Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses

Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses Market Outlook

The global Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses market is projected to reach approximately USD 25 billion by 2035, growing at a remarkable CAGR of around 6.5% during the forecast period from 2025 to 2035. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing demand for enhanced passenger comfort in vehicles, coupled with the rising environmental concerns that have accelerated the adoption of energy-efficient cooling technologies. Furthermore, the growing trend toward electric and hybrid vehicles is likely to propel the market, as manufacturers are continuously innovating to meet the evolving regulatory standards and consumer preferences. The expansion of the automotive industry, particularly in emerging markets, is also a significant factor contributing to this growth, thereby indicating a positive outlook for the air conditioning systems market within the transportation sector.

Growth Factor of the Market

One of the key growth factors for the Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses market is the escalating consumer expectation for improved comfort and convenience features in vehicles. As consumers are increasingly willing to invest in advanced climate control technologies, manufacturers are responding by integrating more sophisticated air conditioning solutions that not only enhance passenger comfort but also improve energy efficiency. Additionally, the rise in disposable income and the overall growth of the automotive industry in developing regions, such as Asia Pacific and Latin America, have spurred the demand for vehicles equipped with advanced air conditioning systems. Moreover, stringent regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions and enhancing fuel efficiency are driving manufacturers to innovate and adopt eco-friendly technologies. The growing trend of urbanization and increased vehicle ownership in several regions also contribute to the demand for reliable air conditioning systems, ensuring the market's flourishing growth trajectory.

Key Highlights of the Market

• The market is expected to reach USD 25 billion by 2035, indicating robust growth prospects.
• Growth is driven by the rising demand for advanced comfort features in vehicles.
• Electric and hybrid vehicle trends are significantly impacting market dynamics.
• Emerging markets are witnessing a surge in vehicle sales, leading to increased air conditioning system demand.
• Stringent environmental regulations are pushing manufacturers toward energy-efficient solutions.

By Product Type

Semi-Automatic AC Systems:

Semi-Automatic AC Systems are designed to provide a balance between user control and automated functionality. These systems allow users to set temperature preferences manually while utilizing automatic functionality to maintain climate conditions, making them a popular choice in mid-range vehicles. The increasing preference for such systems is partly attributed to their cost-effectiveness while still offering a degree of convenience. Moreover, consumers appreciate the ability to have some control over their environment without the complexity of fully automatic systems. As technology advances, semi-automatic systems are expected to incorporate more features that enhance user experience, thereby driving their market growth.

Automatic AC Systems:

Automatic AC Systems are characterized by their ability to automatically adjust temperature, airflow, and air distribution without user intervention. This technology has gained significant traction in high-end vehicles due to the convenience it offers, enhancing the overall driving experience. Automatic systems often come with advanced sensors that detect cabin temperature and humidity levels, allowing for precise climate control. The rising consumer preference for luxury vehicles is a significant factor propelling the growth of this segment. As manufacturers continue to innovate and integrate smart technologies, such as smartphone connectivity and voice control, the demand for automatic AC systems is expected to surge in the coming years.

Electric AC Systems:

Electric AC Systems are becoming increasingly popular, especially with the rise of electric and hybrid vehicles. These systems operate independently of the engine, providing efficient cooling without impacting the vehicle's fuel consumption. The ability to deliver consistent and sustainable climate control is a major selling point for electric AC systems, attracting environmentally conscious consumers. Moreover, advancements in battery technology have improved the performance of electric AC systems, making them a viable option in a broader range of vehicles. As the market for electric vehicles expands, the demand for electric AC systems is anticipated to grow substantially.

Hybrid AC Systems:

Hybrid AC Systems combine traditional engine-driven cooling with electric components, allowing them to switch between power sources as needed. This type of system offers flexibility and efficiency, making it suitable for various vehicle types, including buses and trucks. Hybrid systems are gaining traction due to their ability to provide effective climate control while minimizing energy consumption. The growing focus on reducing emissions and enhancing energy efficiency in the transportation sector is likely to boost the adoption of hybrid AC systems in the coming years. As manufacturers continue to prioritize sustainability, hybrid technologies will become increasingly integral to vehicle design.

