Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps

Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps Market Outlook

The global Air Operated Double Diaphragm (AODD) Pumps market is projected to reach approximately USD 1.4 billion by 2035, growing at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of about 6% from 2025 to 2035. The growth of this market is being driven by several factors, including the increasing need for efficient liquid transfer in various industries such as chemical processing, water treatment, oil and gas, and food and beverage. Furthermore, the rising demand for lightweight and portable pumping solutions has further contributed to the expanding market. Technological advancements, such as enhanced product designs and material innovations, have enabled manufacturers to introduce more effective and durable pumps, thus fostering further market growth. Additionally, the focus on sustainability and energy efficiency in industrial processes is encouraging the adoption of AODD pumps, which are known for their reliability and operational efficiency.

Growth Factor of the Market

The Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps market is poised for significant growth due to several critical factors. Firstly, the increasing adoption of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient pumping solutions in various industries is leading to higher demand for AODD pumps. These pumps are well-regarded for their ability to handle a wide range of fluids, including corrosive and viscous materials, which makes them indispensable in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and food processing. Additionally, the growing trend of automation and digitalization in industrial processes is pushing manufacturers toward more sophisticated pumping systems that provide greater control and efficiency. This demand is further complemented by strict regulatory standards necessitating precise fluid handling, thereby reinforcing the need for robust pumping solutions. Furthermore, the expansion of the oil and gas industry, particularly in emerging economies, is expected to create new opportunities for AODD pump manufacturers, as these pumps are ideal for transporting a variety of hydrocarbons and other materials safely and efficiently.

Key Highlights of the Market

• Rapid growth in the chemical processing and water treatment sectors is propelling market demand.
• Technological advancements in pump design enhance efficiency and reduce operational costs.
• The demand for portable and lightweight pumps is increasing across various industries.
• Regulatory pressures for sustainable practices are bolstering the market for AODD pumps.
• Emerging economies are experiencing a surge in infrastructure projects, further driving demand.

By Product Type

Metallic :

Metallic AODD pumps, typically made from materials such as stainless steel or aluminum, are highly favored for applications that require strength and durability. These pumps are particularly effective in handling abrasive and corrosive fluids, making them ideal for industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and oil and gas. The robustness of metallic pumps allows them to operate under high pressures and temperatures, which is crucial for maintaining process efficiency. Additionally, their resistance to wear and tear ensures a longer operational life, which ultimately leads to reduced maintenance costs and downtime. As industries continue to focus on efficiency and reliability, the demand for metallic AODD pumps is expected to witness substantial growth in the coming years.

Non-Metallic :

Non-metallic AODD pumps are gaining traction due to their lightweight design and resistance to corrosive substances. These pumps are primarily manufactured from advanced plastics, which offer excellent chemical resistance and versatility. They are particularly suited for applications in the food and beverage sector, where hygiene and safety are paramount. The non-metallic construction allows for easier handling and installation, appealing to various industries seeking to reduce weight and enhance mobility. Furthermore, ongoing innovations in polymer technology are leading to the development of more effective non-metallic pumps that can withstand operational stresses while offering enhanced performance, thus expanding their market presence.

Plastic :

Plastic AODD pumps are renowned for their affordability and versatility, making them a popular choice for various applications, especially where corrosive substances are involved. These pumps are typically made from materials such as polypropylene and PVC, which provide excellent resistance to chemicals, ensuring longevity in harsh operating conditions. Their lightweight nature also allows for easy transportation and installation, addressing the growing demand for portable pumping solutions in several sectors. Moreover, plastic pumps are often more cost-effective compared to their metallic counterparts, allowing businesses to achieve significant savings in initial investment and maintenance costs, thereby driving their increased adoption.

Aluminum :

Aluminum AODD pumps are well-recognized for their balanced combination of lightweight design and structural strength. These pumps are particularly popular in industries where mobility is essential, such as construction and automotive applications. The lightweight nature of aluminum allows for easier handling during installation and maintenance, which is a critical factor in dynamic work environments. Additionally, aluminum's resistance to corrosion makes these pumps suitable for various applications, including those involving aggressive fluids. As industries continue to seek solutions that enhance efficiency while minimizing operational challenges, the demand for aluminum AODD pumps is expected to grow steadily.

Stainless Steel :

Stainless steel AODD pumps are favored in industries where cleanliness and hygiene are paramount, such as pharmaceuticals and food processing. Their non-reactive nature ensures that the integrity of the transported fluids is maintained, preventing contamination. The durability and strength of stainless steel also allow these pumps to handle high-pressure applications without the risk of failure. Moreover, the ability to withstand corrosive environments without succumbing to rust or degradation further solidifies stainless steel pumps as a top choice for sectors requiring stringent safety standards. As more industries adopt rigorous hygiene practices, the demand for stainless steel AODD pumps is set to increase significantly.

