 6.2.5 Healthcare
  • 6.3 Air Quality Sensor Market, By Product Type
    • 6.3.1 Indoor Air Quality Sensors
    • 6.3.2 Outdoor Air Quality Sensors
    • 6.3.3 Portable Air Quality Sensors
    • 6.3.4 Smart Air Quality Sensors
    • 6.3.5 Wearable Air Quality Sensors
  • 6.4 Air Quality Sensor Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.4.1 Online Retail
    • 6.4.2 Offline Retail

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Air Quality Sensor Market by Region
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.6.1 By Country
      • 10.6.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.6.1.2 Africa

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Air Quality Sensor market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Indoor Air Quality Sensors
• Outdoor Air Quality Sensors
• Portable Air Quality Sensors
• Smart Air Quality Sensors
• Wearable Air Quality Sensors

By Application

• Industrial
• Commercial
• Residential
• Automotive
• Healthcare

By Distribution Channel

• Online Retail
• Offline Retail

By Technology

• Electrochemical
• Optical
• Metal Oxide Semiconductor
• Laser

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Aeroqual
• Teledyne Technologies
• Honeywell International Inc.
• Siemens AG
• Figaro Engineering Inc.
• 3M
• Parker Hannifin Corporation
• AirVisual (a part of IQAir)
• Envirosuite
• Philips
• Vaisala
• Libelium
• Kaiterra
• Sensirion AG
• Schneider Electric