Ventilation Systems:

Ventilation Systems play a critical role in maintaining air quality within vehicles. These systems work by introducing fresh air from outside while expelling stale air from the cabin. As awareness of health and wellness grows, especially in the wake of the pandemic, consumers are increasingly prioritizing ventilation alongside temperature control. Advanced filtration technologies, such as HEPA filters, are being integrated into ventilation systems, enhancing their effectiveness in removing particulate matter and allergens. The focus on indoor air quality is likely to drive the demand for sophisticated ventilation systems in vehicles, ensuring a comfortable and healthy environment for passengers.

By Application

Cars:

Cars represent a significant application segment for air conditioning systems, driven by consumer demand for comfort and convenience. The modern consumer expects their vehicle to provide a comfortable driving experience regardless of external weather conditions. As automotive manufacturers continue to innovate, the integration of advanced air conditioning systems in cars has become a standard feature rather than an optional extra. The growing trend toward electric and hybrid vehicles is also influencing the development of new air conditioning technologies that align with sustainability goals. The increasing sales of passenger vehicles globally further amplify the need for efficient and reliable AC systems in cars.

Buses:

Buses, particularly public transportation vehicles, require robust air conditioning solutions to ensure passenger comfort over long journeys. The demand for efficient air conditioning systems in buses is driven by urbanization and increasing public transportation usage. Manufacturers are focusing on developing systems that are not only effective in cooling but also energy-efficient, given the operating costs associated with running large vehicles. Furthermore, governmental regulations aimed at enhancing public transport standards are pushing for the adoption of advanced air conditioning technologies in buses, thereby contributing to the growth of this segment.

Trucks:

In the trucking industry, effective air conditioning systems are crucial for ensuring driver comfort during long-haul journeys. Given the extended time drivers spend in their vehicles, the demand for reliable and efficient cooling systems has grown significantly. Truck manufacturers are now prioritizing the integration of advanced air conditioning technologies that offer better climate control and energy efficiency. Moreover, as the logistics and freight industry continues to expand, the demand for trucks equipped with superior air conditioning systems is expected to rise, further driving market growth in this application segment.

Construction Equipment:

Air conditioning systems in construction equipment are vital for operator comfort, particularly in harsh weather conditions. As the construction industry grows, the demand for advanced air conditioning solutions in machinery like excavators, loaders, and cranes is also increasing. Manufacturers are focusing on developing durable and efficient systems that can withstand challenging environments while providing a comfortable working atmosphere. The emphasis on operator comfort and safety in construction machinery is likely to spur the adoption of advanced air conditioning systems, making this a promising application segment.

Agricultural Machinery:

The agricultural sector also benefits from advanced air conditioning systems, particularly in equipment such as tractors and harvesters. Operators often work long hours in varying weather conditions, making effective climate control essential. As farmers strive for enhanced productivity and comfort, the demand for air conditioning systems in agricultural machinery is expected to grow. Furthermore, the integration of technology that aids in climate control, such as automated systems that adjust based on external temperature, is becoming more prevalent, driving advancements in this segment.

By Distribution Channel

OEMs:

Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) play a pivotal role in the air conditioning systems market, as they are responsible for integrating these systems into new vehicles. The OEM segment is characterized by collaborations between automotive manufacturers and AC system suppliers to develop tailored solutions that meet specific vehicle requirements. As automotive technology evolves, OEMs are more inclined to incorporate advanced air conditioning systems that enhance vehicle comfort and efficiency. The continual innovation in vehicle design and features is likely to bolster the demand for air conditioning systems through OEM channels.

Aftermarket:

The aftermarket segment for air conditioning systems is gaining traction as vehicle owners seek upgrades and replacements for their existing systems. This segment addresses the needs of consumers who want to enhance the performance of their vehicles, particularly older models that may not meet current comfort standards. The growing trend of vehicle customization and the desire for improved efficiency contribute to the growth of the aftermarket for air conditioning systems. As technology advances, the availability of aftermarket solutions that provide advanced features, such as improved energy efficiency and enhanced filtration, is likely to drive further demand.