By Application

Chemical :

The chemical industry is one of the largest sectors utilizing AODD pumps due to the need for reliable and efficient fluid transfer of hazardous and corrosive chemicals. These pumps are ideal for transporting a wide range of liquids, including acids, bases, and solvents, without compromising safety or performance. The ability to run dry without damage also makes AODD pumps suitable for situations where fluid supply may be intermittent. Moreover, the increasing emphasis on safety and regulatory compliance drives the demand for robust pumping solutions that can handle the unique challenges posed by this industry. As the global chemical market continues to expand, the reliance on AODD pumps for safe and efficient operations is expected to rise.

Water Treatment :

In the water treatment sector, AODD pumps play a crucial role in the efficient management of water resources. These pumps are effective in various applications, such as sludge transfer, chemical dosing, and effluent treatment. Their ability to handle viscous fluids and solids without clogging makes them ideal for wastewater treatment processes. Furthermore, the growing global concern over water scarcity and pollution is prompting investments in water treatment facilities, thereby increasing the demand for reliable pumping solutions. As municipalities and industries strive to meet regulatory standards for water quality, the importance of AODD pumps in ensuring effective treatment processes will continue to grow.

Pharmaceutical :

In the pharmaceutical industry, the precision and hygiene offered by AODD pumps make them indispensable for transporting sensitive and high-value liquids. These pumps are designed to maintain the integrity of the fluids being transferred, ensuring that they remain uncontaminated throughout the process. The stringent regulations governing pharmaceutical manufacturing necessitate the use of equipment that adheres to strict cleanliness standards, a requirement that AODD pumps fulfill effectively. Additionally, the growing demand for biologics and specialty drugs is further fueling the need for reliable pumping solutions capable of handling complex formulations. As the pharmaceutical sector continues to evolve, the significance of AODD pumps in maintaining quality and safety standards will only amplify.

Food & Beverage :

The food and beverage sector is increasingly utilizing AODD pumps due to their ability to handle various liquids while maintaining hygiene and product integrity. These pumps are particularly effective for transferring viscous substances such as sauces, pastes, and dairy products. The non-reactive nature of materials used in AODD pumps ensures that there is no contamination, making them suitable for food applications where safety is critical. Furthermore, the growing trend towards clean-label products and the emphasis on sustainability in food production are driving the demand for reliable pumping solutions that can meet these evolving industry standards. As consumer preferences continue to shift towards more sustainable and safe food products, AODD pumps will play a vital role in ensuring compliance and quality in food processing.

Oil & Gas :

The oil and gas industry relies heavily on AODD pumps for various applications, including the transfer of crude oil, chemicals, and drilling fluids. Their ability to operate in harsh conditions and handle high-viscosity liquids makes them indispensable in oil and gas extraction and processing. The resilience of AODD pumps to abrasive materials ensures that they can withstand the challenges encountered in this sector while maintaining efficiency. Moreover, as the world seeks to diversify energy sources and improve oil recovery rates, the demand for reliable and efficient pumping solutions in the oil and gas industry is expected to surge. The continued exploration and production activities are likely to further boost the market for AODD pumps in this sector.

By Distribution Channel

Direct Sales :

Direct sales channels for AODD pumps involve manufacturers selling their products straight to end-users or businesses. This method typically allows for better pricing and stronger customer relations, as it eliminates middlemen. Many manufacturers employ direct sales teams to provide personalized service, ensuring that customers receive pumps tailored to their specific needs. This direct engagement also facilitates better after-sales support, such as maintenance and troubleshooting services. Furthermore, as companies increasingly focus on customized solutions and specific applications, direct sales enable manufacturers to align their products closely with customer requirements, ultimately enhancing customer satisfaction and loyalty.

Indirect Sales :

Indirect sales channels for AODD pumps involve distributors, wholesalers, and retailers that serve as intermediaries between manufacturers and end-users. This distribution method allows manufacturers to reach a broader audience and tap into different market segments without the need to establish extensive sales networks. Distributors often have established relationships with local businesses and can provide valuable insights into regional market demands and trends. Additionally, indirect sales channels can offer economies of scale for both manufacturers and end-users, making pumps more accessible and affordable. The growth of e-commerce has further expanded indirect sales avenues, allowing for online orders and faster deliveries, which cater to the growing need for convenience in purchasing decisions.

By Material Type

TPE :

Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE) has gained popularity as a material type for AODD pumps due to its flexibility, durability, and excellent resistance to chemicals. TPE components can withstand a range of temperatures and pressures, making them suitable for various applications across multiple industries. Furthermore, TPE is known for its ability to blend lightweight properties with robust performance, providing manufacturers with a versatile option that meets the diverse needs of their customers. As industries continue to focus on sustainability, TPE's recyclability and lower environmental impact are likely to drive further adoption in the AODD pump market.