Distributors:

Distributors act as intermediaries between manufacturers and end-users, providing a crucial channel for air conditioning systems in the automotive sector. The distributor segment is characterized by a diverse range of products that cater to various vehicle types and needs. With the rise of e-commerce and online sales platforms, distributors are adapting their strategies to meet changing consumer preferences. As the demand for air conditioning systems grows, distributors are likely to expand their offerings to include more innovative solutions, thereby enhancing their market presence.

Retailers:

Retailers play a significant role in the air conditioning systems market, providing consumers with direct access to various products. The retail segment encompasses a wide range of products, including standalone AC units and replacement parts for existing systems. As consumers increasingly seek convenience and variety, retailers are adapting their offerings to include advanced air conditioning technologies. The growth of retail channels is expected to be driven by rising consumer awareness of the importance of climate control in vehicles, as well as promotional efforts aimed at highlighting the benefits of new technologies.

E-commerce:

The rise of e-commerce has transformed the way consumers purchase air conditioning systems, providing accessibility and convenience. Online platforms offer consumers a wide selection of products, often at competitive prices, making it easier to compare options. The e-commerce segment is characterized by the expansion of online marketplaces that cater to the automotive aftermarkets, such as specialized sites for automotive parts and systems. As consumer preferences shift towards online shopping, the demand for air conditioning systems through e-commerce channels is expected to increase, highlighting the need for manufacturers to enhance their online visibility and distribution strategies.

By Power Source

Engine Driven:

Engine Driven air conditioning systems are the traditional choice for many vehicles, relying on the engine's power to operate. This type of system is prevalent in internal combustion engine vehicles, providing reliable cooling as long as the engine is running. While engine-driven systems are effective, they can impact fuel efficiency and emissions. As a result, manufacturers are increasingly exploring innovations that enhance the performance of engine-driven systems, ensuring they comply with modern efficiency standards while still meeting consumer comfort expectations.

Battery Driven:

Battery Driven air conditioning systems are becoming a preferred option for electric and hybrid vehicles, as they operate independently of the engine. This technology allows vehicles to maintain a comfortable cabin temperature without compromising energy efficiency. The growth of the electric vehicle market is significantly influencing the demand for battery-driven air conditioning solutions, as consumers seek systems that promote sustainability and lower operating costs. As advancements in battery technology continue to improve the performance of these systems, their adoption is expected to rise significantly.

Solar Powered:

Solar Powered air conditioning systems represent an innovative approach to vehicle climate control, utilizing solar energy to operate. This technology aligns with the growing focus on renewable energy solutions and environmental sustainability. Solar-powered systems are particularly advantageous for vehicles with ample surface area for solar panel installation, such as buses and larger vehicles. As consumers and manufacturers increasingly prioritize eco-friendly technologies, the demand for solar-powered air conditioning systems is anticipated to grow, highlighting the importance of sustainability in the automotive sector.

Hybrid:

Hybrid air conditioning systems combine traditional engine-driven cooling with alternative power sources, such as electric or solar energy. This versatility enables vehicles to optimize energy consumption based on operational needs, particularly in hybrid and electric vehicle applications. The demand for hybrid systems is driven by the need for environmental compliance and the desire for enhanced energy efficiency. As manufacturers continue to innovate in this space, hybrid air conditioning systems are likely to see increased adoption across various vehicle categories, promoting a greener approach to climate control.

Electric:

Electric air conditioning systems are revolutionizing the automotive industry, particularly in electric vehicles where traditional engine-based systems are not applicable. These systems are designed to provide efficient cooling without relying on fossil fuels, making them an attractive option for environmentally conscious consumers. The increasing emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving energy efficiency is propelling the demand for electric air conditioning solutions. As technology advances and the market for electric vehicles expands, electric air conditioning systems are expected to play a crucial role in shaping the future of vehicle climate control.

By Region

The North American region holds a significant share of the Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses market, driven by the high demand for passenger vehicles equipped with advanced climate control technologies. The region's automotive industry is characterized by a strong emphasis on innovation and consumer comfort, further enhancing the market's growth potential. It is projected that the North American market will witness a CAGR of approximately 5.5% over the forecast period, as manufacturers continue to develop energy-efficient systems that align with stringent regulatory requirements.

In Europe, the market for air conditioning systems is also witnessing substantial growth, driven by the increasing focus on sustainability and the rising popularity of electric and hybrid vehicles. The European market is expected to see an upward trend as consumers prioritize energy-efficient options that contribute to reducing carbon footprints. The Asia Pacific region is anticipated to experience the highest growth rate during the forecast period, attributed to the rapid expansion of the automotive sector and the rising disposable income among consumers, leading to increased vehicle sales and demand for advanced climate control systems.

Opportunities

Opportunities within the Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses market are abundant, particularly considering the ongoing technological advancements in the automotive industry. The shift toward electric vehicles presents significant potential for manufacturers to develop innovative air conditioning systems that cater to the unique requirements of electric and hybrid powertrains. As consumers seek eco-friendly solutions, there is an opportunity to integrate renewable energy sources, such as solar power, into air conditioning technologies. Moreover, advancements in intelligent climate control systems that utilize artificial intelligence and IoT capabilities can enhance user experience and operational efficiency. Manufacturers who can capitalize on these trends will likely gain a competitive edge in the market.

Additionally, the growing focus on urbanization and the expansion of public transportation networks create opportunities for air conditioning systems in buses and other public transport vehicles. Governments worldwide are investing in modernizing their transportation fleets, aiming for higher standards of comfort and energy efficiency. This trend opens doors for manufacturers to provide state-of-the-art air conditioning solutions tailored to the needs of public transport. Furthermore, enhancing aftermarket services and solutions can serve as another avenue for growth, as consumers increasingly seek to upgrade their existing vehicles. This creates a dynamic landscape where both new and existing vehicle markets present opportunities for innovation and growth in air conditioning systems.

Threats

One of the significant threats facing the Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses market is the increasing regulatory pressure regarding emissions and energy consumption. As governments worldwide implement stricter regulations aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, manufacturers may face challenges in meeting compliance while maintaining performance and comfort standards. This could lead to increased production costs and potential supply chain disruptions. Moreover, fluctuations in raw material prices, particularly those related to refrigerants and components used in air conditioning systems, can affect profitability and market stability. Manufacturers must navigate these challenges effectively to sustain their market position and growth.

Additionally, there is the ever-present threat of competition from alternative technologies, such as passive cooling systems and innovative climate control technologies that do not rely on traditional air conditioning methods. As consumers become more aware of these alternatives, there is a potential shift in demand that could impact the traditional air conditioning market. Furthermore, the rapid pace of technological advancements necessitates continuous investment in research and development. Companies that fail to keep up with these advancements may struggle to remain competitive and could lose market share to more innovative players in the industry.

Competitor Outlook

• Thermo King Corporation
• Denso Corporation
• Hanon Systems
• Valeo SA
• Calsonic Kansei Corporation
• Sanden Holdings Corporation
• MAHLE GmbH
• Carrier Global Corporation
• Webasto Group
• Keihin Corporation
• Continental AG
• Hitachi Automotive Systems
• Brembo S.p.A.
• Fujitsu General Limited
• Subaru Corporation

The competitive landscape of the Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses market is characterized by the presence of several key players, each striving to leverage technological advancements and enhance product offerings to capture market share. Companies such as Denso Corporation and Thermo King Corporation are leading the market, focusing on developing energy-efficient cooling systems that cater to the growing demand for electric and hybrid vehicles. The intense competition has resulted in continuous innovation, with players investing heavily in research and development to introduce new technologies that enhance performance and comply with environmental regulations. Furthermore, strategic partnerships and collaborations among manufacturers are increasingly common, as companies seek to combine strengths and resources for developing cutting-edge solutions.