PTFE :

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is widely recognized for its exceptional chemical resistance properties, making it an ideal choice for AODD pumps operating in corrosive environments. PTFE components can handle a broad range of aggressive fluids without degrading over time, ensuring a longer operational lifespan and lower maintenance needs. This material's non-stick characteristics also help prevent clogs and ensure smooth fluid flow, which is crucial for maintaining efficiency in industrial processes. As industries prioritize safety and reliability, the growing use of PTFE in AODD pumps is expected, particularly in sectors like chemicals and pharmaceuticals.

Sanoprene :

Sanoprene is a specialized elastomer that combines the benefits of rubber and thermoplastics, providing an excellent option for AODD pumps. This material is particularly effective in applications where flexibility and durability are essential. Its chemical resistance and ability to perform under extreme conditions make it suitable for various industrial applications. Additionally, Sanoprene's lightweight nature contributes to the overall efficiency of AODD pumps, enhancing mobility and ease of installation. As manufacturers seek innovative materials to improve performance and reduce costs, the adoption of Sanoprene in the AODD pump market is expected to increase significantly.

EPDM :

Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer (EPDM) is another popular choice for AODD pump materials due to its excellent resistance to heat, ozone, and weathering. This makes EPDM suitable for applications in outdoor environments or where temperature fluctuations occur frequently. In addition to its durability, EPDM also offers good flexibility, allowing it to maintain performance even under varying loads and pressures. Its compatibility with a wide range of fluids further enhances its appeal to various industries, including chemical processing and water treatment. As more manufacturers focus on long-lasting and versatile materials, EPDM is likely to gain traction in the AODD pump market.

Viton :

Viton is a high-performance fluoropolymer known for its remarkable chemical resistance, particularly against aggressive fluids and harsh environments. AODD pumps utilizing Viton components are particularly favored in applications that involve oils, fuels, and solvents, ensuring safe and efficient fluid transfer. The material's ability to withstand extreme temperatures while maintaining its sealing properties makes it a go-to choice for many industries. Furthermore, Viton’s durability translates into longer pump life and reduced maintenance, appealing to businesses looking to optimize their operations. As the demand for reliable and chemical-resistant materials continues to grow, the use of Viton in AODD pumps is expected to expand.

By Region

The regional analysis of the Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps market reveals distinctive trends and growth patterns across various geographies. North America is anticipated to hold a significant market share due to the presence of advanced manufacturing capabilities and a strong focus on technological innovations in pumping solutions. The chemical and pharmaceuticals sectors in the United States and Canada are particularly notable contributors to market demand, with projections estimating a CAGR of approximately 5.5% during the forecast period. Furthermore, the increasing focus on sustainability and energy efficiency in industrial operations is likely to bolster the adoption of AODD pumps in this region.

Europe is also a vital region in the AODD pumps market, driven by stringent regulations concerning product safety and environmental sustainability. Countries like Germany, France, and the UK are leading the way in implementing advanced pumping solutions for their burgeoning industrial sectors. The demand for AODD pumps in Europe is projected to grow steadily, particularly in water treatment and food processing applications, due to rising consumer awareness regarding product quality and safety. The cumulative market growth in Europe is expected to align closely with the overall global growth trajectory, ensuring a robust outlook in the years to come.

Opportunities

The Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps market is rife with opportunities driven by technological advancements and changing consumer needs. One of the most notable opportunities lies in the development of smart pumps equipped with IoT capabilities. These innovations allow manufacturers to monitor performance, predict failures, and optimize energy consumption remotely, which can lead to enhanced efficiency and significant cost savings for end-users. As industries increasingly adopt digital solutions to improve productivity, the demand for smart AODD pumps is expected to grow substantially. Additionally, with global efforts toward sustainability, there is a rising opportunity for manufacturers to innovate and design eco-friendly products that meet regulatory standards and consumer expectations.

Another promising avenue for growth within the AODD pumps market arises from emerging economies, where rapid industrialization is leading to increased demand for reliable and efficient fluid handling solutions. Countries in Asia Pacific, Latin America, and parts of Africa are investing heavily in infrastructure and manufacturing capabilities, further driving the need for advanced pumping systems. As these regions continue to develop, businesses are likely to prioritize efficient and cost-effective solutions, making AODD pumps an attractive option. Manufacturers that can strategically position themselves in these markets and tailor their products to meet local needs will likely gain a competitive edge in capturing this expanding customer base.