Among the significant players, Valeo SA stands out with its focus on integrating smart technologies into air conditioning systems, enhancing user experience and operational efficiency. The company has been at the forefront of developing systems that utilize artificial intelligence for intelligent climate control, positioning itself as a leader in innovation within the market. Similarly, Hanon Systems has gained recognition for its commitment to sustainability, offering solutions that prioritize energy efficiency while meeting the comfort needs of consumers. Companies like Fujitsu General Limited and Webasto Group are also notable for their innovative approaches, particularly in the realm of ventilation systems and hybrid technologies.

As the market evolves, collaborations between automotive manufacturers and air conditioning suppliers are becoming increasingly crucial. Players such as Carrier Global Corporation and Calsonic Kansei Corporation are actively engaging in partnerships to develop tailored air conditioning solutions that align with specific vehicle designs. This collaborative approach enhances product offerings and allows companies to stay ahead of industry trends. Additionally, companies are prioritizing the integration of renewable energy sources and smart technologies to respond to the growing demand for sustainable solutions, ensuring their relevance in an ever-evolving market landscape.

• 1 Appendix

  • 1.1 List of Tables
  • 1.2 List of Figures

• 2 Introduction

  • 2.1 Market Definition
  • 2.2 Scope of the Report
  • 2.3 Study Assumptions
  • 2.4 Base Currency & Forecast Periods

• 3 Market Dynamics

  • 3.1 Market Growth Factors
  • 3.2 Economic & Global Events
  • 3.3 Innovation Trends
  • 3.4 Supply Chain Analysis

• 4 Consumer Behavior

  • 4.1 Market Trends
  • 4.2 Pricing Analysis
  • 4.3 Buyer Insights

• 5 Key Player Profiles

  • 5.1 Valeo SA
    • 5.1.1 Business Overview
    • 5.1.2 Products & Services
    • 5.1.3 Financials
    • 5.1.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.1.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.2 MAHLE GmbH
    • 5.2.1 Business Overview
    • 5.2.2 Products & Services
    • 5.2.3 Financials
    • 5.2.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.2.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.3 Brembo S.p.A.
    • 5.3.1 Business Overview
    • 5.3.2 Products & Services
    • 5.3.3 Financials
    • 5.3.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.3.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.4 Hanon Systems
    • 5.4.1 Business Overview
    • 5.4.2 Products & Services
    • 5.4.3 Financials
    • 5.4.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.4.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.5 Webasto Group
    • 5.5.1 Business Overview
    • 5.5.2 Products & Services
    • 5.5.3 Financials
    • 5.5.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.5.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.6 Continental AG
    • 5.6.1 Business Overview
    • 5.6.2 Products & Services
    • 5.6.3 Financials
    • 5.6.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.6.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.7 Denso Corporation
    • 5.7.1 Business Overview
    • 5.7.2 Products & Services
    • 5.7.3 Financials
    • 5.7.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.7.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.8 Keihin Corporation
    • 5.8.1 Business Overview
    • 5.8.2 Products & Services
    • 5.8.3 Financials
    • 5.8.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.8.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.9 Subaru Corporation
    • 5.9.1 Business Overview
    • 5.9.2 Products & Services
    • 5.9.3 Financials
    • 5.9.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.9.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.10 Fujitsu General Limited
    • 5.10.1 Business Overview
    • 5.10.2 Products & Services
    • 5.10.3 Financials
    • 5.10.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.10.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.11 Thermo King Corporation
    • 5.11.1 Business Overview
    • 5.11.2 Products & Services
    • 5.11.3 Financials
    • 5.11.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.11.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.12 Carrier Global Corporation
    • 5.12.1 Business Overview
    • 5.12.2 Products & Services
    • 5.12.3 Financials
    • 5.12.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.12.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.13 Hitachi Automotive Systems
    • 5.13.1 Business Overview
    • 5.13.2 Products & Services
    • 5.13.3 Financials
    • 5.13.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.13.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.14 Calsonic Kansei Corporation
    • 5.14.1 Business Overview
    • 5.14.2 Products & Services
    • 5.14.3 Financials
    • 5.14.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.14.5 SWOT Analysis
  • 5.15 Sanden Holdings Corporation
    • 5.15.1 Business Overview
    • 5.15.2 Products & Services
    • 5.15.3 Financials
    • 5.15.4 Recent Developments
    • 5.15.5 SWOT Analysis

• 6 Market Segmentation

  • 6.1 Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses Market, By Application
    • 6.1.1 Cars
    • 6.1.2 Buses
    • 6.1.3 Trucks
    • 6.1.4 Construction Equipment
    • 6.1.5 Agricultural Machinery
  • 6.2 Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses Market, By Power Source
    • 6.2.1 Engine Driven
    • 6.2.2 Battery Driven
    • 6.2.3 Solar Powered
    • 6.2.4 Hybrid
    • 6.2.5 Electric
  • 6.3 Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses Market, By Product Type
    • 6.3.1 Semi-Automatic AC Systems
    • 6.3.2 Automatic AC Systems
    • 6.3.3 Electric AC Systems
    • 6.3.4 Hybrid AC Systems
    • 6.3.5 Ventilation Systems

• 7 Competitive Analysis

  • 7.1 Key Player Comparison
  • 7.2 Market Share Analysis
  • 7.3 Investment Trends
  • 7.4 SWOT Analysis

• 8 Research Methodology

  • 8.1 Analysis Design
  • 8.2 Research Phases
  • 8.3 Study Timeline

• 9 Future Market Outlook

  • 9.1 Growth Forecast
  • 9.2 Market Evolution

• 10 Geographical Overview

  • 10.1 Europe - Market Analysis
    • 10.1.1 By Country
      • 10.1.1.1 UK
      • 10.1.1.2 France
      • 10.1.1.3 Germany
      • 10.1.1.4 Spain
      • 10.1.1.5 Italy
  • 10.2 Asia Pacific - Market Analysis
    • 10.2.1 By Country
      • 10.2.1.1 India
      • 10.2.1.2 China
      • 10.2.1.3 Japan
      • 10.2.1.4 South Korea
  • 10.3 Latin America - Market Analysis
    • 10.3.1 By Country
      • 10.3.1.1 Brazil
      • 10.3.1.2 Argentina
      • 10.3.1.3 Mexico
  • 10.4 North America - Market Analysis
    • 10.4.1 By Country
      • 10.4.1.1 USA
      • 10.4.1.2 Canada
  • 10.5 Middle East & Africa - Market Analysis
    • 10.5.1 By Country
      • 10.5.1.1 Middle East
      • 10.5.1.2 Africa
  • 10.6 Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses Market by Region

• 11 Global Economic Factors

  • 11.1 Inflation Impact
  • 11.2 Trade Policies

• 12 Technology & Innovation

  • 12.1 Emerging Technologies
  • 12.2 AI & Digital Trends
  • 12.3 Patent Research

• 13 Investment & Market Growth

  • 13.1 Funding Trends
  • 13.2 Future Market Projections

• 14 Market Overview & Key Insights

  • 14.1 Executive Summary
  • 14.2 Key Trends
  • 14.3 Market Challenges
  • 14.4 Regulatory Landscape

Segments Analyzed in the Report

The global Air Conditioning Systems for Cars and Buses market is categorized based on

By Product Type

• Semi-Automatic AC Systems
• Automatic AC Systems
• Electric AC Systems
• Hybrid AC Systems
• Ventilation Systems

By Application

• Cars
• Buses
• Trucks
• Construction Equipment
• Agricultural Machinery

By Power Source

• Engine Driven
• Battery Driven
• Solar Powered
• Hybrid
• Electric

By Region

• North America
• Europe
• Asia Pacific
• Latin America
• Middle East & Africa

Key Players

• Thermo King Corporation
• Denso Corporation
• Hanon Systems
• Valeo SA
• Calsonic Kansei Corporation
• Sanden Holdings Corporation
• MAHLE GmbH
• Carrier Global Corporation
• Webasto Group
• Keihin Corporation
• Continental AG
• Hitachi Automotive Systems
• Brembo S.p.A.
• Fujitsu General Limited
• Subaru Corporation