Threats

While the Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps market presents numerous opportunities, it also faces significant threats that could impact growth. One of the main challenges is the increasing competition from alternative pumping technologies, such as electric or centrifugal pumps, which may offer specific advantages in certain applications. These competing technologies can provide higher efficiencies or lower initial costs, attracting customers away from AODD pumps. Additionally, the ongoing development of innovative pumping solutions may challenge traditional AODD manufacturers to keep pace, necessitating continual investment in research and development. Failure to adapt to technological advancements could result in a loss of market share and competitiveness in an evolving industry landscape.

Moreover, fluctuations in raw material prices can also pose a threat to the AODD pump market. The cost of materials used in manufacturing pumps, such as metals and specialized polymers, can vary significantly due to market conditions and geopolitical factors. Rising material costs can lead to higher production expenses, forcing manufacturers to pass these costs onto consumers, which may result in decreased demand. Furthermore, stringent regulations concerning environmental sustainability and product safety may impose additional costs on manufacturers, potentially impacting profit margins. To counter these threats, companies will need to adopt strategic approaches to supply chain management and invest in cost-effective manufacturing techniques.

Competitor Outlook

• Graco Inc.
• Wilden Pump & Engineering LLC
• Sandpiper Pumps
• Yamada Corporation
• Fluid Metering Inc.
• Almatec Maschinenbau GmbH
• GROVE B.V.
• M. H. E. Pump Company
• Husky Corporation
• Verder Liquids
• Blackmer (a unit of PSG)
• Roth Pump Company
• Halm Pumpen GmbH
• Parker Hannifin Corporation
• Viking Pump Inc.

The competitive landscape of the Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps market is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies that are vying for market share in this growing segment. Major manufacturers such as Graco Inc. and Wilden Pump & Engineering LLC are leveraging their extensive experience and technological expertise to develop innovative pumping solutions that meet diverse industry requirements. These companies focus on enhancing product efficiency and durability, providing comprehensive customer support, and expanding their distribution networks to capture a wider audience. Strategic partnerships and collaborations are also becoming increasingly common among industry players, allowing them to pool resources and enhance their competitive positioning.

In addition to established companies, several newer entrants and niche players are gaining traction in the AODD pump market by focusing on specific applications or regional demands. For example, companies like Almatec Maschinenbau GmbH and Yamada Corporation are excelling in manufacturing specialized pumps for the pharmaceutical and food processing sectors, respectively. By tailoring their products to meet the unique requirements of these industries, they are carving out a significant niche for themselves. Moreover, with the growing emphasis on sustainability, many companies are investing in eco-friendly pump designs and materials, thereby aligning with global trends and customer preferences.

Key competitors are also investing in research and development to bring cutting-edge technologies to market, such as IoT-enabled pumps that allow for real-time monitoring and predictive maintenance capabilities. This trend is likely to reshape the competitive landscape, as companies that can successfully integrate smart technology into their AODD pumps will have a distinct advantage over traditional models. In summary, the Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps market is poised for growth, driven by a diverse competitive landscape that fosters innovation and adaptation to consumer needs.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 GROVE B.V.
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 Graco Inc.
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Verder Liquids
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Sandpiper Pumps
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Halm Pumpen GmbH
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Viking Pump Inc.
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Husky Corporation
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Roth Pump Company
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Yamada Corporation
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Fluid Metering Inc.
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 M. H. E. Pump Company
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Blackmer (a unit of PSG)
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Almatec Maschinenbau GmbH
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Parker Hannifin Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Wilden Pump & Engineering LLC
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Chemical
    • 6.1.2 Water Treatment
    • 6.1.3 Pharmaceutical
    • 6.1.4 Food & Beverage
    • 6.1.5 Oil & Gas
  • 6.2 Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps Market, By Product Type
    • 6.2.1 Metallic
    • 6.2.2 Non-Metallic
    • 6.2.3 Plastic
    • 6.2.4 Aluminum
    • 6.2.5 Stainless Steel
  • 6.3 Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps Market, By Distribution Channel
    • 6.3.1 Direct Sales
    • 6.3.2 Indirect Sales

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Air Operated Double Diaphragm Pumps market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Metallic
• Non-Metallic
• Plastic
• Aluminum
• Stainless Steel

By Application

• Chemical
• Water Treatment
• Pharmaceutical
• Food & Beverage
• Oil & Gas

By Distribution Channel

• Direct Sales
• Indirect Sales

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Graco Inc.
• Wilden Pump & Engineering LLC
• Sandpiper Pumps
• Yamada Corporation
• Fluid Metering Inc.
• Almatec Maschinenbau GmbH
• GROVE B.V.
• M. H. E. Pump Company
• Husky Corporation
• Verder Liquids
• Blackmer (a unit of PSG)
• Roth Pump Company
• Halm Pumpen GmbH
• Parker Hannifin Corporation
• Viking Pump Inc.